Volume 105 · Issue 32 · 2025

In recent years, infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) and other multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens have posed significant challenges in solid organ transplantation (SOT). SOT recipients who develop CR-GNB infections face risks such as graft loss, respiratory failure, leading to a mortality rate exceeding 40%. This review examines the current resistance landscape and the characteristics of MDR infections in SOT recipients, discussing the epidemiological features of CR-GNB infections in SOT patients, the resistance profiles and mechanisms of common CR-GNB (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and evidence-based principles and strategies for antimicrobial therapy. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the efficacy, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) properties, and adverse effects of both commonly used antibiotics (such as tigecycline, polymyxins, and ceftazidime/avibactam) and the novel agents (including eravacycline and sulbactam/durlobactam), emphasizing the importance of combination therapy and personalized treatment approaches. Additionally, it explores the clinical potential of emerging rapid diagnostic technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas systems, mass spectrometry) and innovative treatments such as phage therapy and immunomodulation. Looking ahead, the review envisions a future where, guided by rapid and precise diagnostics, multidisciplinary management can optimize antimicrobial regimens for MDR infections in transplant recipients. The goal is to achieve individualized, effective treatment strategies, thereby improving outcomes in severe infections and advancing the management of CR-GNB infections in SOT patients in China.

Sleep health is a core element of public health. Sleep disorders are strongly linked to various chronic diseases, posing a serious threat to public health. Given the large number of individuals with sleep disorders in China, establishing professional and standardized sleep medicine centers is an essential requirement for advancing comprehensive sleep health management. The sleep clinic serves as the central hub of a sleep medicine center, undertaking critical functions such as initial patient screening, triage, and interdisciplinary coordination. This expert consensus writing group, incorporating opinions from specialists across relevant sleep medicine societies and associations, systematically proposes a framework and management requirements for the standardized development of sleep clinics. This expert consensus includes defining the scope of clinical services, establishing construction standards, and outlining personnel training and qualification certification. And it aims to establish a full life-cycle sleep health management network by standardizing development criteria, quality control processes, and resource allocation.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in China. As one of the important and effective treatment options, external beam radiation therapy (RT) has been briefly recommended in the "Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines (2024 Edition)". In order to further standardize and guide the clinical implementation of RT for HCC, the Expert consensus on hepatocellular carcinoma treated with external beam radiation therapy (2025 edition) was developed by the Chinese Association of Liver Cancer of Chinese Medical Doctor Association through multiple rounds of discussion. This expert consensus covers the five key elements of RT: purpose and benefits of RT, target area and dose, RT techniques, combination with other treatments, and post-RT follow-up, comprising a total of 10 recommendations. It aims to familiarize clinicians with and standardize the use of RT for HCC, thereby improving the effectiveness of RT and reducing side effects.

To explore the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with invasive mucormycosis (IM) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT).

The clinical data of IM patients after allo-HSCT in Peking University People′s Hospital from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2021 were retrospectively collected and followed up until October 1, 2022. The survival curve was plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method. The multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the risk factors affecting the death of patients.

Among the 50 patients with IM, 39 were male (78.0%) and 11 were female (22.0%), with a median age [M(Q₁,Q₃)] of 35.5 (22.0, 46.8) years. Twenty-one cases (42.0%) were confirmed in diagnosis and 29 cases (58.0%) were clinically diagnosed. Pathogens included Rhizopus spp (n=26, 52.0%), Mucor spp (n=15, 30.0%), Rhizomucor spp (n=5, 10.0%) and Lichtheimia ramosa spp (n=4, 8.0%). Clinical types included pulmonary mucormycosis (n=35, 70.0%), rhinocerebral mucormycosis (n=6, 12.0%), disseminated mucormycosis (n=5, 10.0%), gastrointestinal mucormycosis (n=2, 4.0%) and cutaneous mucormycosis (n=2, 4.0%). The time [M(Q₁, Q₃)] of IM infection after allo-HSCT was 119 (56, 241) days. Forty-five patients (90%) received antifungal treatment and the effective rate was 53.3% (24/45) after 6 weeks of treatment. Among the 50 IM patients, 41 cases (82.0%) died, among which 21 cases (42.0%) died of IM. The median follow-up time was 2 169 days (95%CI: 1 264-3 073 days), and the 1-year survival rate was 25.8% and the median survival time was 51 days (95%CI: 0-124 days). Comorbidities before allo-HSCT (HR=2.103, 95%CI:1.056-4.191, P=0.034), non-engraftment of platelets (HR=2.213, 95%CI:1.149-4.264, P=0.018), and platelets<30×10⁹/L at infection (HR=2.129, 95%CI: 1. 093-4.150, P=0.026) were the influencing factors of patient death.

Rhizopus spp is the predominant pathogen of IM after allo-HSCT, primarily affecting the lungs. The prognosis of IM patients after allo-HSCT is poor. Comorbidities before allo-HSCT, non-engraftment of platelets and platelets<30×10⁹/L at infection may affect the survival time of the patients.

To investigate the factors associated with in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection after lung transplantation and its impact on postoperative mortality risk.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 549 patients who underwent lung transplantation at the Lung Transplant Center of Wuxi People′s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University between January 2018 and December 2021, with follow-up until 3 years post-transplantation or death. Clinical characteristics and survival data were collected. Patients were divided into an infection group and a non-infection group based on the occurrence of in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Differences in clinical features between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors influencing in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection post-lung transplantation. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted, and log-rank tests were performed to compare cumulative survival rates at 30 days, 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the impact of Acinetobacter baumannii infection on postoperative mortality risk.

The infection group comprised 315 patients [mean age (55.4±11.8) years; 256 males], while the non-infection group included 234 patients [mean age (54.4±12.9) years; 193 males]. The incidence of in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection post-lung transplantation was 57.4% (315/549). Follow-up duration ranged from 1.0 to 36.0 months, with a median of 9.0 months; 257 deaths occurred. The infection group exhibited significantly lower cumulative survival rates at 30 days, 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively compared to the non-infection group (all P<0.05). Preoperative hospitalization status was a risk factor for in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection, with both general ward admission (OR=6.90, 95%CI:1.45-32.86) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR=2.42, 95%CI:1.13-5.21) associated with higher infection risks than non-hospitalized patients (all P<0.05). No prior anticoagulant use (OR=4.67, 95%CI:1.10-19.74) and donor lung Acinetobacter baumannii culture positivity (OR=17.69, 95%CI:5.37-58.33) were identified as risk factors for postoperative in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection increased mortality risk at 1 year (HR=1.55, 95%CI:1.11-2.19), 2 years (HR=1.63, 95%CI:1.20-2.23), and 3 years (HR=1.53, 95%CI:1.15-2.04) postoperatively (all P<0.05), but its impact on 30-day mortality (HR=1.53, 95%CI:0.92-2.54) was not statistically significant.

Preoperative general ward admission, ICU admission, no prior anticoagulant use, and donor lung Acinetobacter baumannii culture positivity are risk factors for in-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection post-lung transplantation. In-hospital Acinetobacter baumannii infection increases mortality risk at 1, 2, and 3 years postoperatively.

To analyze the clinical characteristics and prognosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) after lung transplantation, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of galactomannan (GM) testing in bronchial washing fluid (BWF) for post-transplant IA.

This retrospective study enrolled 43 recipients diagnosed with IA among 157 patients who underwent lung transplantation at China-Japan Friendship Hospital between April 2017 and December 2018. Demographic characteristics, laboratory findings, BWF microbiology and GM results, antifungal prophylaxis/therapeutic regimens, and postoperative airway complications were systematically collected. Patients were followed until March 31, 2024. Based on IA diagnosis timing, 43 recipients were stratified into early-onset IA (≤90 days post-transplant) and late-onset IA (>90 days post-transplant) groups. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with between-group differences assessed by log-rank test. The diagnostic performance of BWF GM testing for post-transplant IA was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with optimal cutoff values determined.

The incidence of post-transplant IA was 27.4% (43/157). Among IA cases, the age [M (Q₁, Q₃)] was 63.0 (54.0, 67.0) years, with 83.7% (36/43) being male. The median (Q₁, Q₃) time to IA diagnosis was 21.0 (9.0, 58.0) days post-transplant, with 60.5% (26/43) occurring within 1 month and 81.4% (35/43) within 3 months. According to diagnostic certainty: 13.9% (6/43) were proven cases, 60.5% (26/43) clinically diagnosed, and 25.6% (11/43) probable cases. Disease distribution showed: 67.4% (29/43) tracheobronchial aspergillosis (TBA) alone, 23.3% (10/43) invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) alone, and 9.3% (4/43) concurrent TBA-IPA. Thirty-seven Aspergillus isolates were identified, with Aspergillus flavus (16/37, 43.2%) being the predominant species. The median survival time of 43 IA cases was 693.7 (95%CI: 444.6-942.8) days. The 5-year all-cause mortality rates were comparable between early-onset (77.1%, 27/35) and late-onset IA groups (75.0%, 6/8, P=0.999). However, early-onset IA demonstrated significantly shorter median survival versus late-onset IA groups [544.5 (95%CI: 305.4-783.6) days vs 1 340.3 (95%CI: 533.6-2 147.0) days, P=0.012]. BWF GM levels in IA recipients were significantly higher than in non-IA recipients [6.78 (4.50, 9.16) vs 1.77 (0.99, 3.31), P<0.001]. ROC analysis identified an optimal BWF GM cutoff of 4.5 for post-transplant IA diagnosis (AUC=0.845, 95%CI: 0.769-0.921), with 76.7% sensitivity and 88.0% specificity.

IA peaks within 3 months post-transplant, predominantly as TBA, with poorer outcomes in early-onset cases. BWF GM testing demonstrates good diagnostic performance for post-transplant IA.

To investigate the prognostic factors for patients with refractory low-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and develop a predictive model.

Patients with refractory low-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss who were admitted to the PLA General Hospital from January 2009 to December 2023 and did not respond to standard outpatient treatment were retrospectively enrolled. Based on treatment outcomes, patients were divided into a recovery group and a non-recovery group. Clinical data were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify prognostic factors, and a nomogram was constructed. The predictive performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis to assess its discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.

A total of 211 patients (89 males and 122 females) aged (45.8±12.0) years were included. There were 68 and 143 patients in the recovery group and non-recovery group, respectively. Compared to the non-recovery group, the recovery group exhibited younger age, shorter onset-to-treatment time, lower 1 000 Hz hearing thresholds, milder hearing loss, and higher proportions of headache and hypotension/low intracranial pressure (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that hypertension (OR=3.380, 95%CI: 1.166-9.794, P=0.025), delayed treatment (8-21 days: OR=3.306, 95%CI: 1.469-7.440, P=0.004;>21 days: OR=11.722, 95%CI: 4.805-28.599, P<0.001), and impaired 1 000 Hz hearing (OR=3.001, 95%CI: 1.476-6.099, P=0.002) were risk factors for poor prognosis. The presence of headache (OR=0.335, 95%CI: 0.123-0.912, P=0.032) and hypotension/low intracranial pressure (OR=0.214, 95%CI: 0.060-0.767, P=0.018) were protective factors. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.822 (95%CI: 0.762-0.881). The calibration curve demonstrated good agreement with the ideal line, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed good model fit (χ²=3.917, P=0.789). The decision curve shows that the predictive model has a positive net benefit across almost all threshold probability ranges.

Hypertension, delayed medical consultation, and 1 000 Hz hearing impairment are independent risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with low-frequency sudden sensorineural hearing loss, whereas headache and hypotension/low intracranial pressure are protective factors. The predictive model developed based on these factors provides a reliable tool for prognostic assessment in clinical practice.

To compare the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence-assisted automated breast ultrasound (AI-ABUS) with traditional handheld ultrasound (HHUS) in breast cancer screening.

A total of 36 171 women undergoing breast cancer ultrasound screening in Futian District, Shenzhen, between July 1, 2023 and June 30, 2024 were prospectively recruited and assigned to either the AI-ABUS or HHUS group based on the screening modality used. In the AI-ABUS group, image acquisition was performed on-site by technicians, and two ultrasound physicians conducted remote diagnoses with AI assistance, supported by a follow-up management system. In the HHUS group, one ultrasound physician conducted both image acquisition and diagnosis on-site, and follow-up was led by clinical physicians. Based on the reported malignancy rates of different BI-RADS categories, the number of undiagnosed breast cancer cases in individuals without pathology was estimated, and adjusted detection rates were calculated. Primary outcomes included screening positive rate, biopsy rate, cancer detection rate, loss-to-follow-up rate, specificity, and sensitivity.

The median age [interquartile range, M (Q₁, Q₃)] of the 36 171 women was 43.8 (36.6, 50.8) years. A total of 14 766 women (40.82%) were screened with AI-ABUS and 21 405 (59.18%) with HHUS. Baseline characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups (all P>0.05). The AI-ABUS group had a lower screening positive rate [0.59% (87/14 766) vs 1.94% (416/21 405)], but higher biopsy rate [47.13% (41/87) vs 16.10% (67/416)], higher cancer detection rate [1.69‰ (25/14 766) vs 0.47‰ (10/21 428)], and lower loss-to-follow-up rate (6.90% vs 71.39%) compared to the HHUS group (all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the distribution of breast cancer pathological stages among those who underwent biopsy between the two groups (P>0.05). The specificity of AI-ABUS was higher than that of HHUS [89.77% (13, 231/14 739) vs 74.12% (15, 858/21 394), P<0.05], while sensitivity did not differ significantly [92.59% (25/27) vs 90.91% (10/11), P>0.05]. After estimating undiagnosed cancer cases among participants without pathology, the adjusted detection rate was 2.30‰ (34/14 766) in the AI-ABUS group and ranged from 1.17‰ to 2.75‰ [(25-59)/21 428] in the HHUS group. In the minimum estimation scenario, the detection rate in the AI-ABUS group was significantly higher (P<0.05); in the maximum estimation scenario, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05).

The AI-ABUS model, combined with an intelligent follow-up management system, enables a higher breast cancer detection rate with a lower screening positive rate, improved specificity, and reduced loss to follow-up. This suggests AI-ABUS is a promising alternative model for breast cancer screening.

To compare the long-term outcomes of cervicovaginal reconstruction between using small intestinal submucosa (SIS) grafts and using autologous lateral femoral split-thickness skin substitutes (STS) grafts.

This was a prospective cohort study, involving 81 patients with obstructive cervical dysplasia who underwent cervicovaginal reconstruction using either SIS or STS grafts from January 2012 to August 2024. Data were collected, including demographic characteristics, operative duration, hospitalization costs, postoperative menstrual recovery, pregnancy outcomes, reoperation rates, vaginal length, and other relevant clinical parameters. Cosmetic satisfaction was assessed via questionnaire at 6th month post-surgery. Sexual function was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire after resumption of sexual activity. Differences between the two groups were analyzed.

The mean age of overall patients at diagnosis was (16±5) years, with no significant difference between the SIS group [(16±6) years] and the STS group [(16±4) years]. The average operative time was (170.9±76.2) minutes, significantly shorter in the SIS group compared to the STS group [(158.0±67.9) vs (252.6±78.4) min; P<0.001)]. Total hospitalization costs were significantly higher in the SIS group than in the STS group [(4.2±1.4) vs (2.0±0.6) ten thousand yuan; P<0.001]. At a median follow-up of 67 months, all patients resumed menstruation postoperatively. Twelve patients (14.8%) experienced vaginal or cervical restenosis or atresia within 30 months after surgery, and 28 patients (34.6%) required secondary surgery. Specifically, 12 cases (14.8%) underwent repeat vaginal or cervical recanalization, 22 cases (27.2%) experienced intrauterine catheter loss, and 2 cases (2.5%) had failed in conservation due to hysterectomy. The mean postoperative vaginal length was (7.3±1.2) cm, with the SIS group showing significantly shorter vaginal length compared to the STS group [(7.2±1.2) vs (7.9±0.6) cm; P<0.05]. Patients in the SIS group reported higher body image scores and cosmetic satisfaction scores than those in the STS group [(15.9±1.4) vs (14.2±1.5) points, P<0.001; (18.6±2.1) vs (16.8±2.0) points, P=0.009]. Twenty-one patients (25.9%) resumed sexual activity postoperatively, with no statistically significant difference in FSFI scores between the two groups (P>0.05). Eleven patients (13.6%) expressed an intention to conceive, and one patient in the SIS group successfully became pregnant and delivered via assisted reproductive technology.

Conservation reconstruction surgery for patients with obstructive cervical dysplasia is safe and effective, allowing patients to resume menstruation, achieve satisfactory sexual life, and achieve pregnancy and childbirth. The method of SIS grafts results in shorter operation times and better aesthetics but at a higher cost.

This study investigated the efficacy of suture ligation combined with pingyangmycin injection in treating pharyngolaryngeal cavernous hemangioma. The clinical data of patients diagnosed with pharyngolaryngeal cavernous hemangioma in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital from January 2006 to June 2017 were retrospectively collected. A total of 45 patients (23 males and 22 females) aged 15-79 (47.7±6.4) years were included. All patients underwent suture ligation and injection of pingyangmycin under laryngoscopic guidance. Open surgical intervention was performed for tumors that extended into the neck. Among the 45 patients, complete regression was observed after a single treatment in 31 cases, while the remaining patients achieved full regression following two to three treatments. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months after treatment, with a median follow-up duration of 18 (13-48) months. Notably, there were no reported functional disorders related to voice or swallowing. The current study indicates that combination of suture ligation and pingyangmycin injection not only enhances efficacy but also preserves the structural integrity and function of critical organsin patients with pharyngolaryngeal cavernous hemangioma.

A 78-year-old female with osteoarthritis of both knees was reported. Two months ago, she developed swelling and pain of the right knee joint with fluid effusion. Serum C-reactive protein was elevated. Synovial fluid analysis of the right knee joint showed inflammatory effusion, X-ray and CT of the knee joint showed calcium salt deposition, and synovial histopathology showed weak positive birefringent diamond-shaped calcium dihydroxypyrophosphate crystals. Joint pain was relieved after local injection of compound betamethasone, oral administration of etoricoxib and colchicine in the knee joint. This case suggests that for elderly patients with osteoarthritis, when the nature of pain changes with inflammatory manifestations, the possibility of lens-induced arthropathy should be considered, and imaging and synovial fluid examination should be performed in time.

This paper reports a case of lens allergic endophthalmitis diagnosed after enucleation. A 19-year-old woman was admitted for "sudden loss of vision in her left eye with eyelid swelling for 1 month". At the initial diagnosis, the eyelid of the left eye was thickened, the lens was completely opaque, and the retina was detached. No pathogen was detected in microbial culture, and he was discharged after anti-inflammatory and anti-infective treatment. At the follow-up visit, the patient's eyeball atrophy was diagnosed as lens allergic endophthalmitis by pathology after enucleation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae, which is concealed and persistent in the host body. When the host immune function is impaired or suppressed, CMV can enter reactivation from incubation period, which in turn causes CMV-related diseases. As one of the main opportunistic pathogens in solid organ transplantation recipients, CMV significantly affects the function of transplanted organs and the long-term survival of recipients through direct pathogenic and indirect mechanisms. Studies have confirmed that the process of CMV latency and reactivation involves the complex interaction of multiple viral factors with the host immune response, covering the fine regulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways. This paper systematically reviews the molecular mechanisms of CMV latency and reactivation, and summarizes the latest progress in related immune research in solid organ transplant recipients, aiming to provide theoretical basis for clarifying the pathogenic mechanism of CMV and optimizing prevention and control strategies.

Maternal-fetal interface is a structure composed of placenta and decidua after embryo implantation into the uterus. It is a place where the developing fetus and the mother communicate in the uterus, involving multi-level complex dynamic interaction of many kinds of cells. Its structural and functional regulation mechanism is of great significance to ensure the health of mother and child, and a suitable research model system is an important basis and prerequisite for analyzing the physiological and pathological mechanism of human maternal-fetal interface. This paper systematically introduces cell models, tissue models, organoid models and animal models commonly used in related researches, and discusses their application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages. Researchers need to comprehensively consider the physiological relevance, operational feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the models for physiological and pathological events such as trophoblast invasion, immune adaptation and vascular remodeling. Future research needs to break through the limitations of existing models, combine cutting-edge systems such as functionalized blastocysts and spatial multi-omics integrated organoid chips, and deeply reveal the core mechanisms such as placental lineage development and maternal-fetal nutrition distribution.

Depression is a highly heterogeneous clinical syndrome, and the study of depressive disease subtypes combined with precision medicine models can improve the understanding of its pathogenesis. This article summarizes the recent research progress of current subtypes of depression, including clinical subtypes based on clinical symptom characteristics, and 2 biological subtypes based on neuroimaging characteristics and based on molecular level. Future research will use big data technology to mine the deep phenotype of depression based on multi-omics data and clinical data based on electronic health records, provide new ideas for in-depth clarification of the pathogenesis of depression, and promote the auxiliary diagnosis and clinical efficacy prediction of depression.

The incidence of immune-related skin diseases continues to rise, and there is a lack of effective prevention and control system and accurate treatment methods. It is urgent to analyze the pathogenesis and promote the clinical transformation of basic theories through theoretical and technological innovation. At present, the core research in the field of skin immunity focuses on micro-ecological regulation, immune metabolism, neuroimmunity, infection immunity and immunotherapy. The study of skin ecology and immune regulation needs to integrate multi-omics and dynamic modeling to explore the molecular mechanism of microecology-host interaction; Immune metabolism and dermatology research needs to focus on the metabolic microenvironment of skin lesions, clarify the immune recognition mechanism of metabolism-related molecules, and develop therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic checkpoints; Neuroimmune and dermatological research aims to reveal the two-way regulatory mechanism of neuro-immune interaction in skin inflammation and pruritus, analyze the neuroimmune regulatory network of skin diseases, develop new neuroimmune biomarkers and research models, and target neuro-immune interactions to treat chronic inflammatory skin diseases; The research on inflammatory memory and skin diseases aims to analyze the immune persistence change mechanism of chronic inflammatory response of skin, build a cross-organ inflammatory memory network, and optimize anti-recurrence treatment; The research of infectious immunity and dermatology needs to deeply study the dynamic interaction mechanism between pathogens and hosts, and promote the innovative application of microbiome intervention. The research on immunotherapy of skin diseases needs to strengthen the analysis of local immune mechanism of skin, promote the development of new immune regulation strategies, and establish a precision immunotherapy evaluation system. As skin immunology enters a new stage of multidisciplinary integration and technological innovation, in the future, we should focus on breaking through the innovative basic research paradigm, and strive to realize the clinical transformation of cutting-edge theories, technology platforms and research models, so as to provide the core power for the precise prevention and treatment of immune skin diseases.