Volume 105 · Issue 20 · 2025

Head and neck tumor is one of the diseases that seriously endanger human health, with complicated pathological mechanisms and diverse clinical manifestations, posing great challenges on the clinical diagnosis and treatment. Domestic experts actively explore new methods of screening and diagnosis, aiming to enhance the level of early detection, early diagnosis and treatment, and improve the prognosis of patients. In terms of treatment strategy, the treatment of head and neck tumors is gradually transforming to the direction of integration and individualization. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotargeted therapy work together to provide patients with a more accurate and individualized treatment plan. This review deeply analyzes the epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of head and neck tumors, and offers the future development direction, aiming to provide valuable references for researchers and clinical practitioners and improve the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck tumors in China.

As a pivotal disease entity in implementing the "Healthy China 2030" strategy, thyroid cancer necessitates the establishment of a quality control system that exemplifies cancer prevention and treatment. This study deconstructs systemic deficiencies across five critical dimensions under national thyroid cancer quality control standards: controversies in surgical standardization and lymph node dissection scope, absence of dynamic evaluation frameworks for ¹³¹I therapy, inadequate risk management in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression therapy, heterogeneity in ultrasound morphological interpretation, and lagging integration of standardized pathological diagnosis with informatics. To address these challenges, the current article proposes a strategic framework encompassing standardized surgical protocols, innovative dynamic assessment models for ¹³¹I therapy, stratified TSH suppression targets with risk-alert thresholds, standardized ultrasound radiomics feature acquisition systems, and intelligent pathology-assisted diagnostic platforms. Through synergistic advancement in clinical standardization, technological innovation, and digital intelligence integration, this multidimensional system achieves dual objectives of homogenized diagnostic-therapeutic quality and improved survival outcomes. Specifically, it establishes an innovative paradigm for quality control in malignant tumor management, facilitating the translation of the"Healthy China 2030"strategy from policy formulation to clinical implementation.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the epithelium of the upper aerodigestive tract, and over half of the patients had already progressed to locally advanced stage at initial clinical presentation, with a poor prognosis. To improve organ preservation rates and reduce the risk of recurrence and metastasis, neoadjuvant therapy has emerged as an essential component of the comprehensive treatment for HNSCC. Neoadjuvant therapy can improve patients′ quality of life and survival by downstaging tumors. Notably, the advent of immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint inhibitors has markedly enhanced the survival profiles of HNSCC patients. To further standardize the application of neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced HNSCC, the expert group systematically reviewed and evaluated the literature at home and abroad, and formulated the"Expert consensus on neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma". This consensus develops 28 recommendations from 5 aspects, including "multidisciplinary team (MDT) organization and management", "objectives, goals, and target population", "tumor assessment", "therapeutic regimen", and"adverse events management", aiming to provide references and guidance for clinical practice and research.

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective method for the treatment of refractory urge-frequency syndrome, urge urinary incontinence, non-obstructive urinary retention, and defecation dysfunction, and it is more commonly used in adults. In recent years, reports on SNM in children have gradually increased. However, there are many controversies regarding the indications and evaluation of treatment effects of SNM in children and adolescents, which need to be standardized. In order to better guide the clinical practice, the Pediatric Urodynamics and Pelvic Floor Group of Chinese Medical Association Pediatric Surgery Branch organized the experts of pediatric urodynamics, pelvic floor, and urology developed this "Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Sarcal Neuromodulation in Children and Adolescents (2025 Edition)" according to the current available evidence-based medicine. The consensus was prepared using the consensus conference method. Its main contents include clinical indications and contraindications, preoperative assessment, treatment protocols, postoperative programming and follow-up, efficacy evaluation, complications, and management principles for pediatric SNM. The aim of this consensus is to further standardize the indications, techniques, efficacy evaluation, and prevention of complications of SNM in children and adolescents.

To investigate the influencing factors for contralateral central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) in unilateral papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and develop a predictive model.

The clinical data from 336 patients with unilateral PTMC who were admitted to Sichuan Cancer Hospital between May 2021 and September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were randomly assigned into a training set (235 cases) and a validation set (101 cases) in a 7∶3 ratio by computer. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to screen for potential influencing factors related to contralateral CLNM. Subsequently, a stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to develop a predictive model for contralateral CLNM and a nomogram was established. The discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility of the model were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis, respectively.

A total of 336 patients aged (43.4±12.0) years were included, with 71 males and 265 females. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that age (>55 years: OR=0.24, 95%CI: 0.07-0.87, P=0.030), lateral neck lymph node metastasis (OR=1.98, 95%CI: 1.01-3.89, P=0.046), ipsilateral lymph node metastasis (OR=3.12, 95%CI: 1.60-6.07, P<0.001), and pre-laryngeal lymph node metastasis (OR=2.92, 95%CI: 1.14-7.48, P=0.025) were significant influencing factors for contralateral CLNM. Based on the multivariate logistic regression results, a predictive model and corresponding nomogram were constructed. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.76 (95%CI: 0.69-0.83) in the training set and 0.72 (95%CI: 0.61-0.84) in the validation set. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test demonstrated good calibration (training set: χ²=5.717, P=0.335; validation set: χ²=1.354, P=0.716). Decision curve analysis showed that the model provided a net clinical benefit when the predicted risk threshold ranged from 0.12 to 0.67 in the training set and from 0.01 to 0.50 in the validation set.

The current study indicates that age, lateral neck lymph node metastasis, ipsilateral lymph node metastasis, and pre-laryngeal lymph node metastasis are significant influencing factors for contralateral CLNM in unilateral PTMC. The predictive model developed using these factors demonstrates good discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of the programmed death receptor-1 inhibitor (anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody) combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel and cisplatin (PTP) in the neoadjuvant treatment of locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

The data of HNSCC patients from the Center for Cancer Prevention and Control, Sun Yat-sen University between November 2019 and October 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients received the PTP regimen as neoadjuvant therapy every 21 days for 2 to 4 cycles. The objective response rate (ORR), pathological complete response (pCR), adverse reaction, 2-year progression-free survival, and 2-year overall survival were observed and evaluated. The disease-free survival and overall survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression models were employed to analyze the influencing factors for disease-free survival and overall survival.

A total of 240 patients were included (203 males and 37 females), with a median (Q₁, Q₃) age of 56 (48, 63) years. The ORR was 77.1% (185/240), including 26 cases (10.8%) of complete response (CR), 159 cases (66.3%) of partial response (PR), 49 cases (20.4%) of stable disease (SD), and 6 cases (2.5%) of progressive disease (PD). Among the 128 patients who underwent surgery, 53 patients (41.4%) achieved pCR. Common adverse reactions included alopecia (98.8%, 237/240), nausea/vomiting (71.3%, 171/240), exanthem (57.5%, 138/240), and myelosuppression (47.1%, 113/240), and no grade 4 adverse reactions were reported. The median (Q₁, Q₃) follow-up time was 22.8 (14.1, 31.8) months, and 54 cases (22.5%) experienced recurrence or metastasis. The 1-year and 2-year overall survival rates were 95.0% and 91.6%, respectively, while the 1-year and 2-year progression-free survival rates were 84.9% and 76.2%, respectively. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that T stage (T2/T3) (HR=0.528, 95%CI: 0.304-0.918, P=0.024), neoadjuvant treatment response (CR/PR) (HR=0.470, 95%CI: 0.270-0.816, P=0.007), and surgical intervention (HR=0.536, 95%CI: 0.312-0.919, P=0.023) were protective factors for progression-free survival. In oral/oropharyngeal cancer, surgical treatment (HR=0.252, 95%CI: 0.077-0.827, P=0.023) was associated with prolonged overall survival.

The PTP regimen for locally advanced HNSCC patients can achieve a high ORR and pathological response rate, with a favorable safety profile and the potential for prolonged progression-free survival and overall survival.

To introduce a new method of dissecting tonsil cancer via combined transcervical parapharyngeal space and the transoral approach and investigate the clinical efficacy and functional outcomes of the patients.

The clinical data of patients with locally advanced tonsillar and lateral oropharyngeal wall carcinomas who underwent combined submandibular parapharyngeal space combined with transoral approach surgery at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital between January 2019 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical parameters including postoperative pathology, surgical margins, survival outcomes, oropharyngeal functional status, and complications were evaluated.

A total of 46 cases aged (57.8±7.6) years were included, with 36 males and 10 females. Concurrent oropharyngeal defect reconstruction was performed in 38 cases. Mandible splitting was avoided in all patients to ensure complete tumor resection with safety margins. Histopathological examination confirmed squamous cell carcinoma in all cases, with 34 (73.9%) human papilloma virus (HPV)-positive cases. Negative surgical margins were achieved intraoperatively in all patients. Five patients developed perioperative complications (pharyngeal fistula and postoperative hemorrhage), which were resolved through conservative management. Regular follow-up ranged from 6 to 61 months. Tracheostomy decannulation achieved at (18.2±5.7) days postoperatively. No significant voice or swallowing dysfunction was observed at 6 months postoperatively. Local recurrence occurred in three patients, which was stable after salvage surgery or chemotherapy. One patient died from unrelated malignancy, and 42 patients were free of recurrence and death. The 3-year progression-free survival rate was 92.9%, and the 3-year overall survival rate was 100%.

The combined submandibular parapharyngeal space and the transoral approach demonstrates high safety profile and feasibility for selected locally advanced tonsillar carcinomas, with the advantages of minimal invasiveness, favorable functional preservation, and rapid postoperative recovery.

To compare the effectiveness of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), fractional flow reserve (FFR) and resting cycle ratio (RFR) in guiding the treatment decision of coronary artery borderline lesions (BL).

This study was a retrospective cohort study. A total of 730 BL patients hospitalized in the Fuwai Huazhong Cardiovascular Hospital, from January 2020 to May 2022 were selected as subjects. According to the examination methods, patients were divided into IVUS group (244 cases), FFR group (257 cases) and RFR group (229 cases). The minimum lumen area≤4 mm², FFR value≤0.80 and RFR value≤0.89 were used as the interventional treatment decision criteria. The proportion of percutaneous coronary intervention, surgical data, target vessel revascularization in two years after treatement and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were compared under the guidance of the three detection techniques. The survival curve was drawn using Kaplan-Meier method, and the log rank test was used for comparison between groups. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the related factors of target vessel revascularization and MACE.

The age of patients in IVUS group, FFR group and RFR group were (65.6±8.7), (64.8±9.7) and (65.3±9.4) years old, respectively, and the proportion of males was 52.46% (128 cases), 54.86% (141 cases) and 55.46% (127 cases), respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that FFR, RFR and conservative treatment were the related factors of target vessel revascularization risk in patients with BL, HR (95%CI) were 1.322 (1.156, 2.240), 1.336 (1.190, 3.142), 1.215 (1.102, 2.418), respectively; FFR, RFR, conservative treatment, coronary calcification score, and coronary stenosis rate were the related factors of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with BL, HR (95%CI) were 1.436 (1.185-1.792), 1.541 (1.313-1.848), 1.358 (1.198-1.792), 1.097 (1.003-1.316), 1.401 (1.206-2.492), respectively (all P<0.05). The median survival time of target vessel revascularization in IVUS group, FFR group and RFR group were 11.0, 14.5 and 14.0 months, respectively. The cumulative survival rates from target vessel revascularization were 98.77%, 94.94% and 95.63%, respectively (P=0.030); The median survival time of adverse cardiovascular events was 6.0, 14.5 and 14.0 months, respectively. The cumulative survival rates from adverse cardiovascular events were 96.72%, 91.05% and 91.27%, respectively (P=0.008).

Compared with RFR and FFR guidance, IVUS detection demonstrates a higher rate of percutaneous coronary intervention intervention decision-making for BL, along with lower rates of target vessel revascularization and adverse cardiovascular events. Coronary artery calcium score and stenosis percentage are significant influencing factors for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in BL patients.

To compare the consistency of the positive criteria for bronchial dilation tests of the American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) in 2005 and 2021 (referred to as the 2005 standard and the 2021 standard), and explore the influence of different degrees of airway obstruction on the differences in the results determined by the two standards.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 9 189 subjects aged 18 to 92 (60.6±13.1) years who underwent bronchial dilation tests in the Pulmonary Function Laboratory of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from May 2023 to May 2024, including 5 704 males and 3 485 females. The positive rates of bronchial dilation tests under the two standards for subjects with different degrees of airway obstruction were calculated respectively, and the consistency of the determination results was analyzed.

Among the 9 189 subjects, 1 771 (19.3%) were positive by the 2005 criteria and 1 581 (17.2%) by the 2021 criteria. Of the 7 454 subjects with varying degrees of obstructive ventilatory dysfunction, there were 4 350 mild, 860 moderate, 702 moderate to severe, 862 severe, and 680 very severe obstruction cases, respectively. Using FEV₁ as the judgment criterion, the positive rates of the 2005 criteria for moderate to very severe obstruction were 28.8% (248 cases), 32.1% (225 cases), 29.6% (255 cases), and 17.4% (118 cases), respectively, which were higher than those of the 2021 criteria [20.9% (180 cases), 19.5% (137 cases), 16.5% (142 cases), and 6.0% (41 cases), all P<0.001]. Using FVC as the judgment criterion, the positive rates of the 2005 criteria for mild and moderate obstruction were 3.4% (147 cases) and 15.9% (137 cases), respectively, which were lower than those of the 2021 criteria [6.0% (261 cases) and 18.6% (160 cases), both P<0.001], but higher rates were detected for severe and very severe obstruction [32.3% (278) and 45.6% (310) vs 29.7% (256) and 34.1% (232), respectively; both P<0.001]. Using FEV₁ and/or FVC as the judgment criteria, the positive rates of the 2005 criteria for moderate to very severe obstruction were 33.5% (288 cases), 38.9% (273 cases), 42.5% (366 cases), and 49.3% (335 cases), respectively, which were higher than those of the 2021 criteria [28.0% (241 cases), 28.9% (203 cases), 33.2% (286 cases), and 34.9% (237 cases), all P<0.001]. The results of the two criteria were consistent in 8 623 subjects (93.8%) (Kappa=0.794, P<0.001).

The overall agreement between the 2005 and 2021 criteria is good. Among patients with moderate to very severe airway obstruction, the 2021 criteria demonstrates consistently lower positive rates compared to the 2005 criteria, with this discrepancy being particularly evident when FEV₁ was used as the diagnostic criterion.

To explore the association between human kallikrein 10 (KLK10) gene methylation levels in female breast tumor tissues and risk of invasive breast cancer.

A case-control study was conducted. The clinical data and paraffin-embedded breast tissue samples of female patients with invasive breast cancer and benign breast diseases admitted to Huai′an Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University from 2017 to 2020 and to the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from 2020 to 2021 were retrospectively collected, and the methylation levels of each CpG site of the KLK10 gene in the tissues were detected. The methylation levels of KLK10 gene were compared between benign breast diseases and invasive breast cancer (including different pathological types and molecular subtypes), and the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between the methylation level of KLK10 gene CpG site and the risk of invasive breast cancer. The OR value was expressed as the relative risk of invasive breast cancer for each 10% increase in methylation level.

A total of 462 cases of invasive breast cancer aged 52 (46, 58) years and 517 benign breast disease controls aged 45 (41, 50) years were collected. The methylation levels of KLK10_CpG_1 [0.41 (0.26, 0.59) vs 0.36 (0.24, 0.50)], KLK10_CpG_3 [0.38 (0.18, 0.61) vs 0.32 (0.19, 0.49)], and KLK10_CpG_4 [0.52 (0.39, 0.65) vs 0.30 (0.22, 0.38] in the invasive breast cancer group were higher than those in the benign control group (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in the methylation levels of KLK10_CpG_1, KLK10_CpG_3 and KLK10_CpG_4 between the benign control group and various pathological types and molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer (all P<0.05). The methylation levels of KLK10_CpG_4 in all different pathological types and molecular subtypes of breast cancer were higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). The methylation levels of the overall KLK10_CpG_1 (OR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.03-1.17), KLK10_CpG_3 (OR=1.11, 95%CI: 1.05-1.18), and KLK10_CpG_4 (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.61-1.95) sites were positively correlated with invasive breast cancer (all P<0.05). In breast cancer patients aged≤50 years, the methylation levels of KLK10_CpG_1 (OR=1.14, 95%CI: 1.05-1.24), KLK10_CpG_3 (OR=1.12, 95%CI: 1.04-1.21) and KLK10_CpG_4 (OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.68-2.15) sites were positively correlated with invasive breast cancer (all P<0.05). In breast cancer patients aged>50 years, the high methylation levels of KLK10_CpG_3 (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.03-1.25) and KLK10_CpG_4 (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.37-1.86) sites were positively correlated with invasive breast cancer (all P<0.05).

Hypermethylation of the KLK10 gene in female breast tumor tissue is associated with the risk of invasive breast cancer.

To analyze the differences in clinical and epidemiological characteristics of lower respiratory tract infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children in Suzhou area from 2018 to 2023.

This study is a cross-sectional analysis. Children with lower respiratory tract infections who were hospitalized in the Children′s Hospital of Soochow University from January 2018 to June 2023 and were clearly diagnosed with RSV infection were selected as subjects of this study. The clinical data of children who met the inclusion criteria during the epidemic period of RSV were collected, and the epidemic trend and clinical characteristics of RSV in different years were compared. RT-PCR was used to identify the subtypes of RSV A/B, and MEGA7 software was used for gene alignment after target gene amplification to analyze the typing and genotype characteristics of RSV in the peak epidemic period in 2023.

A total of 8 148 children were included in the study, among whom 1 043 were RSV-positive. The median age was 9 months (IQR: 3, 27). The proportion of children with isolated RSV infection in 2023 (35.9%, 82 cases) was lower than in 2019 (54.8%, 119 cases) and 2021 (51.2%, 167 cases) (P<0.05). Compared to other years, children with isolated RSV infection in 2023 were older (P<0.001), with a median age of 21.1 months (IQR: 7.3, 37.7), and the proportion in the 0-2 months age group was lower (9.7%, 8 cases) (P<0.05), while the proportion in the 2-4 years age group was higher (30.5%, 25 cases). In terms of clinical manifestations, the proportion of febrile children in 2023 was higher (81.9%, 68 cases) (P<0.001), while the proportion with high fever (66.2%, 45 cases) was lower than in 2020 (47.2%, 17 cases) (P<0.05), and the proportion with low-grade fever (4.4%, 3 cases) also decreased compared to 2020 (27.8%,10 cases) (P<0.05). The proportions of wheezing (42.7%, 35 cases) and dyspnea (2.4%, 2 cases) in 2023 were both lower than those in 2018 (71.0%, 49 cases) and (13.0%, 9 cases) (P<0.05). The proportion of children with wheezing and crackles upon lung auscultation in 2023 (39.1%, 32 cases) was also lower than in 2018 (62.3%, 43 cases) (P<0.05). In 2023, the predominant RSV subtype in the Suzhou area was Type A, with the main genotype being ON1.

Compared to the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of RSV infections in Suzhou children from 2018 to 2023, the proportion of isolated RSV infections decreased in 2023, with a notable increase in age. Clinical manifestations are predominantly characterized by high fever, while respiratory symptoms are less severe, and the dominant viral strain is the A subtype of genotype ON1.

This article reports a 33-year-old patient with lymphangiomyomatosis (LAM) during pregnancy who went to Peking Union Medical College Hospital on July 10, 2021 due to "holding breath with increased blood pressure for more than 1 month and hemoptysis for 2 days", and later developed diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) syndrome and spontaneous pneumothorax. Chest CT and vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) tests suggested that LAM was likely, and DAH syndrome may be related to the underlying disease LAM. Cesarean section was performed in the emergency department, and twin girls were delivered. The patients were treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, mechanical ventilation and other supportive therapy and glucocorticoid therapy, and the spontaneous oxygenation was improved and the symptoms were relieved. After discharge, the patient was followed up until January 2025. The pulmonary function of the patient was stable, and the growth and development of both girls were normal. This case suggests that serious complications such as DAH may occur in patients with LAM complicated with pregnancy, and clinical attention should be paid to patients with aggravated dyspnea during pregnancy, and multi-disciplinary close cooperation should be carried out to intervene and treat as soon as possible.

This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of a case of sarcoidosis with erythema nodosum at the eyebrow tattoo as the first manifestation. A 50-year-old woman with a 9-month course of disease started with painless erythema nodosum at the site of bilateral eyebrow arches, and progressed with dry cough, weight loss (4 kg in 3 months) and typical chest CT findings (nodules of lymphatic distribution in both lungs with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, pathologically confirmed as non-caseous necrotizing granuloma). After systemic glucocorticoid therapy (starting with prednisone 30 mg/d and stepwise reduction after 4 weeks), the lesions resolved after 2 months, and respiratory symptoms were significantly relieved.

This paper reports a case of synovitis-acne-impetigo-osteohypertrophy-osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome with the triad of follicular atresia as a cutaneous manifestation. The patient was a 36-year-old male with a course of disease for more than 10 years. The main skin manifestations were nodules, abscesses, sinus tracts and scars in the skin of the head, face, trunk and folds, and the later stage was accompanied by low back pain and joint pain. Laboratory examination showed elevated inflammatory indexes (erythrocyte sedimentation rate 73.00 mm/1 h, C-reactive protein 34.80 mg/L), and CT and MRI examination of chest and pelvis showed sternal bone marrow edema, bone changes in iliac joint and multi-site joint effusion. After 1 month of treatment with acitretin, diclofenac sodium and methotrexate, the patient's joint symptoms improved, and there were still a small number of new inflammatory papules and pustules. Later, it was changed to apramilast monotherapy. After 2 weeks of treatment, the patient had no new skin lesions and no recurrence of joint symptoms.

As the largest lymphatic duct in the human body, the thoracic duct plays a key role in the process of lymphatic fluid returning to the venous system. Chylorrhea caused by injury of the thoracic duct or its branches poses a serious challenge for surgery and patient rehabilitation. Based on the latest research, this paper systematically expounds the embryonic development and typical anatomical characteristics of thoracic duct, focusing on the anatomical variation characteristics of thoracic duct and terminal cervical segment and the application of emerging lymphatic imaging technology, in order to provide theoretical basis for realizing the precise analysis of preoperative evaluation and complication management in head and neck surgery.

Head and neck tumors are common malignant tumors, and their incidence is increasing year by year. Traditional open surgery may lead to impaired appearance and function in early cases, while there is still a lack of effective treatment for late persistent recurrent head and neck malignancies. Therefore, finding a balance between radical tumor cure, functional preservation and aesthetic needs is the core challenge in the field of surgical diagnosis and treatment of head and neck tumors. In recent years, important progress has been made in the fields of minimally invasive surgical technology, reconstruction and repair technology, multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment and artificial intelligence. This article aims to review the latest progress of these four key development directions and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck tumors.

Immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors has become the standard treatment for recurrent metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. However, both single agent and combination chemotherapy have obvious shortcomings, and combination drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity are urgently needed. Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anti-angiogenesis targeted therapy are currently commonly used therapeutic drugs for advanced solid tumors, and their combination with immunotherapy has sufficient theoretical basis and clinical evidence. This paper introduces the key clinical studies of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, anti-EGFR bispecific antibody, anti-EGFR antibody drug conjugate and anti-vascular multi-target kinase inhibitor in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor in the treatment of recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The preliminary results show that they have good synergistic effects and tolerable adverse reactions.

A 71-year-old male was admitted to the Department of Stomatology of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital on January 13, 2024 due to "painless mass of right buccal mucosa for 1 month". One month before admission, the patient found a tumor about the size of a soybean in the right buccal mucosa. He took "anti-inflammatory drugs" (details unknown) orally by himself, but no obvious effect was seen, and the tumor gradually increased, so he came to our hospital for treatment. CT of the admitted oropharynx showed abnormal enhancement of the right cheek and local maxillary destruction (Figures 1-3, indicated by arrows). Excluding surgical contraindications, right cheek mass resection + right maxilla mass resection under general anesthesia was performed. Postoperative pathology showed spindle cells scattered in the middle of the mucoid matrix, increased collagen fiber content, involving bone tissue, and pseudoepithelioma-like hyperplasia of squamous epithelium of the cheek (Figure 4, hematoxylin-eosin staining ×400). There was no regular postoperative review, and there was no obvious discomfort during telephone follow-up.

Intestinal fibrosis is a common long-term complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, Professor Zou Duowu's team reviewed the known pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis and discussed future research directions in this field.

Although long strides have been made in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) in recent decades, the overall prognosis of advanced lung adenocarcinoma remains poor. This is closely related to the tumor microenvironment (TME). The integration and analysis of various cellular components in LUAD's TME will contribute to the development of new treatment methods for lung adenocarcinoma.