Volume 47 · Issue 01 · 2011

As the New Year approaches, we look back at the past year, which is a special and important year for Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, and also a year to carry on the past and open up the future and welcome the new era. The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded in 1950. In 2010, the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology celebrated its 60th anniversary. The celebration of the 60th anniversary of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was held in Beijing on September 15, 2010. More than 300 people attended the celebration, including leaders of the Chinese Medical Association, editorial members of the journal at home and abroad, senior representatives of ophthalmic products companies and friends from the ophthalmology field who have long cared and supported the journal. Qi Guoming, Vice President of the Chinese Medical Association, Luo Ling, Han Xiaoming and Yang Min, Deputy Secretary-General of the Chinese Medical Association, Wu Yupu, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of the Chinese Medical Association, You Suning, president and editor-in-chief of Chinese Medical Association Magazine, Cai Lifeng, vice president, and Liu Bing, assistant to the president, attended the celebration venue in person. Huang Yibin, director of the editorial department of Chinese Ophthalmology Journal, and Professor Sun Xuguang, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University presided over the celebration.

At the beginning of the new year, the editorial board and the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology express their New Year wishes to fellow ophthalmologists all over the country, and express their heartfelt gratitude for their support! With the bell of the New Year, we have entered the second decade of the 21st century. In 2010, our journal celebrated the first birthday of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. In the past 60 years, the efforts of generations of ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists have made our journal grow and grow continuously. Our journal has always insisted on improving the academic quality of the journal as its own duty, and has gained the recognition and trust of the vast number of ophthalmologists across the country. In recent years, by holding editorial board finalization meetings outside Beijing, more editorial board members have participated in the finalization process, which not only brought into play the intelligence of the editorial board members, but also made them familiar with the three-review and five-determination system that the journal has always adhered to, improved the participation consciousness and enthusiasm of editorial board members outside Beijing, and improved the review ability.

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), including epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, and endotheliitis, is one of the major blinding eye diseases in China. Corneal herpetic endotheliitis has a variety of clinical manifestations, which causes much difficulty for diagnosis and treatment. This paper suggests a uniform classification of corneal herpetic endotheliitis, which helps to the set up and wide application of a standard treatment protocol. As a result, the cure rate would be increased significantly, corneal endothelium loss due to misdiagnosis would be reduced, and finally the blindness rate of HSK would be lowered.

The present paper concerns on some distinct shortcomings of recent eye diseases related meta-analysis manuscripts in Chinese literatures, then discusses the following important-aspects in metaanalysis procedures: addressing the purpose properly, providing a precise title, collecting relative literatures comprehensively, assessing the quality of enrolled studies systematically, evaluating the result of test for heterogeneity correctly, choosing the outcome indicators and effect indexes accurately, analyzing sensitivity, and correlating the statistical and clinical significance of the results in an objective manner, et al. The reporting format is suggested to follow the MOOSE guidelines and QUOROM statement.

Objective To evaluate the effect and explore the complications of Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) combined with phacoemulcification cataract surgery or lens exchange in corneal endothelial dysftnction eyes with lens disorders. Methods Retrospective case series.Eighteen consecutive cases (20 eyes) were performed DSAEK combined with lens surgery from December 2007 to December 2008 in Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital. Five cases (7 eyes) were performed DSAEK combined with phacoemulcification and intraocular lens (IOL) insertion.Seven cases were combined with anterior chamber IOL extraction, anterior vitrectomy and posterior chamber IOL insertion. Six aphakia cases were performed with DSAEK combined with anterior vitrectomy and sclera fixation posterior chamber IOL insertion. Postoperatively, the visual acuity, corneal transparency, central corneal thickness (CCT), endothelial cell density (ECD) and complications were observed during the follow-up. Results The irritation was disappeared in all of patients. All of the corneas became transparent.The preoperative and postoperative mean CCT of the recipient beds was 859 μm and 553 μm respectively. T value was 5.303 ( t = 5.303, P ＜ 0.01 ). It was extremely significant difference. The mean ECD of the donors was 2987 cells/mm2. The ECD was 1803 cells/mm2 in three months postoperatively. The rate of endothelial cells loss was 41%. The visual acuity improved significantly except 9 eyes which had fundus disorders. Six eyes were better than 0.8. It was 55% in normal retinal function patients (6/11). The inflammatory reaction of the anterior chamber IOL eyes was most serious. Six eyes underwent graft dislocation. Five cases underwent high intraocular pressure. One case occurred graft rejection.These complications occurred in anterior chamber IOL eyes. Conclusions DSAEK combined with phacoemulcification cataract surgery or lens exchange is a safe and effective surgical treatment for corneal endothelial dysfunction with lens disorders. More complications occur in anterior chamber IOL eyes. DSAEK should be cautiously chosen in abnormal iris and chamber angle structural eyes.

Objective To resarch the clinical features and in vivo confocal microscopic findings of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD). Methods It was a retrospective consecutive case study.Ten patients with PPCD, attended at Optometry Department of Henan Eye Institute from March 2007 to August 2009, were analyzed. All the subjects were examined by slit-lamp, Orbscan Ⅱ , specular microscopy,HRT3/RCM confocal microscopy. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analysis the data. Results The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 35 years. Seven eyes of the 4 patients have the vesicular lesions, five eves of the 5 patients were band lesions and 1 patient had bilateral diffused opacities, this patient also had iridocorneal adhesions with associated papillary ectropion but without glaucoma. In total, 14 eyes of the 10 patients had PPCD. Two eyes had abnormal Orbscan Ⅱ topography, it showed both anterior and posterior surface protrusion. Specular microscopy exam indicated large cells in size and reduced endothelium density.The mean size of the affected eye was 584 μm2 ,the normal eye was 316 μm2. The difference was statistically significant( U =0.000,P =0.002). The density of the endothelium was 1746 cells/mm2 in affected eye and 3201 cells/mm2 in normal eye. The difference was also statistically significant( U =0.000,P =0.002). In vivo confocal microscopy showed endothelial polymorphism. Occasional bright endothelial nuclei were seen. A variety of curvilinear and vesicular abnormalities were imaged including orange or finger like lesion, round or oval dark area with hyper reflectivity border. Some large lesions may lose endothelium with rough surface have a dike appearance. Conclusions Careful exam by slit-lamp may help to diagnose PPCD and further specular microscopy and (or) in vivo confocal microscopy exam will confirm it. Some cases may have abnormal topography, or associated with high intraocular pressure.

Objectiye To observe the effects of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (r-bFGF) on the LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy (LINE) and the recovery of corneal sensation after LASIK. Methods Prospective clinical study. LINE was found in 60 patients out of 1154 cases of LASIK (5.2% ). The 60 cases were randomly divided into three groups, each group including 20 cases.Group A was treated with r-bFGF eye drops (fusion protein), four times a day. Group B was treated with r-bFGF eye-gel, four times a day. Group C was treated with 0.1% sodium hyaluronate eye drops as a control. The treatment started since LINE was diagnosed. The typical clinical finding of LINE was punctate corneal erosion, which could be evaluated by slit-lamp examination and fluorescein staining. Masked CochetBonnet esthesiometry was performed in the central cornea one week preoperatively and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Results ( 1 ) The average times of corneal erosion occurrence were ( 28.57 ±37.48 ) d, ( 30.82 ± 35.08 ) d and ( 16.84 ± 23.70 ) d in group A, group B and group C respectively. No significant differences were observed among the three groups ( F = 1.456,P -0.238), and the average times of corneal erosion disappearance were (7.19 ± 8.23 ) d, (2.86 ± 1.73 ) d and ( 7.00 ± 6.40 ) d in group A, group B and group C, respectively. The punctate corneal erosion cured significantly faster in r-bFGF eyegel treated group (P1 =0.007,P2 =0.014). (2)The loss of corneal sensation was greatest at 1 week after LASIK in all the three groups and improved at all subsequent examination time points. The corneal sensation gradually recovered through 12 months observation, but the r-bFGF eye-gel treated group showed faster recovery in comparison with the other two groups, had no statistic different at 6 month comparied with preoperation values( F = 0.55, P = 0.064). Conclusion The r-bFGF eye-gel is effective for both punctate corneal erosion (especially for severe LINE) and recovery of corneal sensation following LASIK surgery.

Objective To investigate the characteristics of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA)in metastatic choroidal carcinomas and determine the value of FFA in differentiating metastatic choroidal carcinomas from primary choroidal melanomas. Methods It was a retrospective case series. The retrospective analysis of clinical data and FFA findings was performed in 23 eyes of 22 patients with metastatic choroidal carcinomas and 31 eyes of 31 patients with primary choroidal melanomas as the control.Results Ocular fundus findings of metastatic choroidal carcinomas were divided into three types: solitary flat ( tumor thickness less than 3 mm ) , solitary elevated ( tumor thickness more than 3 mm) or diffuse type.FFA of the three types showed hypofluorescence during the arterial phase and progressive hyperfluorescence during the subsequent phases. The border of the lesions revealed retinal capillary dilation during the arteriovenous phase and persistent pinpoint leakage throughout the angiogram. Retinal capillary dilation and pinpoint leakage were more frequently presented in the solitary flat type. Simultaneous visualization of retinal and tumor circulation (the so called double circulation ) was more frequently presented in the solitary elevated type. Pinpoint leakage could be detected in 17 (73.91%) eyes of metastatic choroidal carcinomas and in 5 ( 16. 13% ) eyes of primary choroidal melanomas. The difference between the visibility of pinpoint leakage in metastatic choroidal carcinomas and primary choroidal melanomas was statistically significant ( P =0. 0000). When pinpoint leakage of FFA was used to differentiate metastatic choroidal carcinomas from primary choroidal melanomas, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were 73. 91%,83. 87%, 79. 63%, 77. 27%, 81. 25% respectively. Conclusions FFA is helpful for the diagnosis of metastatic choroidal carcinomas. Pinpoint leakage on the border of lesions has some value in differentiating metastatic choroidal carcinomas from primary choroidal melanomas.

Objective To investigate the macular retinal sensitivity and fixation stability rates in normal subjects of middle and old age by using the MP-1 microperimeter. Methods This was a normal value test which enrolled 60 healthy subjects aging from 41 to 70 years old. It detected the retinal function of the central 10 degrees of the macular by using the MP-1 microperimeter. Sixty subjects were divided into three groups according to their ages: group A from 41 to 50, group B from 51 to 60 and group C from 61 to 70. Rank and testing methods were used to compare the mean retinal sensitivity (MS) within the central 10 degrees of the macular among the three groups, and P ＜0. 017 was used for statistical significance. Rank and testing methods were used to compare MS of different locations in the macular fovea, and P ＜ 0. 025 was used for statistical significance. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the age and retinal MS values. Results The retinal MS within the central 10 degrees of the macular in 60 eyes of the 60 subjects was ( 19.7833 ± 0.4906) dB, and were ( 19.5117 ± 1. 1044), ( 19.8542 ± 0.4099) and ( 19. 9183 ±0. 3895) dB at 5 degrees, 3 degrees and 1 degree from the center of the macular, respectively.The mean fixation stability rates within 2 degrees and 4 degrees were (88. 4667 ±9. 9600)% and (97. 2000 ±3.9091 ) %, respectively. There was statistical significance between retinal MS at 5 degrees and at 3 degrees from the center of the macular ( Z = - 2. 943, P ＜ 0. 025 ); there was also statistical significance between retinal MS at 3 degrees and at 1 degree from the center of the macular ( Z = - 2. 367, P ＜ 0. 025 ).Conclusions MP-1 microperimetry examination could be used to evaluate the macular retinal function.There is no difference in the retinal MS within the central 10 degrees of the macular among the three groups of normal subjects of different ages. The retinal MS difference is statistically significant with different distances from the center of the macular; but there is no correlation between the age and the retinal sensitivities in normal subjects of middle and old age.

Objective To observe the natural course and evaluate the prognostic factors influencing the follow-up visual acuity of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Methods It was a retrospective case series. Forty-five consecutive patients (51 eyes) who were diagnosed with PCV by fundus photography,fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were followed up with (11.1 ± 2. 0 )months (mean ± SD ). Age, baseline visual acuity, the presence of pigment epithelium detachment (PED), lesion size, the polypoidal lesions involving the fovea and the regression of polypoidal lesions were recorded. Multi-factor regression analysis of visual acuity at follow up was applied with SPSS 16. 0 statistics software. Results Among the 45 patients (51 eyes), the hemorrhage or exudation were increased in 15 eyes (29. 4% ), decreased in 25 eyes (49. 0% ), 5 eyes (9. 8% ) developed macula scar and 6 eyes (11.8%) macula atrophy . During the follow-up period, the visual acuity was improved in 11 eyes (21.6%), stable in 21 (41.2%) and regressed in 19 (37. 2% ). Twenty-five eyes (49.0%)demonstrated polypoidal lesions involving the fovea and 26 eyes (51.0%) did not. ICGA revealed that the polypoidal lesions were unchanged in 18 eyes ( 35. 3% ), regressed in 13 ( 25.5% ), grew in 13 (25.5%), and mixed in 7 eyes ( 13.7% ). The changes of visual acuity at follow up were related to the age, baseline visual acuity, and polypoidal lesions involving in the fovea ( b = - 0. 005, 0. 382 and - 0. 430 ;P = 0. 034, 0. 000 and 0. 000). Improvement of visual acuity at follow up was related to the regression of polypoidal lesions ( b = 2. 259, P = 0. 019, OR = 9. 578). Conclusions There is a large variation in the visual prognosis in Chinese patients with PCV. The presence of PED and the lesion size had no effect on the visual prognosis of PCV. Better visual acuity during follow-up period is correlated with younger age, better baseline visual acuity, polypoidal lesions not involving the fovea and a regression of polypoidal lesions.

Objective To study the clinical effects and safety of the auxiliary management with iris retractor for subluxated lens combined with cataract. Methods Thirty-one eyes lens subluxation with cataract come from 27 patients were reviewed, all of them were 30-78 years old and Ⅲ-Ⅳ grade of nuclear. Among these patients, 14 were traumatic cataracts, 12 Marfan syndromes, two over-mature phase of cataracts, one caused suspensory ligament broken during phacoemulsification, and one unclear reason. 1 to 4 iris retractors were used during surgeries, according to the extension of zonular loss and nuclear hardness.Anterior vitrectomy would be taken if vitreous prolapsed. Visual acuities and reactions post-operative were observed, too. And correlation analysis would be used to study the relationship of those objections. Results There were no serious complications during the surgeries such as tearing of capsular, falling of nuclear,bleeding of intraocular, and so on. Only 9 of 31 eyes (29.0%) had vitreous prolapsed interoperations,which appeared a significant correlated with range of zonular loss ( Spearman r = 0. 453, P = 0. 010 ).However, none of them happened during the phacoemulsification for lens nucleus and only 6 eyes took the anterior vitrectomy. The best corrected postoperative visual acuity of these patients attended to 0. 2-1.2 at a half to 1 month, increased by 1-12 lines[average of (6.0 ±2.7) lines] compared with preoperative.Twenty-three eyes visual acuity of them were no less than 0. 5. Corneal edema postoperatively appeared a significant correlated with vitrectomy ( Spearman r = 0. 398, P = 0. 026), while seemed no associated with the range of zonular loss, the number of iris retractors, energy and duration of ultrasound burst or type of intraocular lens (IOL) (P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusions Phacoemulsification assists with iris retractor can simplify the process of cataract surgery of subluxated lens. Individualized surgical planning and flexible and decisive measures intra-operative achieved good results and well safety in these dangerous and complex lens diseases.

Objective To evaluate the oxygen transmissibility of new material Piggyback lens combined with silicone hydrogel lens and higher Dk RGPCL. To investigate the improving of visual acuity,ocular shape and comfortable, also orthokeratology results and safety of this new system for keratoconus correction. Methods Calculating the oxygen transmission (Dk/t) of the new Piggyback system involves Ohm's Law. Compare the changes of ocular surface curves and astigmatism with or without Si-SCL fitting,RGPCL vision and Piggyback lens vision. Investigate the comfortable improving and ocular complications,and changes of corneal shape after fitted with Piggyback lens by using corneal topography. Results Selected silicone hydrogel lens was pure vison (B&L PV, 36% water, Dk/t 110) lens, RGPCL material was Menicon Z, Dk/t 95.9 and Boston XO, Dk/t 58. 8. It was calculated to 44. 4 Dk/t and 34. 4 Dk/t with these two combinations. Twenty two moderate and severe keratokonus patients (28 eyes) fitted with the Piggyback lens successfully. Corneal K reading and astigmatism decreased significantly after wore the Si-SCL.Compared with RGPCL vison(4. 82 ±0. 11 ) ,Piggyback lens vision (4. 93 ±0. 08) was significant increased ( t = - 10. 395 ,P ＜0. 01 )90% cases improved comfort vs prior RGPCL wear alone. Only few cases appeared slight conjunctival hyperemia and corneal staining. Corneal topography showed corneal flauer, spherical and regular reshaping results after 6 months wore the Piggyback lens. Conclusions By fitting Piggyback systems using new Si-SCL and higher Dk RGPCL materials may help problematic keratoconic patients improve visual acuity, comfort and safety, increase wearing time and orthokeratology results further.

Objective To study the expression of Nogo-A and Nogo receptor (NgR) in the development of neonatal rats retinal and visual cortex and their effects on the development of central nervous system (CNS). Methods Immunohistochemical staining method was used to detect the expression of NogoA and NgR in neonatal rats retinal and visual cortex at 1,3, 7, 14, 28, 56 days after birth. One-way Anova was used to analyze the results of Western blot analysis of Nogo-A and NgR in neonatal rats visual cortex.Results Nogo-A and NgR was found to express in neonatal rats retinal and visual cortex at the developing stage. In 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 days, the IDV ratio of Nogo-A was 0.852 ± 0.026、0. 917 ± 0. 024、0. 810 ±0. 028、0. 417 ± 0. 053 、0. 258 ± 0. 029、0.298 ± 0.054 respectively and the IDV ratio of NgR was 0.070±0. 014、0. 185 ± 0. 035、0. 678 ± 0. 046、0. 705 ± 0. 021、1. 210 ± 0. 057、1. 140 ± 0. 0420 respectively by Western blot analysis. The expression of Nogo-A was decreased ( F = 376. 56, P = 0. 000 ) and the expression of NgR was increased ( F = 888.26, P = 0. 000) during postnatal development. Conclusion Nogo-A and NgR is closely related to the CNS growth and development.

Objective To establish a murine model of chronic corneal allograft dysfunction (CCAD) after penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods Experimental study. PK model in mice:Semiallogeneic CB6F1 mice were obtained from matching of female BALB/c and male C57BL/6 mice.C57BL/6 (al logeneic group), CB6F1 (semiallogeneic group) and BALB/c (syngeneic group) grafts were transplanted orthotopically to BALB/c recipients respectively, and BALB/c mice as a control group. The follow-up time was more than 100 d, and graft survival time and corneal opacity score were monitored, and corneal endothelium were examined by alizarin red and PI/Hoechst stain. CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes were examined by immunohistochemistry. Ultrastructure changes of the grafts were examined by electromicroscopy. Log-rank test were used to compare survival curves. Results ( 1 ) Graft examination:Median graft survival times were 17.0 d, 85.5 d, ＞ 100 d and ＞ 100 d in allogeneic, semiallogeneic,syngeneic and control groups, respectively ( F = 344. 0, P ＜ 0. 01 ) . ( 2 ) Immunohistochemistry examination: There were large amount of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte infiltration in allografts in allogeneic group at 3 weeks after PK; Few CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes were observed in semiallogeneic group and syngeneic goups at 3 weeks after PK; CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration was not observed in the control group. (3) Endothelium examination: The endothelium can not be counted because the blurred image after the alizarin red combined PI/Hoechst stain and apoptotic and necrotic cells can be seen in allogeneic group; the endothelial cell density decreased and few apoptosis can be detected in semiallogeneic and syngeneic groups; no apoptotic and necrotic endothelial cells were found in the control group.(4) Ultrastructural characteristic changes mainly include fibrosis formation and endothelium atrophy and degeneration in failed grafts in all transplanted groups by electron microscopy examination. Inflammation cells can only be found in the allogeneic group. Conclusions Semiallogeneic and syngeneic transplantation groups present the changes similar to CCAD in clinical study, and both can be regarded as the model that permits molecular evaluation of CCAD.

Periodic oculomotor nerve palsy is a rare ophthalmic disease characterized by periodic paralysis and spasm of all or part of intraocular and extraocular muscles innervated by oculomotor nerve. Three cases of periodic oculomotor nerve palsy diagnosed and treated in Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University in recent years are reported as follows. Case 1: A 22-year-old female patient had right blepharoptosis and difficulty in opening her eyes since childhood, and then gradually developed exotropia in her right eye. The symptoms were not mild in the morning and severe in the evening. The right blepharoptosis was corrected at the age of 1, and the right strabismus was corrected at the age of 15. The specific surgical procedure was unknown, but the postoperative symptoms were not improved. In August 2009, she went to Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Physical examination: the visual acuity of both naked eyes was 0.2, the visual acuity of the right eye could not be corrected, but the visual acuity of the left eye was corrected to 1.0. The right blepharoptosis was covered by about 1/2 of the pupil. The cornea reflected light, the exotropia of the right eye was about 10° ~15°, the upward and downward rotation was limited, and the Bell sign was weak.

A 75-year-old male patient was diagnosed with poorly differentiated small cell carcinoma of the right lung in Changhai Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University in September 2006. After that, he underwent radiotherapy and chemotherapy many times. In February 2008, the patient developed bone metastasis of lung cancer, and a round mass the size of soybean appeared on the upper lid of the left eye. In April 2008, he was admitted to the ophthalmology department of Changhai Hospital for surgery. Ocular examination: distant vision of the left eye: 0.08 (no improvement in correction), near vision: 0.1, normal light localization, red and green color can be distinguished. There was a round mass in the middle of the upper lid of the left eye higher than the skin surface, with clear boundaries, hard texture and poor mobility. There was no local redness, swelling and pain, about 2 cm in diameter, without pain, ulcer, diplopia, etc., no ptosis and eye movement disorder. IOP: 16.7 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa). Whole body examination: the thorax was barrel-shaped, the respiratory motility of both lungs was symmetrical, the speech tremor was weakened, the lungs were over-voiceless after percussion, the respiratory sounds of both lungs were low after auscultation, and scattered wet rales could be heard in the right lung.

Meibomian gland dysfunction is a common ocular surface disease, which can cause eye discomfort symptoms such as red eyes, itching, burning sensation, dryness, irritation, fluctuation of vision or tearing, and can lead to lipid deficiency dry eye syndrome, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, punctate keratitis and other ocular surface diseases. Meibomian gland opening obstruction is the most common cause of meibomian gland dysfunction, which can directly or indirectly cause the quantity and quality of meibomian gland secretion to change, resulting in tear film instability, and the reduction of lipid can also lead to rapid tear evaporation, resulting in ocular surface dryness.

Cell sheet technology (CST) is based on the use of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide,PNIPAAm) ,which can be exhibit reversible hydration and dehydration of its polymer chains in response to temperature changes across the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 ℃. By reducing the incubation temperature to 20 ℃, all cultured cells are harvested as intact sheets along with their deposited extracellular matrix (ECM) due to the conversion of the grafted PIPAAm from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, as ECM remains present on the basal surface of the cell sheets,they can maintain cell viability and function as well as directly transplanted to tissue beds or even layered to create three-dimensional (3D) tissue-like structures without any scaffolds or sutures. The temperature-sensitive surfaces' preparation approaches,density, thickness, membrane additive ingredients and so on, all affect cell adhesion and proliferation. It can maintain cell viability and improve function by accelerating cell sheet detachment through changing the membrane compositions, density as well as types of graft substrate. With CST, cultured autologous/allogeneic corneal seed cells in vitro used as transplant sources can overcome the problems of immunorejection of transplanted tissues as well as donor organ shortages. So far, the cell sheet of limbal epithelium and autologous oral mucosal epithelium obtained by the CST have been successfully used in clinical graft for ocular surface reconstruction. Finally, There is an overview of preparations of temperatureresponsive surfaces, impacts of various factors that influenced cultured cells in vitro and clinical applications or clinically relevant animal experimentations of CST in corneal tissue engineering.

Conjunctiva epithelial stem cells are bipotent cells giving rise to both conjunctival epithelial cells and goblet cells. They play a central role in ocular surface homeostasis and wound repair, and also have great capacities of self-renewal, proliferation and differentiation. As a result, conjunctival epithelial stem cells are main resources of seed cells for tissue engineering conjunctiva. To review the current research of conjunctival epithelia stem cells such as their features, distribution, ways to identify stem cells,in vitro culture and induced differentiation to goblet cells.

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA)is an early onset retinal dystrophy that causes severe visual impairment. With the development of molecular genetics and the therapeutic gene replacement technology, the adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene therapy for LCA achieved encouraging progress in the past decade. The success of the Phase Ⅰ clinical trials of human RPE65 gene therapy for LCA Ⅱ patients makes it a pioneer in the field of retinal gene therapy and brings light to the cure of other hereditary retinopathy. This article briefly reviews the recent developments in the preclinical animal experiments and Phase Ⅰ clinical trials for LCA.

Since the 1950s, clinical visual physiology in China has gradually expanded from the attention of visual field to the detection and research of color vision, light vision and visual electrophysiology, which constitutes an important part of the development of ophthalmology in China. Clinical visual physiology has important relevance and contribution to the evaluation and discussion of visual function and to the observation, treatment, curative effect and pathogenesis of visual impairment in eye diseases.

Ocular diseases require effective drug concentration to reach the local treatment site. Eye drops are commonly used ophthalmic drugs, but many drugs have poor intraocular permeability, which limits their application [1]. Some studies have shown that penetration enhancers and viscosity enhancers can improve the intraocular permeability of hydrophilic drugs [2-3]. Sodium hyaluronate is a widely used viscosity enhancer in eye drops, and azone is a commonly used penetration enhancer. In order to investigate the in vivo, dynamic and real-time methods of ocular pharmacokinetic detection, the effects of penetration enhancer azone and tackifier sodium hyaluronate on the permeability of Gd-DTPA were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The effects of azone and Gd-DTPA on the morphology of corneal endothelial cells and corneal thickness were also observed.

In order to advocate the majority of ophthalmologists to pay attention to "repairing damaged nerves and promoting vision recovery", Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Eisai (China) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. jointly held the 2010 Eisai Ophthalmology Award-winning essay contest.

Glaucoma is one of the main eye diseases causing blindness in China. In recent years, the proportion of primary open-angle glaucoma in primary glaucoma has increased. Studies have shown that up to 75% of glaucoma patients need combination medication, which is one of the important reasons for poor compliance with combination medication in glaucoma patients. In order to make more ophthalmologists pay more attention to the hot issues of glaucoma treatment, and cooperate with the National Eye Care Day to explore more effective medication treatment plans for patients,

Corneal disease is one of the main eye diseases causing blindness at present. According to statistics, there are more than 7 million blind people in China, of which about 8% are caused by corneal disease. The only hope for blindness caused by corneal disease is corneal transplantation. However, due to the lack of donor corneas, only 8,000 corneal transplantations are performed in China every year, and millions of patients can only pray for light in the dark. Therefore, early intervention for corneal diseases is crucial.

Ocular Surface Live Confocal Microscope (edited by Professor Xu Jianjiang), one of the Application Series of New Ophthalmology Technologies edited by Professor Sun Xinghuai of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, has been officially published by Fudan University Press. In vivo confocal microscope of ocular surface is a new type of high precision and high magnification microscope which has appeared in recent years.

Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine is a Class III A comprehensive hospital in Shanghai. The hospital has more than 3,000 employees and more than 1,200 beds. After three years of construction, the hospital will have more than 2,000 beds. It is a large and famous hospital integrating medicine, teaching and research. In order to further strengthen the talent construction of the discipline team, we are invited to recruit outstanding discipline leaders and outstanding discipline backbones at home and abroad.

Following the successful two "Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum" held by the editorial board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association in 2009 and 2010, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, the "3rd Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum (with organizing meeting)" sponsored by this journal will be held in Xiamen, Fujian Province in early July 2011. The content of this forum integrates the rational application of ophthalmic drugs and the promotion of new technologies and new equipment, focusing on comprehensively improving the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists.

Approved by China Association for Science and Technology, it is co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of six medical associations in East China, Hunan, Hubei, Henan and Hebei, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, School of Optometry of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology; The 11th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry (C00C2011) jointly organized by Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and China International Science and Technology Conference Center will be held at Shanghai Everbright Convention and Exhibition Center from April 8 to 10, 2011.

The 13th National Conference on Cataract and Intraocular Lens will be held in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province from June 2 to 5, 2011. This conference was sponsored by the Cataract Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and hosted by Zhejiang Medical Association and the Ophthalmology Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University.

Sponsored by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and hosted by the Third Military Medical University, the 3rd China Ophthalmology Basic Research Conference and Graduate Tutor Forum will be held in Chongqing from March 31 to April 3, 2011. This forum is a grand meeting of basic research in ophthalmology in China. It will conduct extensive exchanges on the basic research progress of ophthalmology and visual science, and conduct in-depth discussions around today's cutting-edge hot issues. The theme is communication and innovation. The highlights include: (1) inviting front-line scientists in basic ophthalmology research and visual science research at home and abroad to give special lectures to introduce the latest research technologies, methods and achievements;

A study class on new progress in interdisciplinary combined treatment and neuroprotection of ischemic ophthalmopathy was held in the academic lecture hall of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University from October 14 to 16, 2010. Dean Liu Jian, Professor Wang Yanling of Department of Ophthalmology and Director Huang Yibin of the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association attended the study class and delivered speeches. The study class specially invited Professor Kanji Takahashi and Professor Tetsuya Nishimura of Department of Ophthalmology of Kansai Medical University in Japan to introduce the latest international progress in macular degeneration and vitreous surgery to the ophthalmologists attending the study class. Professor Kanji Takahashi and Professor Tetsuya Nishimura were invited as visiting professors of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Dean Liu Jian and Vice President Xie Miaorong issued letters of appointment to them.

The 14th National Academic Conference on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, organized by the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, will be held in Jinan, Shandong Province in early May 2011. This conference will focus on the clinical and basic research of strabismus and amblyopia, childhood refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, ocular trauma, fundus diseases, ocular tumors, hereditary eye diseases and other childhood eye diseases. Now we call for papers on the above academic contents.

The 15th National Ophthalmology Academic Conference of the Chinese Medical Association and the 25th Annual Conference of the Asia-Pacific Ophthalmology Society were held at the National Convention Center in Beijing from September 16 to 20, 2010. The conference was co-sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association, the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, the Asia-Pacific Ophthalmology Society and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. More than 11 000 delegates attended the conference, which was the largest academic conference in the Asia-Pacific region and China so far. More than 1000 famous ophthalmologists at home and abroad gave special reports on new technologies, new knowledge and new experiences in ophthalmology development. During the conference, a large-scale exhibition of ophthalmological medical devices and drugs was held.

The 17th National Conference on Ocular Trauma, Ocular Plastic Surgery and Orbital Diseases and the 5th National Orbital Disease Study Class, sponsored by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the Institute of Orbital Diseases of Armed Police General Hospital, will be held in Kunming in March 2011. At that time, well-known experts and scholars in the field of ocular trauma, eye plastic surgery and orbital disease in China will gather in Kunming to share successful experiences with fellow ophthalmologists all over the country;

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists in China. The current editor-in-chief Zhao Kanxing and the editorial director Huang Yibin. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad.

Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology is a professional academic journal of ophthalmology sponsored by Chinese Medical Association. It targets ophthalmologists as the main readers, reporting leading scientific research achievements, clinical diagnosis and treatment experience in the field of ophthalmology, and basic theoretical research that has a guiding role in ophthalmology clinics and is closely integrated with ophthalmology clinics. The purpose of this journal is to implement the principles and policies of the Party and the state on health work, implement the principle of combining theory with practice, popularization and improvement, reflect the significant progress of clinical and scientific research in ophthalmology in China, and promote academic exchanges in ophthalmology at home and abroad.