Volume 46 · Issue 12 · 2010

Neuro-ophthalmology is an interdisciplinary field. Promoting the development of neuroophthalmology in China by interdisciplinary is the current trend. With the rapid development of the related disciplines, we should grasp the research hotspots correctly and focus on the oriented research. The cuttingedge research results should be introduced and the innovative teams should be built up. It will be greatly beneficial for the development of the neuro-ophthalmology in China by boosting the combination of neuroophthalmology and the cross subjects.

Neuro-ophthalmology is a medical subspecialty concerned on the nervous system diseases with ocular manifestations, this could be both sensory and motor, including ocular movements, papillary responses, and the structure changes of the brain and nervous system with ocular manifestations. Although neuro-ophthalmology in China has achieved some progress, certain problems still exist, such as the professional neuro-ophthalmology team and related academic organization are still absent in China; neuroophthalmology knowledge has not been popularized; the new technologies for diagnosis and treatment in neuro-ophthalmology have not been absorbed and applied; the coordination and cooperation with other related disciplines are not enough. We should actively promote the development of neuro-ophthalmology in China,including organization of a professional team of neuro-ophthalmology, popularization of neuro-ophthalmology knowledge to the ophthalmologists, development of research work in neuro-ophthalmology and the collaboration with international neuro-ophthalmologists.

Glaucoma is a typical optic neuropathy mainly caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). In recent years, with the advances in understanding of glaucoma and visual sciences, and the development of a neurological cross-discipline and neuroimaging technology, the question about the nature of glaucoma has been raised. Is glaucoma merely an ocular disease? Is it a disease that begins from the eye,and then involves the whole visual pathway? Or is it a particular central nervous disease, which manifests itself in the eye? The answers to these questions are controversial. Growing evidences have showed that glaucoma is a disease with multi-level, multi-factor damage to the entire visual pathway which involved from optic nerve to the lateral geniculate body, optic radiation and visual cortex. Its mechanisms are complex. We believe that glaucoma is a central nervous system neurodegenerative disease. Recent study showed that the primary damage of glaucoma occurred in central nervous system rather than in the eye. The new generation of concept steps forward in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of glaucoma, and may illuminate the potential of neuroprotection in glaucoma management.

Objective To analyze the relationship between the gene polymorphism of IL-2R (rs2104286) and IL-7R (rs6897932) and the susceptibility to idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis (IDON). Methods A case-control study was performed in 72 IDON patients and 81 healthy individuals as the control group. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. PCR was used to amplify the aim genes; the SNP of IL-2R were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay and the SNP of IL-7R were analyzed by gene sequencing. The x2 test was used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between the IDON and control populations. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated using the approximation of Woolf for the 95% confidence interval ( CI ). Results No significant difference of genotype( x2 = 0. 410, P = 0. 815 ) and allele frequency ( x2 = 0. 413, P = 0. 520) of IL-2R gene existed in IDON group( AA:54/AG: 15/GG:3;A: 123/G:21 ) as compared with the control group( AA:57/AG:20/GG:4;A: 134/G:28). No significant difference of genotype frequency( x2 = 3. 787,P =0. 150) of IL-7R existed in IDON group(CC:56/CT:13/TT:3) as compared with the control group( CC:52/CT:21/TT:8 ).However, there was a significant difference in IL-7R allele (C/T) between I DON group( C:1 25/T: 19 ) and the controls( C: 125/T:37 ) ( x2 = 4.743,P = 0.029 ), OR = 1.95 ( 95% CI: 1.07-3.55 ). Conclusions There is no significant difference in IL-2R rs2104286 polymorphism between IDON group and the controls;the frequencies of IL-7R rs6897932 C allele in IDON group was significantly greater than that of the controls.Polymorphism of IL-7R gene (rs6897932) may contribute to the risk of IDON.

Objective To investigate the ocular manifestation of benign intracranial hypertension (BIH). Methods It was a retrospective case series study. Clinical data of BIH patients were investigated retrospectively, including symptom, fundus findings, visual acuity and visual field. Results It was a retrospective case series study. The majority of 67 patients were female (46 cases, 87% ), of which 71.7% were over-weight. While ocular symptoms were reported in 94.0% (63 cases) of cases in whole disease course, 28 cases (41.8%) primarily presented with ocular symptoms, including transient bilateral loss of vision, visual deterioration and diplopia. Papilledema was found in 65 cases (97.0%), of which 54 cases (80.6%) were bilateral. Some patients showed unilateral papilledema ( 11 cases, 16. 4% ) and optic atrophy. Abnormal visual acuity was found in 95 eyes (70.9%), of which 35 eyes ( 26.4% ) were below 20/200. Visual field abnormality was found in 89.8% of 49 tested cases. The most common visual field lesion was the enlargement of the blind spot (82 eyes, 83.7% ), followed by general constriction in 24 eyes (24.5%), nasal step in 17 eyes (25.4%), central scotoma in 9 eyes (9.2%), Bjerrum scotoma in 22 eyes (22.4%) and arcuate scotoma in 14 eyes ( 14. 3% ). Conclusion BIH is not really "benign",especially from the viewpoint of optic nerve function.

Objective To study the location and size of aneurysm of internal carotid artery (AICA)with ocular manifestations and the clinical characteristic of ocular changes. Methods Forty patients with ocular changes caused by AICA presented in Department of Ophthalmology of the General Hospital of PLA were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results In 42 cases of AICA accompanied with ocular manifestations, AICA was located at paraclinoid aneurysms in 23 case and 23 cases were giant aneurysm.Visual acuity was decreased significantly in 25 cases. Oculomotor palsy was present in 21 cases. Abducens paralysis was present in 7 cases. Different degrees of visual field defects were present in 15 cases.Conclusions Ocular changes in AICA include decrease of visual acuity, oculomotor palsy, abducens paralysis and various defects of visual field. Ocular changes mainly occur inparaclinoid aneurysms and giant aneurysms.

Objective To investigate changes of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) concentration in photodynamic induced rat anterior ischemic optic neuropathy model (rAION) and evaluate the effects of compound anisodine hydrobromide ( CA ). Methods Eighty-five Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were randomly divided into a blank control group of 10 rats and a model group of 75 rats. rAION model was established in the model group by photodynamic induction. The model group was divided into a rA1ON simple group of 25 rats, a CA intervention group of 25 rats, and a normal saline ( NS ) control group of 25 rats. Beginning from the day that the rAION model was established, temporal subcutaneous injections (once daily for 3 days) of CA and NS were performed in the CA and the NS groups, respectively. The plasma ET-1 concentrations were detected by radioimmunoassay and analyzed at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days.Results The means plasma ET-1 concentration of rAION simple group is ( 114.9 ± 17.6) ng/L, higher than that of the control group (69. 4 ± 9. 1 ) ng/L (t = 14. 92, P ＜0. 01 ). In the rAION model group, the plasma ET-1 concentrations 1 to 5 days after the model was established were higher than that of 7 to 14 days.During observational periods, on the 1st, 5th, 7th and 14th day, there was no significant difference between the CA and NS groups ( t =0. 58, 2. 07, 0. 81 and 0. 93, P ＞0. 05 ), but on the 3rd day the level of plasma ET-1 concentration in the CA group was significantly lower than that of the NS group ( t= 4. 72, P ＜ 0. 05 ).Conclusions Increase of plasma ET-1 concentrations may play an important role in the pathogenesis of photodynamic induced rAION model. CA can decrease the plasma ET-1 concentrations in rAION rats.

Objective To observe the effects of caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk on optic nerve injury of rabbits. Methods It was an experimental study. Two to three month-old rabbits were used in this study. The rabbit model of optic nerve injury was created by fluid percussion brain injury device (FPI).DMSO (5μl 2% solution) was injected intravitreally to the left eyes (control group). Caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk (5 μl) was injected intravitreally to the right eyes (experimental group). Flash-visual evoked potential (F-VEP) and histopathological examination of the retina were used to check the variations in optic nerve injury at 1,4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after the treatment. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of caspase-3 in the retina. T-test, variance analysis, q-test and linear correlation analysis were used to analyze these data. Results At the 7th day after treatment, the latency of F-VEP P1 in experimental group was shorter than that in the control group [(90.50 ± 7.61 ) ms vs (113.59 ±12. 92) ms, t = 4. 060, P ＜ 0. 05]and the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) in the experimental group was greater than that in the control group ( 237. 62 ± 8. 50 vs 207. 03 ± 11. 04, t = - 5. 843, P ＜0. 05). Both of these trends continued to the 21st day after treatment [(67.97 ±7.93) ms vs. ( 134. 22 ±8.50) ms, t=13.950, P＜0. 05; 156.32±8.45 vs. 207.13±12.21, t= -10.307, P＜0. 05]. The absorbency (A) of caspase-3 in the experimental group (0. 396 ±0. 023) was lower than that in the control group (0. 458 ± 0. 024 ) and this difference was statistically significant ( t= 6. 200, P ＜ 0. 05 ) at the 7th day after treatment. The latency of F-VEP P1 and the absorbency of caspase-3 in the retina were positively correlated with each other(r=0. 95,P＜0. 05). Conclusion z-DEVD-fmk is effective in treating rabbit optic nerve injury by inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 in the retina. It can promote the recovery of optic nerve function.

Objective To investigate the characters of corneal astigmatism in cataract surgery candidates. Methods IOLMaster 5.0 was adopted in this study to measure preoperative corneal keratometry. The first suffered eye was taken as the observed eye when both eyes were involved. Descriptive statistics of keratometric cylinder data were analyzed. The mean of corneal astigmatism, distribution of astigmatism and the cumulated distribution were calculated. The relationship between age, axial length and astigmatism was analyzed respectively. The symmetry of binocular astigmatism was also studied. Results Preoperative keratometric data were obtained from 1389 patients (1389 eyes) with age related cataract (mean age 67.75 years, range from 40 to 79 years). The median of astigmatism was 0. 84 D (0. 12 -4. 36 D). The percentage of corneal astigmatism of 1. 0 diopters(D) or higher was 32. 9% (457 eyes), of which 243 eyes (53.2%) were against-the-rule ( ATR ) astigmatism. With aging, the amount of ATR astigmatism was increasing. Axial length was not correlated with the amount of astigmatism( r = 0. 179 ,P =0. 203 ). Corneal astigmatism was mirror symmetry in both eyes of one person. Conclusions Astigmatism,especially mild astigmatism, was common in patients with cataract, which suggests the importance of astigmatism correction. The symmetry of astigmatism should be considered when both eyes need cataract surgery. Axial length is not related to astigmatism, indicating that the measurement and correction of astigmatism are important even in emmetropia eyes.

Objective To investigate long-term efficacy and safety of an iris-claw phakic intraocular lens (ICPIOL) implantation for high myopia. Methods A consecutive group of 86 eyes in 49 patients with -15.33 ±3. 81 diopters (D) of myopia was implanted with the Artisan ICPIOL ( Ophtec), and was evaluated preoperatively and 1,2, 3 years postoperatively. Uncorrected visual acuity ( UCVA ), best corrected visual acuity ( BCVA), manifest refraction, intraocular pressure, and complications were evaluated. Results The implantation was successful in all of 86 eyes. Compared with preoperative data, UCVA, BCVA, and spherical equivalent (SE) were improved significantly ( F = 513. 68,20. 88,827. 65; P ＜ 0. 01 ). At 3-year postoperatively, UCVA in 85% eyes was 0. 5 or better, in 35% was 0. 8 or better; No loss of BCVA was found, 17% gained 1 line, and 59% gained 2 lines or more; SE in 81%, 54% eyes was within ± 1.00 D,±0. 50 D of attempted, respectively. At 1-, 2-, 3-year follow-up, the corneal endothelial loss was 3. 60%,5.78%, 7.74%, respectively. There were 2 macular haemorrhages resulted from CNV, and 1 ICPIOL repositioning due to inappropriate iris capture. No other severe complications occurred. Conclusion At 3-year follow-up, the implantation of the ICPIOL proved to be safe and effective for the correction of myopia in phakic eyes.

Objective To study the clinical efficacy and safety of the Esculin and Digitalisglycosides Eye Drops used in the patients of ametropic asthenopia. Methods Multicenter clinical trial. Asthenopia patients were chosen from eleven hospitals cross China from July, 2008 to January, 2009.The experiment was conducted asthenopia patients who used the Esculin and Digitalisglycosides Eye Drops for 4 weeks continuously. Symptoms of asthenopia, UCVA (uncorrected vision acuity ), refraction,amplitude of accommodation, accommodative lag, accommodative sensitivity and positive/negative relative accommodation were measured at different time points, such as treated before, 1 week and 4 week in treated after. Results After the 4-week's use of Esculin and Digitalisglycosides Eye Drops, each subjective symptom of the patients was decreased significantly ( F = 353.30, P ＜ 0. 05 ). In addition, most of the objective exams of accommodation ability were significantly improved, such as UCVA ( left eye: F = 23. 39,P ＜ 0. 05; right eye: F = 15.62, P ＜ 0. 05 ), refraction ( left eye: F = 10. 34, P ＜ 0. 05; right eye: F =17. 13 ,P ＜ 0. 05 ), amplitude of accommodation ( left eye: F = 14.46, P ＜ 0. 05; right eye: F = 8. 29, P ＜0. 05 ;eyes: F = 13.86, P ＜ 0. 05 ), accommodative lag ( F = 14. 89, P ＜ 0. 05 ) and accommodative sensitivity ( left eye: F = 62. 67, P ＜ 0. 05; right eye: F = 68. 77, P ＜ 0. 05; eyes: F = 82.74, P ＜ 0. 05 ).And no patient appeared any adverse reaction in whole experiment. Conclusions Esculin and Digitalisglycosides Eye Drops is effective and safety for use in the patients of ametropia asthenopia.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy, uniformity and relevant factors of LASIK flaps created with a mechanical microkeratome Moria Ⅱ (90, 110 and 130 heads). Methods It was a casecontrol study. Eighty-seven patients underwent LASIK in both eyes using Moria Ⅱ 90 head (52 eyes,26 cases), 110 head (58 eyes, 29 cases), or 130 head (64 eyes, 32 cases). One week after surgery,anterior segment optical coherence tomography was performed four times on each eye to measure flap thickness at 20 points in four meridians. The results were assessed for accuracy, uniformity and relevant factors. Results The central thickness of corneal flaps was ( 119.23 ± 15.65), ( 140.42 ± 12.26), and (165.92 ± 17.00) μm by Moria Ⅱ 90, 110 and 130 heads, respectively. The shape of the corneal flaps in the three groups resembled a concave lens, the central zone was significantly thinner than the paracentral and peripheral zones. The central flap thicknesses were statistically significantly more accurate and regular than the flap in the peripheral zone ( F = 212. 419, P ＜ 0.05 ). The mean difference of right eye ( 19.58 ±0.44) μm was higher than that of the left eye ( 16.55 ±0.44) μm. The mean difference of knife in-side (21.30±0.55) μm was higher than the knife out-side (14.36 ±0.64) μm (F=25.341,44.461;P＜0. 05 ). Conclusions The central flap thicknesses were more accurate as compared with the expected value. The mean flap thickness in the three groups was not uniform. Variation of the thickness in corneal flaps was greater in thicker flaps. The flap thickness in right eye was greater than that in left eye, according to the surgical sequence between two eyes. The flap thickness of blade in-side was thicker than that of outside.

Objective To evaluate the anterior segment parameters in early primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary angle closure (PAC) eyes before and after neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser periphery iridectomy (LPI) by using Pentacam system. Methods Self-coutrol study. Sixty one eyes of 33 patients were recruited into this study. The images of the anterior segment of the eye were captured and the parameters[I.e. The anterior chamber ( AC ) volume, the central AC depth, the peripherial AC depth, the peripherial AC angle and the pupil size]were measured by the Pentaeam system pre-operatively and 1 week after laser treatment. Results The Pentacam system clearly showed the structure changes of the anterior segment after LPI ( I. E. The convex configuration of the iris was flattened and the peripherial AC depth was deepened). The average AC volume( t = 15. 928 ), the peripherial AC depth( t =- 17. 399, - 10. 629, - 12. 576, - 14. 474 ) and the peripherial AC angle( t = - 5. 087 ) were increased significantly (P ＜0. 01 ) after LPI. The AC volume was (74. 10 ± 16.35 ) mm3 before LPI and (94. 10 ±18.42) mm3 after LPI, and the increases of peripherial AC depth were 0. 17 mm (nasal) and 0. 29 mm (temporal). There was no statistical significant changes in the AC depth before and after LPI. Conclusion In patients with PACG and PAC, the changes of AC after LPI can be demonstrated by the Pentacam qualitatively and quantitatively.

Somatic cells could be induced into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells through transferring special genes (Oct4, Sox2, c-myc and Klf4). This has brought a revolutionary change in stem cell study and application. The generation of iPS cells has great potential and enormous significance as it can resolve some insurmountable problems in stem cells research, such as ethical dilemma, immune rejection, etc.Because of these characteristics, it plays an important role in the repair of various tissues and organs. Rapid progress in this field during the past 3 years convinced us that iPS cells will be more and more applicable in tissue engineering. The present paper reviews the progress of pre-clinical study on iPS cells in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) assay a dense set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in whole genome and relate them to various diseases and measurable traits. The completion of Human Genome Project and Human Haplotype Map Project has made this approach possible.Genome-wide association studies have identified a large number of robust associations between genetic variants and common diseases. Now, application of GWAS in eye diseases are actively being pursued and these studies provide an effective methodology for studying the genetic aspects of ophthalmic complex diseases. In this paper, we describe the current understanding of concept, background, development,advantages and disadvantages of GWAS, as well as applications of GWAS in the field of ophthalmology.

Cytomegalovirus retinitis has been the most common opportunistic infection and leading cause of visual loss in AIDS patients. There are five drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis: ganeiclovir, foscarnet/phosphonoformic acid,valganciclovir, eidofovir and formivirsen. Progress has been made in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Nowadays, maribavir, monoclonal antibody MSL-109, cyclopropavir and BAY 38-4766 are entering clinical trials. This review summarizes present status and advances in pharmacotherapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS.

Oculomotor nerve palsy is a common type of neuro-ophthalmic disease in clinic. The clinical manifestations include diplopia, ptosis of eyelids, exotropia, restriction of upward, internal and downward rotation of the affected eye, dilated pupil, direct and indirect weakening or disappearance of light reflex, etc.

The patient was a 52-year-old man who was stabbed by windshield in his right eye due to an agricultural tractor accident. He had diplopia for 8 h. He came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Tangshan Union Medical College Hospital on October 5, 2009. The patient's agricultural tractor overturned 8 h ago, and his right eye was stabbed by windshield fragments. At that time, the glass part of the stabbed orbit was exposed about 10 cm outside the orbit, and his nasal cavities bled continuously, his vision was double, and his vision was not decreased.

The patient, a 30-year-old female, came to the Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in November 2008 due to "headache, paroxysmal limb twitching with disorder of consciousness for 5 days". The patient suddenly developed headache, limb twitching and foaming at the mouth without obvious trigger 5 days before admission, which lasted for several minutes and then relieved automatically. The patient could not recall the attack, and developed partial motor aphasia, dysarthria, slightly duller response than before, left mouth corner salivation, left limb weakness, and neck rigidity; Routine blood examination showed that white blood cells were 15.58×109/L, and neutrophil count was 94.4%.

Cortical blindness is the loss of binocular vision caused by the damage of the striated cortex of the occipital lobe, which has its special clinical manifestations. Patients often consult ophthalmology for the first time, and the condition is often delayed if detailed neuroophthalmology and imaging examinations are not performed. Three typical cases of cortical blindness that are easily confused with ophthalmology diseases are reported as follows.

A 14-year-old Mongolian female was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University on March 26, 2009 due to red left eye, blurred vision, photophobia and tearing, accompanied by pain and discomfort during blinking for 1 month. After tracing the medical history, her parents complained that the local color of her left eye was pale and there were "small vesicles" since the patient's birth, which increased slowly with the patient's age.

After the editorial board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association successfully held two "Chinese Young and Middle-aged Ophthalmology Forums" in 2009 and 2010, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, the "3rd Chinese Young and Middle-aged Ophthalmology Forum (with organizing meeting)" sponsored by this journal will be held in Xiamen in June 2011 (tentatively). The content of this forum integrates the rational application of ophthalmic drugs and the promotion of new technologies and new equipment, focusing on comprehensively improving the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists.

If the topic involved in the thesis is a national or ministerial or provincial fund or key project, the name of the fund project should be indicated with "Fund Project": as a logo at the beginning of the article, and the project number should be indicated in parentheses. The name of the fund project shall be filled in according to the official name stipulated by the relevant departments of the state, and a number of funds shall be listed in turn, separated by ";". All fund projects must be accompanied by copies of certificates.

The 17th National Conference on Ocular Trauma, Ocular Plastic Surgery and Orbital Diseases and the 5th National Orbital Disease Study Class, sponsored by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the Institute of Orbital Diseases of Armed Police General Hospital, will be held in Kunming in March 2011. At that time, well-known experts and scholars in the field of ocular trauma, eye plastic surgery and orbital disease in China will gather in Kunming to share successful experiences with fellow ophthalmologists all over the country; At the same time, well-known domestic manufacturers are invited to display related products.

The 14th National Academic Conference on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, organized by the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, will be held in Jinan, Shandong Province in early May 2011. This conference will focus on the clinical and basic research of strabismus and amblyopia, childhood refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, ocular trauma, fundus diseases, ocular tumors, hereditary eye diseases and other childhood eye diseases. Now we call for papers on the above academic contents.

The 2010 Medical Science Frontier Forum and the 2nd Chinese congress of research in vision and ophthalmology (CCRVO) and Graduate Tutor Forum were successfully held in the beautiful coastal city of Qingdao from March 25 to 28, 2010.

digital object identifier (DOI) is a tool for identifying digital information including Internet information. In traditional publications, books, magnetic tapes and CD-ROM have international standard numbers (ISBN, ISSN, ISCN) and their barcodes as the unique identification of publications. These logos allow the publication to be effectively managed and easy for readers to find and utilize. Once the document on the Internet has changed the URL, there is no way to retrieve it.

Approved by China Association for Science and Technology, it is co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of six medical associations in East China, Hunan, Hubei, Henan and Hebei, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, School of Optometry of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology; The 11th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry (C00C2011) jointly organized by Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and China International Science and Technology Conference Center will be held at Shanghai Everbright Convention and Exhibition Center from April 8 to 10, 2011.

Ocular Surface Live Confocal Microscope (edited by Professor Xu Jianjiang), one of the Application Series of New Ophthalmology Technologies edited by Professor Sun Xinghuai of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, has been officially published by Fudan University Press. In vivo confocal microscope of ocular surface is a new type of high precision and high magnification microscope which has appeared in recent years. As an auxiliary diagnostic device with strong clinical practice, ocular surface confocal microscope can observe the corneal and conjunctival tissues in vivo in non-invasive, real-time dynamic and four-dimensional (three-dimensional + time), and can observe the relationship between various layers of tissues. Therefore, it has been widely paid attention by clinicians and scientific researchers.

The statutory unit of measurement of this journal implements the "Statutory Unit of Measurement of the People's Republic of China" promulgated by the State Council in February 1984, and is represented by unit symbols. For specific use, refer to the book "Application of Statutory Unit of Measurement in Medicine" edited by the Editorial and Publishing Department of Chinese Medical Association in 1991. Note that the unit name and unit symbol should not be mixed. For example, ng · kg-1 · day-1 should be changed to ng · kg-1 · d-1; When there is more than one oblique line indicating division in the symbol of the combination unit, it shall be expressed in the form of a negative power,

Corneal disease is one of the main eye diseases causing blindness at present. According to statistics, there are more than 7 million blind people in China, of which about 8% are caused by corneal disease. The only hope for blindness caused by corneal disease is corneal transplantation. However, due to the lack of donor corneas, only 8,000 corneal transplantations are performed in China every year, and millions of patients can only pray for light in the dark. Therefore, early intervention for corneal diseases is crucial. "Protect the eyes and cherish the cornea" has become the focus of general concern in the society. In order to advocate the majority of ophthalmologists to pay attention to the prevention and treatment of corneal diseases, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Xingqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. jointly held the 2010 Xingqi "Cherish Cornea" Cup prize-winning essay contest.

Founded in 1920, the Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine is a tertiary A-class comprehensive hospital with three academicians of Chinese Academy of Engineering, namely Zhang Disheng, Qiu Weiliu and Dai Kerong, and three national key disciplines: stomatology, plastic surgery and orthopedics.

In order to advocate the majority of ophthalmologists to pay attention to "repairing damaged nerves and promoting vision recovery", Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Eisai (China) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. jointly held the 2010 Eisai Ophthalmology Award-winning essay contest.

In order to comply with the development trend of journal networking and digitalization and provide high-quality services for authors and readers, the Journal of Chinese Medical Association has developed a remote manuscript management system. The system is designed according to the business requirements of manuscript processing process, editing and processing specification, manuscript review system and management specification of Chinese Medical Association series magazines. It adopts advanced database and network technology, and has strong data processing and analysis ability. The remote manuscript management system will assist authors, editors, reviewer experts, editorial board members, finalization meeting experts, editor-in-chief and other related personnel to handle manuscript business in one, solve the needs of editorial department for manuscript networked process management, and realize various functions of inquiry and performance evaluation.