Volume 45 ·  Issue 01 ·  2009

On the occasion of New Year's Day in 2009, on behalf of the editorial board and editorial department of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, we would like to extend warm New Year's congratulations to our fellow ophthalmologists all over the country! I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the readers, authors, editors and groups at home and abroad who have paid attention to and supported the work of this journal in the past year!

Although a variety of new anti-glaucoma surgeries have been introduced to clinical practice, trabeculectomy will continue to be the mainstay of such surgery for a long time. This trend demonstrates the importance of mastering fundamental techniques and contemporary progresses leading to innovation and creativity. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:3-4)

This article reviews the progress of glaucoma surgery in the world combined with anthor's experiences in clinical practice and analyses the present condition and problems of glaucoma surgery in China. The issues are addressed and discussed in this paper also including current focus on the prevention of postoperative shallow anterior chamber by nonpenetrating trabecular surgery in primary open angle glaucoma and phacoemulsification in primary angle closure glaucoma, and the fibro-scarring of filtering bleb by anti-metabolism medicines and filling materials under scleral flap. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:5-7)

Objective To determine the difference of visual field defects between acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) and chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG) and to analyze the difference in the changes of visual field between primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods This retrospective case series study consisted of 53 patients with CACG,42 with AACG, and 42 with POAG. Visual field tests were examined using the 30-2 threshold program of the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer. All cases with eligible visual fields were scored from 1 to 11 with the modified criterion used by Advanced Glaneoma Intervention Study (AGIS seures, mild groups: 1-5 and moderate groups: 6-11). An upper hemifields, lower hemifields, nasal area and overall field, mean defect (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD) were calculated and compared among the three glaucoma groups. The differenee in central 10°(12 points) of visual field damage, the nasal area, and the most defect quadrant of static visual field in each groups were evaluated. All analyses were performed with SAS 9.1 software. The factor analysis was used to analyze significant differences in mean defect (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), VF scores of nasal area and overal field among the three glaucoma groups. Analysis of variance were assessed differences between VF scores of the superior hemifield and the inferior hemifield. The differences in central 10° of visual field damage,the nasal area and the most defect quadrant of static visual field in each groups were examined using a chi-square test. P<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results (1) VF scores with inferior hemifieid in POAG were lower than in CACG (t=4.24, P=0.0000) and in AACC(t=3.28, P=0.0013); There were no significant differences of VF seores between the superior hemifieid and the inferior hemifield in CACG (t=1.35, P=0.1808) and AACG (t=0.55, P=0.5824). There was found a significant differences of VF scores between the superior hemifield and the inferior hemifield in POAG(t=6.52, P=0.0000). The CACG cases had a significantly greater amount of PSD than acute angle-closure glaucoma (P<0.05 ). (2) There was found a significant differences in the number of patients with central visual field damage among the three glaucoma groups(X2=10.385,P=0.006). The POAG cases had the greatest rate of central visual field damage (52.38%), followed by acute angle-closure glaucoma (47.62%), the central visual field of CACG is the least suffered (22.64%). (3)The nasal area was the most commonly involved area in the early stage of glaucoma. There were no significant differences among three groups (X2=2.518,P=0.641). There were no different distribution in the most defect quadraut of static visual field in different types of glaucoma(X2=1.573,P= 0.954). Conclusions Using AGIS scores, AACG had more diffused visual field damage than CACG and had more severe defect of the central visual field, while the damage of superior and the inferior hemifield in PACG are similar to POAG. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:14-20)

Objective To study the expression of glucocorticoid receptors (α and β) in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMCs) in patients with glucocorticoid-induced ocular hypertension (GIOH) and the relationship between of the expression of GRα and GRβ in PBMCs and its susceptibility to GIOH. Methods Case control study. Thirty-two patients with anaphylactic conjunctivitis were enrolled in this study. All of whom were received topical application of 0.1% dexamethasone. The patients with the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) over 8 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa) or higher within two weeks were defined as GIOH and the others were considered as control group. There were no statistical difference in sex, average age, and baseline IOP between two groups. Each group consisted of sixteen patients. GRα and GRβ mRNA (relative value) in PBMCs were detected with semi-quantitative reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), GRα and GRβ protein (positive ratio) in PBMCs examined with fluorescent labelling flow cytometry. Results The GRα mRNA/GAPDH ratio of GIOH group was significantly (t=3.872,P<0.05) higher than that of control group (1.152±0.057 vs 1.048±0.031). The GRβ mRNA/GAPDH of GIOH group was lower than that of control group's (1.055±0.034 vs 1.063± 0.035), but was not statistically different (t=0.419, P>0.05). GRα positive percentage was significantly (t=8.513, P<0.01) higher in PBMCs of GIOH group than that of the control group (93.10±7.35) % vs (46.00±13.11) %, whereas GRβ positive percentage was significantly (t=4.842 P<0.01) lower in PBMCs of GIOH group than that in control group (12.50±4.18) % vs (23.83±3.92) %. Conclusions The higher expression of GRα in PBMCs in patients may have an implication of susceptibility to GIOH and warrant further investigation. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:21-25)

Objective To investigate the inhibitive effects of 5-fluorouracil-loaded polylactic acid nanoparticles (5-FU-PLA-NPs)on human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in vitro. Methods This paper was experimental study. MTT assay was performed to estimate the effects of 0.1 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 10.0 mg/L, 100.0 mg/L, 1000.0 mg/L unloaded polylactic acid nanoparticles(PLA-NPs) on fibroblasts proliferation on 48 h, 72 h. MTT assay was performed to estimate the effects of 0.1 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, 10. 0 mg/L, 100.0 mg/L, 1000.0 mg/L original 5-FU and 5-FU-PLA-NPs on fibroblasts' proliferation on 7 consecutive days respectively. The inhibitory rate of the two drugs against the fibroblasts was calculated. Cells were exposed to 100 mg/L original 5-FU and 5-FU-PLA-NPs respectively for 7 days. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to observe the mRNA expression of type Ⅲ procollagen at the 1st day, 5th day and 7th day. Results PLA-NPs had no cytotoxicity on the fibroblasts. Both 5-FU-PLA-NPs and original 5-FU could inhibit the proliferation of the fibroblasts and make the expression of type Ⅲ procollagen mRNA lower in dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The inhibitive effect of original 5-FU was more effective than 5-FU-PLA-NPs in the initial period, but the inhibitive effect of 5-FU-PLA-NPs was more effective than original 5-FU in long time. Conclusion PLA has good biocompatibility and safety, and can be used as a carrier of ophthalmic drags. 5-FU-PLA-NPs shows slow-releasing function. 5-FU-PLA-NPs can be proposed as a potential controlled and targeted ophthalmic delivery system for the treatment of antifibrosis after glaucoma filtering surgery. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:26-31)

Objective To study glaucoma infiltration surgery induced the anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) by with or without anterior chamber (AC) implantation of foreign epithelium removed corneal graft in mice. Methods In this study, fifty Wistar mice were randomly divided into five groups (ten in each group) and additional five SD and one wistar mouse were used as the providers of epithelium removed corneal grafts to induce ACAID as follows: Group A: corneal grafts from Wistar mouse were implanted into the AC 1 week after the infiltration surgery. Group B : the spleen cells were injected into the nape of neck 1 week after the glaucoma infiltration surgery. In group C, D, and E, the corneal grafts from SD mice were implanted into the AC at 1 week, 4 week, and 8 week after the glaucoma infiltration surgery, respectively. To induce the delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH), spleen cells were injected into the right ear pinna 1 week after the neck injection in group B, 2 weeks after the AC implantation of corneal grafts in other groups. At the same time points as the induction of DTH, heart blood was collected to detect the concentration of IL-4 and IL-10. The spleens were removed to evaluate the expression of the GATA-3 mRNA by RT-PCR. The eyeballs were enucleated and used to evaluate the histopathoiogical changes. Results (1) The DTH were found in group B, C, D, and E with corneal grafts of SD, but not in group A with that of Wistar. (2)The serum concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were statistically different in group C, D, and E (F=49.124,6. 336;P<0.01). The concentrations of IL-4 and IL-10 were siguificantly (P=0.002) lower in group D than those in group C and E (3.759±0.250 vs 5.916±0.500 or 4.566±0.518, and 17.170± 3.943 vs 44.447±17.167 or 35.643±21.233 ug/L, n=10, respectively), which showed a biphase response fluctuation of ILs. (3)The GATA-3 mRNA was obviously up-regulated in group D and E. (4)The exudation and a few inflammatory cells in the AC were observed in group C, but not in group D and E. Conclusions The eye with the glaucoma infiltration surgery results in a temporary incapable of inducing ACAID, which is gradually recovered following the diminish of intraocular inflammation and the increase of levels of IL-4, IL-10 and GATA-3 mRNA. (Chin J Ophtbalmol, 2009,45:32-37)

Objective To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B) in retina and its effect on neuroprotection in mouse retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Methods It was a experimental study. 35 of C57BL/6 mice (adult male) were used. Optic nerve crush injury was made in 28 mice, 7 as control.Expression of VEGF-B in retina was detected by hybridization in situ in each group of 2 at 6 hours, 1 day, 1 and 2 weeks after optic nerve crush. A quantitative analysis of VEGF-B mRNA was determined by real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in each group of 5 at 6 hours, 1 day, 1 and 2 weeks after optic nerve crush. Additional 36 mice were divided into 4 groups: control (8), optic nerve crush (9), optic nerve crash plus PBS intravitreal injection (7), and optic nerve crash plus VEGF-B (450 mg/L)intravitreal injection (12). RGCs were counted by retrograde tracing of Fluorogold to evaluate the effect of VEGF-B on neuroprotection by microscope. Results Compared with control group, the expression of VEGF-B was significantly increased in the retina of mice and peaked at one week after the optic nerve crush. The number of RC, Cs was 1.7 fold higher in optic nerve crush alone and 1.9 fold higher in optic nerve crush combined with intravitreal injection of VEGF-B, which reached statistically significance (t=0.001, P<0.01 and t=0.001, P<0.01, respectively). Conclusions Our results indicate that VEGF-B is involved in the retinal recovery processes and plays a potent role of neuroprotection in RGCs after the optic nerve crush. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:38-42)

Objective To study if the regenerating axons can be alive till adult and restore function when the optic nerve was crushed at 3 days after birth(P3) in Bcl-2 transgenic mice. Methods It was a experimental study. Optic nerve crush was performed on C57BI/6J and Bcl-2 transgenic mice at P3, immediately followed by intro vitreous injection of a nerve axon tracer-cholera toxin B subuuit conjugated with fluorescein (CTB-F). Mice were sacrificed at day 4, 8, 10, 13, 18 and 24 post operation, the optic nerve and the brain was cryosectioned. Immunofluerescence staining of GAP-43 was carried out to evaluate the regenerating axon. Same procedure was used together with immediately MK801 intro vitreous injection, gel foam soaked with NMDA or BDNF put in superior colliculus. Mice were sacrificed on 10 or 13 days post operation. Optic nerve regeneration was evaluated. Results The regenerated optic nerve axons reached the targets in the brain at 4 days post operation. But after 10 days, the regenerated axons were retracted. MK801, NMDA and BDNF can prolonged the alive of regenerated axons in the brain targets, but its alive was only lasted 3 more days. It retracted finally on 13 days after surgery. Conclusion Optic nerve can regenerate successfully to reach the targets in the brain when it was crushed on P3 in Bcl-2 transgenic mice, but the regenerated nerve axons can only survive for 10 days when it is retracted from the brain. It is probably because of the failure of the synapse formation at this time. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:43-49)

：Objective To analyze thedifference of regressive curves during near work among different refractive groups. Toanalyze if myope have the higher detection threshold for blur image and to see if the highaccommodative response is one of the induced factor for myopia progression. Method Theaccommodation response of emmetrope, stable myope and progressive myope were measured withthe open field autorefractor by the 30 seconds interval during 1 hour near work. Drew theprogressive curve and compare the fluctuation of accommodation response during the wholenear work. Results There were no significant difference of accommodation response amongthree groups before near work (P>0.05). The fluctuation curve shew rise, calm and thendecline trend while progressive myope kept sustaining at high accommodation response levelduring later period of near work. The discrepancy of stable myope and progressive myopeduring 1 hour are (0.1905±0.3619)D and (0.1336±0.3030)D respectively. Stable myope andprogressive myope had the trend of high deviation than emmetropia. 8 subjects among 41shew accommodation lead during near work while 7 are myopia. Conclusion Accommodationresponse shew fluctuation trend during sustained near work, the amplitude of fluctuationcould reflect the defocus and the sensitivity threshold for blur image. The stable andprogressive myope have the higher defocus so they need greater fluctuation to exceed thedefocus. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:50-55)

Objective To evaluate the spectrum, clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of the tumors of extraocular muscles. Methods In a retrospective case series study, the records of 11 consecutive cases with tumors of the extraocular muscles confirmed by pathologic examination were analyzed with special attention to the clinical manifestations, imaging findings, treatment and prognosis. Results There were fibromatosis in 3 cases, intermascular hemangioma and granular cell tumor both in 2 cases, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, T cell lymphoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma all in 1 case. The most frequent symptoms were limited ocular movement, exophthalmos and ocular displacement. In respect to images of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, the configuration of the extraocular muscles with tumors demonstrated 3 patterns, fusiform, globular and irregular. The tumors that involved inferior, medial and lateral rectus muscles, and inferior oblique muscle, their maximal diameters all exceeded 1 cm. Depending on the involved muscles, different operative approaches were applied. The choice of treatments was determined by the pathology of the tumors. Conclusions The spectrum, clinical features and imaging findings of the tumors of extraocular muscles are unique. Earlier biopsy is important. The prognosis is correlated with treatments and the characteristic of tumors. (Chin J Ophtbalmol, 2009,45:56-60)

Objective To establish a method to measure mutant prevention concentration (MPC) in vitro, and to measure MPC of antibacterial agents for ocular bacteria caused keratitis. Methods It was an experimental study. Forty strains of ocular bacteria were separated from cornea in Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology,which included 8 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the levofloxacin (LVF),ofloxacin (OFL),ciprofloxacin (CIP),norfloxacin (NFL), tobramycin (TOB) and chlormycetin (CHL) were determined by agar dilution method from National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS). The MPC were measured by accumulate-bacterial methods with bacterial population inoculated more than 1.2×1010 colony forming units per milliliter with Mueller-Hinton broth and tryptic soy agar plate. With the software of SPSS 11.0,the datum such as the range of MIC, MPC, MIC90 and MPC90 were calculated, and the selection index (MPC90/ MIC90)and mutant selection window (MSW) were obtained. Results The MIC90 of INF and TOB(4 mg/L)to Staphylococcus aureus strains were the lowest. CIP showed the lowest MIC90(0.25 mg/L)to Pseudomonas aeruginosa among six kinds of antibacterial agents. The MIC90 of LVF to Staphylococcus epidermidis (256 mg/L),Streptococcus pneumoniae (1 mg/L) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (0.25 mg/L) were lower than other antibacterial agents. The MPC90, MSW and the MPC90/MIC90 of levofloxacin showed lower values compared with other antibacterial medicines. From all the datum, the MIC90 of CHL was the highest and the activity was the weakest. Although the activity of LVF was higher to every kind of bacteria, CIP had the highest activity antibacterial to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The capacity of CHL and TOB was weaker than Quinolones for restricting resistant mutants on ocular bacteria. LVF had the strongest capacity for restricting resistant mutants among Qulnolones. Conclusion LVF has better antibacterial effects and stronger capacity for restricting the selection of resistant mutants on ocular bacteria than other antibacterial agents. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:61-65)

Objective To investigate the efficacy of tissue-engineered bone (human BMP-2 genetic modified BMSC combined with coral) in healing the segmental orbital defect in rabbits. Methods Rabbit BMSC were isolated and cultured in vitro, and cells of passage 2 were infected with adenovirus-mediated transfection of human BMP-2 gene (150 pfu/cell). After infection, the expression of BMP-2 was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, and cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were observed by flow cytometry, ALP and Alizarin red staining. A 12 mm bone defect in the infraorbital rim was induced by surgery in both orbits of 24 New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were repaired with modified tissue-engineered bone constructed with coral plus BMP-2 transfected BMSC (Group A, n=12), constructed by coral plus non-transfected BMSC (Group B, n=12) and grafts of coral alone (Group C, n=12), with untreated group (Group D, n=12) served as control. The osteogenesis of bone defect was monitored by gross observation, micro-CT measurement, histological and histomorphologic analysis at 4, 8, and 16 weeks after the implantation. Results After transfection, the BMP-2 expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot, and the osteogenesis activity of BMSC could be obviously enhanced. The 12 mm segmental defect of rabbit orbit couldn't heal alone. Gross observation and micro-CT demonstrated well the bony-union in experimental group, with higher bone mineral density and more bone volume than other control groups (F=11.46,F=7180.97;P<0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the rabbit orbital defect could be successfully repaired by tissue-engineered bone constructed with human BMP-2 gene modified BMSC and coral. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:66-72)

Glaucoma is a kind of long life disease characterized by irreversible optic nerve damage, visual field impairment, and visual acuity loss. Both the disease and its medical management could make the patient perceive difficulties in their daily life activities and social function. Therefore, their quality of life would be affected significantly. This report briefly reviews the recent researches on the quality of life and its influencing factors of glaucoma patients. The researches on how to improve the quality of life of glaucoma patients are also reviewed. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2009,45:88-92)

At the beginning of the new year, Zhao Jialiang, the editor-in-chief of this journal, and Huang Yibin, the editor-in-chief of this journal, on behalf of the editorial board and editorial department of China Ophthalmology Magazine, extended their blessings to ophthalmologists in the New Year of the Ox! In the past year, the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, thanks to the concern and support of the readers and authors of ophthalmology all over the country, reported the leading scientific research achievements and clinical diagnosis and treatment experience in the field of ophthalmology in China in time, promoted the academic exchange at home and abroad, and played an important role in promoting the development of ophthalmology in China and the world.

thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) and myasthenia gravis (MG) are both autoimmune diseases, and there is a certain correlation between them in terms of pathogenesis. The clinical correlation between Graves disease (GD) and MG is reported in many literatures at home and abroad. For example, it has been recorded in the literature that 5% of MG may develop into GD, while 0.2% of GD may be complicated with MG [1]. However, the relationship between TAO and MG has not been reported yet. For many years, the author found that TAO has complicated MG in the process of diagnosis and treatment of TAO, but it is rare or neglected. In order to improve doctors' understanding of such cases, enhance their discrimination, and avoid delaying treatment, the data of 3 patients with TAO complicated with MG admitted by the author are analyzed.

The patient was a 47-year-old male. He came to our hospital on September 14, 2007 due to 4-month decline in the visual acuity of his right eye. He was in good health before. Ophthalmic examination: visual acuity: 0.03 in the right eye, corrected to 0.15, 0.4 in the left eye, corrected to 1.0; intraocular pressure: 14 mm Hg in the right eye (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa), 17 mm Hg in the left eye. No abnormalities were found in the anterior segment examination of both eyes. Fundus examination: about 5×6 orange-red hemispherical solid protuberances with a size of pallillary diameter (PD) were seen at the lower edge of the nose of the right eye, with pigment accumulation at the highest point, superficial detachment of the lower retina, involving the macula, and mottled pigment loss in the detached area of the retina; No abnormalities were observed in the left fundus.

Fungal endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is a serious surgical complication with poor treatment effect, especially for Fusarium endophthalmitis without specific drugs in the past, and almost all patients need to remove their eyeballs. In 2007, our hospital encountered a case of Fusarium endophthalmitis after phacoemulsification cataract aspiration, which improved after treatment with voriconazole, and it is now reported as follows...

Bacillus cereus is a common pathogen causing food poisoning, and the keratitis caused by it is relatively rare. In July 2006, a patient with Bacillus cereus keratitis was diagnosed and treated in Henan Ophthalmology Institute due to corneal damage caused by the nail when removing the contact lens.

The patient was a 60-year-old female who came to our hospital on June 29, 2007 due to the sharp decline of visual acuity in her right eye for 20 days. The patient underwent tumor resection for cholangiocarcinoma 2 months ago, chemotherapy after operation, and received a lot of antibiotics and glucocorticoids for infection. Twenty days ago, her right eye suddenly appeared with symptoms such as dark shadow, blurred vision and red eye.

The patient, a 26-year-old female, came to our hospital on July 10, 2008 due to blurred vision in both eyes for 3 years. She reported that her vision was normal when she was in middle school, and she had not undergone ophthalmic examination in recent years. She denied that her family members had similar diseases, and her parents were not close relatives. No abnormalities were found in the whole body examination. Ocular examination: visual acuity in the right eye and 0.08 in the left eye, which could not be improved by correction. No abnormalities were found in the anterior segment of both eyes. No abnormalities were found in the optic head and retinal vessels of both eyes. A cyan-gray transverse oval lesion was found in the center of the macula, with a range of about 1.5 DD ×1.0 DD. The central light disappeared, and a large number of yellow spots were scattered around the retina and optic head in the posterior pole (A in Essence Picture 1).

With the approval of China Association for Science and Technology, the 9th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry, co-sponsored by Shanghai Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, East China Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Optometry Group of Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, Optometry College of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology, will be held at Jinan International Convention and Exhibition Center in Shandong Province from March 27th to 29th, 2009.

Founded in 1959, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology is one of the earliest ophthalmology institutes in China. In 2009, she will celebrate her 50th birthday. In order to carry forward the rigorous and pragmatic spirit of our predecessors in ophthalmology research, improve the academic and clinical diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmology in China, further reflect the development advantages of Chinese ophthalmology, and look forward to the future development trend of international ophthalmology, the 50th anniversary celebration of Beijing Ophthalmology Research Institute and the academic seminar of Beijing International Ophthalmology Development Forum will be held at Beijing Capital Hotel from May 29 to 30, 2009.

The 2009 First Chinese Congress of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology and Graduate Tutor Forum will be held at Huatai Hotel in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province from February 12 to 15, 2009. This conference is sponsored by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University. It is the first basic Research event in the domestic Ophthalmology community!

The 11th National Cataract Intraocular Lens Academic Conference, the 7th Asian Cataract Research Conference and the 18th International Ophthalmology Research Congress Cataract Satellite Conference sponsored by the Cataract Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association were held in Xi' an from September 19 to 21, 2008. More than 500 experts and scholars from all over the country and 56 from all over the world attended the meeting. Through special lectures, conference exchanges, difficult case discussions, and new technology progress discussions, the conference fully demonstrated the achievements and progress of clinical and basic research in cataract specialty at home and abroad in recent years, and lively discussed the hot issues and difficult cases in the current field of cataract, achieving the purpose of exchanging academics, discussing problems, disputing views and improving the level.

The 13th National Academic Conference on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, organized by the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, will be held in Chengdu, Sichuan Province from June 12 to 16, 2009. This conference will focus on the clinical and basic research of strabismus and amblyopia, childhood refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, ocular trauma, fundus diseases, ocular tumors, hereditary eye diseases and other childhood eye diseases. Now we call for papers on the above academic contents.

After the editorial board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association successfully held the "National Academic Symposium on Clinical Rational Drug Use in Ophthalmology" and "National Academic Symposium on Application of New Ophthalmology Clinical Technologies and New Equipment" in 2008, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, this journal will hold the "First Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum (and Manuscript Meeting)" in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province (tentatively) in late June 2009. The content integrates the rational application of ophthalmology drugs and the promotion of new technologies and new equipment, focusing on comprehensively improving the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists.

The Institute of Orbital Diseases of Armed Police General Hospital will hold a five-day study class on new advances in modern diagnosis and treatment of orbital and intraocular tumors in Wuhan at the end of May 2009. Contents: Orbital diseases often faced by ophthalmic clinicians and related knowledge, including how to correctly analyze ocular CT, ultrasound and MRI pictures; Diagnosis and treatment methods of orbital tumor and intraocular tumor and recent progress; Orbital fracture diagnosis and treatment; Eye plastic surgery associated with orbitopathies; Pathological diagnosis of orbital tumor;

The 15th National Academic Symposium on Ocular Trauma, Ocular Plastic Surgery and Orbital Diseases and the Integrated Technology Training Course of Modern Ophthalmic Surgery organized by the Ocular Trauma-Orbital Disease-Ophthalmoplastic Surgery Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association will be held in the Centennial Lecture Hall of Peking University. This conference intends to build an interdisciplinary platform to share the development achievements of modern ophthalmology science and technology, exchange new progress from various fields, and discuss new achievements and innovation opportunities in the integration and application of technologies in various sub-disciplines.

As a journal with strong academic strength and extensive academic influence in ophthalmology in China, in order to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists in China, strengthen clinicians' cognition of various ophthalmology surgical concepts, surgical standards and surgical effects, and thus promote the development and improvement of clinical surgical skills in China, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology will hold a series of select activities of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology for ophthalmologists all over the country.

With the development of society and economy, visual quality has obviously affected the quality of life of patients, which is increasingly concerned by the society. The rapid development of science and technology has laid the foundation for the continuous renewal of ophthalmic equipment and drugs, and improved the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Bausch & Lomb Eye Surgery Products Company of the United States continues to provide professional medical equipment for ophthalmology clinics. Among them, the excimer laser 2172100 refractive correction system has a relatively comprehensive individualized treatment technology, and its clinical effect has been recognized by ophthalmologists and patients;

Since Zivojnovic et al. applied silicone oil to vitreous surgery for complicated retinal detachment [1], intraocular silicone oil filling has been widely used as an effective auxiliary method. The inflammatory reaction after silicone oil filling is mild, and the patient can obtain effective vision earlier without emphasizing special posture. However, the occurrence of its complications has attracted more and more attention. Keratopathy is one of the common and serious complications after silicone oil filling, which can lead to visual decline again, and severe cases need surgical treatment urgently. From January 2003 to December 2006, penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) was used in Xiamen Ophthalmology Center affiliated to Xiamen University to treat severe keratopathy after silicone oil filling, and satisfactory results were achieved.

In order to strengthen the overall brand publicity of Chinese Medical Association series magazines, expand the influence of Chinese Medical Association series magazines, do a good job in journal subscription, open up new distribution and subscription channels, and facilitate the subscription of readers, Chinese Medical Association Magazine has set up an "Online Subscription and Online Payment Platform for Chinese Medical Association Series Magazines" on China Medical Network, which has been officially opened. Online subscription not only changes the original single post office subscription channel, but also has greater advantages over traditional post office subscription:

With the development and improvement of clinical diagnosis technology, the role of all kinds of ophthalmology clinical pictures in disease diagnosis has been paid more and more attention. In order to encourage clinical accumulation of relevant data, promote experience exchange, improve clinical diagnosis and treatment technology, provide a new platform for academic exchange for readers, and at the same time enrich the content and form of this journal to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology continued to open the "Picture Essence" column in 2009.

In order to better implement the journal policy of combining theory with practice, popularization and improvement, and further improve the clinical diagnosis and treatment ability and academic level of ophthalmologists, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology continued to open the column "Continuing Education Garden" in 2009, inviting experts with deep academic attainments and rich clinical experience in the field of ophthalmology to give lectures. Published contents: corneal disease, cataract, glaucoma, fundus disease, orbital disease, eye plastic surgery, eye tumor, strabismus and amblyopia, etc.