Volume 42 ·  Issue 03 ·  2006

Because the understanding of the basic definition of glaucoma has not been completely unified, especially in the current glaucoma system, the definition and classification and clinical and scientific research have actually formed a situation that is not connected to some extent. Therefore, the author thinks it is necessary to analyze the understanding process of the basic definition of glaucoma in recent years, emphasize on the reasons for the difficulty in understanding the definition of glaucoma, point out the importance of re-understanding the definition of glaucoma, and theoretically explore the difference between the traditional concept and the modern definition, and point out that its definition should fully reflect the nature and characteristics of all or at least the vast majority of glaucoma patients, so as to guide the practice of clinical and scientific research. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 193-195)

The three elements for diagnosing optic nerve damage in glaucoma are disc edge loss, retinal nerve fiber layer defect (RNFLD) and optic disc linear hemorrhage. If two of the three elements change, it should be diagnosed as optic nerve damage. There is no clear description of disc edge loss in previous textbooks. The author believes that the normal disc edge morphology and its influencing factors must be first recognized to identify disc edge loss. Most normal disc edge morphology conforms to ISNT rule, and physiological large optic cup also conforms to this rule. Those that do not comply with ISNT rule are disc edge loss or normal disc edge morphological variation. For the latter, if the lower disc edge of some small optic discs is narrower than the upper disc edge, it should be compared with the nasal disc edge when judging whether the upper and lower disc edges are lost. The lateral edge of the horizontal elliptical optic disc is wider, and the upper and lower edges should be compared; The disc edge morphology is also affected by the deviation of the main vessel of the optic disc and the tilt of the optic disc. If the normal disc edge variation factors are recognized by referring to the ISNT rule, it is not difficult to find disc edge loss. However, not all disc edge loss is caused by glaucoma, and non-glaucomatous optic nerve damage should be identified. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 196-198)

Objective to measure the central corneal thickness (CCT) of normal subjects, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), normal tension glaucoma (NTG) and ocular hypertension (OHT) by coherence optical tomography (OCT). Methods CCT of 143 normal subjects (143 eyes), 36 POAG patients (36 eyes), 39 NTG patients (39 eyes) and 40 OHT patients (40 eyes) was measured by OCT3. Linear regression method was used to analyze the correlation between CCT and Goldmann applanation intraocular pressure in normal subjects; Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis was performed on the inter-observer and intra-observer agreement of CCT measurement by OCT. Results The mean CCT values of normal group, POAG group, NTG group and OHT group were (523.66±32.13) μ m, (530.92±27.32) μ m, (506.92±21.49) μ m and (573.13±27.39) μ m, respectively. There was no significant difference in mean CCT values between POAG group and normal group (P =0.099); The mean CCT values of the OHT group were higher than those of other groups, all P<0.01, and the mean CCT values of the NTG group were lower than those of other groups, all P<0.01. There was a positive correlation between CCT and intraocular pressure values in the normal group (r =0.318, R2=0.101, P<0.01). The ICC values of inter-and intra-measurer CCT measured by OCT were 0.995 and 0.996, respectively. The average CCT of patients with NTG was thinner than that of normal subjects, while that of patients with OHT was thicker. CCT can affect the measurement of Goldmann applanation tonometer, but the contribution rate is small. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 199-203)

Objective to investigate the relationship between the changes of optic disc partition indexes and the changes of HFA-Ⅱ visual field in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) by Heidelberg retinal tomography scanner type Ⅱ (HRT-Ⅱ). Methods Twenty-six patients (51 eyes) with NTG were subjected to HRT-Ⅱ stereometry and HFA-Ⅱ central visual field 30-2 threshold detection, respectively. To observe the correspondence between the lesions of upper and lower visual fields and the lesions between the upper and lower temporal and inferior temporal divisions of optic disc, and compare the differences between the early visual field damage group (EP) and the pre-visual field damage group (PP), namely, the difference between the visual disc shape measurement (CSM), the disc edge area (RA), the disc edge volume (RV), the average visual cup depth (MCD) and the visual cup volume index (CVI). The correlation between the above indexes and their respective visual field indexes (MD) in the corresponding divisions of optic disc was analyzed The differences between CVI, RA and RV and CSM and MCD were statistically significant (P<The MD of the pre-visual field group and the early damage group were (-0.0960±1.1920) dB and (-2.4070±1.1370) dB, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the difference of all indexes in the optic disk partition between the two groups was also statistically significant (P<The difference between CSM and MD was not statistically significant (P>0.05), but there was no significant difference between CSM and MD (r = -0.3002, P<0.05), RA was positively correlated with MD (r =0.3105, P<Conclusion CSM, RA, RV, MCD and CVI in the supratemporal or inferior temporal regions of optic disc have more sensitive suggestive effects than the corresponding indexes in the whole optic disc for early visual field damage in patients with NTG. Clinically, the application of HRT-Ⅱ to examine the optic disc partition indexes, combined with the results of the two visual field examinations and compared with the results of the two visual field examinations, is helpful for early diagnosis of NTG.

Objective to investigate the effects of dexamethasone on the fluency resistance and aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression of immortalized human trabecular cells. Methods the 18th passage of immortalized human trabecular cell line was inoculated on a 0.4 μ m pore diameter filter, and 10-7mol/L dexamethasone medium was added when the cells were near-fused. The expression of AQP-1 in trabecular cells was detected by immunoblotting. Results At 1, 3 and 7 days after cell fusion, the TEER of the control group was (36.4±1.4) Ω, (34.0±1.7) Ω, (36.1±2.9) Ω, respectively, while that of the dexamethasone-treated group was (48.4±2.3) Ω, (60.3±3.1) Ω, (58.8±0.9) Ω, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. The expression of AQP-1 in trabecular cells treated with dexamethasone was increased compared with that in the untreated group, and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion After treatment with dexamethasone, the expression of AQP-1 in trabecular cells was up-regulated and increased, and the TEER of trabecular cells was also increased, suggesting that the up-regulation of AQP-1 expression by dexamethasone may be related to the change of fluency resistance of trabecular cells. The use of EVOM to detect TEER can reflect the fluency resistance of trabecular cells in the inner wall, which will provide a new means for the study of aqueous humor drainage.

Objective to investigate the inhibitory effect of HSV-tk gene system on the proliferation of human ocular fascial sac fibroblasts (HTFs) and its mechanism.Methods Retroviral vector pL (tk) SN containing HSV-tk gene was constructed and transferred to packaging cell line PT67 for virus packaging.Resistant clones were screened by G418, and the virus supernatant was collected by expanded culture, and the virus titer was determined.The virus particles were identified by transmission electron microscopy; HTFs cells were infected by virus, screened by G418 and expanded in culture, and the expression of tk gene was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting. After adding different concentrations of prodrug ganciclovir (GCV), the inhibitory effect of tk gene on the proliferation of HTFs cells was detected by MTT assay; The apoptotic cells were detected by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry; Results the retroviral vector pL (tk) SN was successfully constructed by enzyme digestion, and the viral particles produced by packaging cells were elliptical with a diameter of about 100 nm under electron microscope; In the viral genome, tk gene was amplified by PCR; The virus titer was measured to be 4×107 cfu/ml; The expression of tk gene in mRNA and protein levels was detected by RT-PCR and immunoblotting in transfected HTFs cells. The inhibitory effect of HSV-tk-GCV system on the proliferation of HTFs cells was dose-dependent. 5×10-3g/L GCV could kill all the cells for 5 days, and the IC50 was 6×10-4g/L. The killing mechanism of HSV-tk-GCV system on HTFs cells was necrosis and apoptosis, and the apoptosis rate increased with the increase of GCV concentration. Conclusion HSV-tk gene system can effectively inhibit the proliferation of human eyeball fascial sac fibroblasts, and the mechanism of action was necrosis and apoptosis. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 212-217)

Objective to investigate the indication and clinical effect of radiotherapy for thyroid-related ophthalmopathy (TAO). Methods Twenty-three patients with TAO who underwent orbital irradiation in the radiotherapy room of oncology department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 1992 to 2004 were selected. Among them, 9 cases were infiltrating exophthalmos and 14 cases were compressive optic neuropathy. All of them were insensitive to glucocorticoid therapy and could not receive glucocorticoid therapy, or active patients with TAO who were unable to undergo orbital decompression or unwilling to undergo surgery due to severe diabetes, hypertension and other patients with short disease course. Linear accelerator and Donaldson external orbital irradiation were used. The irradiation field size was 4 cm ×5 cm, the total radiation dose was 20 GY, and the treatment was divided into 10 times, 2 GY each time. During the period of radiotherapy, 11 patients with severe inflammatory reaction were given oral prednisone at the same time.All patients underwent external ocular imaging and orbital CT before and after radiotherapy. Results In 14 cases of compressive optic neuropathy, the corrected visual acuity before radiotherapy was 0.04~0.2, and the corrected visual acuity after radiotherapy was 0.1~0.8. CT examination showed that the enlarged extraocular muscle shrank, and the degree of extraocular muscle shrank was positively correlated with the degree of visual acuity improvement.9 cases of invasive exophthalmos showed obvious ocular inflammatory reaction before radiotherapy. After radiotherapy and oral prednisone treatment, the swelling of eyelid and conjunctiva decreased significantly, the orbital pressure decreased, the eyelid could close, the exposure keratitis was cured, the restriction of eyeball movement improved, and the exophthalmos decreased by 1~3 mm. After 1~3 years follow-up, 3 patients showed visual loss again, 4 cases of orbital inflammatory reaction recurred, and 2 cases of eyelid still partially incomplete closure.Conclusion Radiotherapy is better for patients with active refractory TAO, and glucocorticoid can be added to patients with severe orbital inflammatory reaction. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 218-221)

Objective to investigate the development rule of normal orbital volume and establish the normal reference value of orbital volume measurement by computed tomography (CT). Methods 123 patients without positive ocular symptoms, 64 males and 59 females, were divided into 5 groups according to age. The orbital area, maximum transverse diameter and anterior-posterior diameter of eyeball were measured layer by layer on the reconstructed images by spiral CT axial and coronal scanning and reconstruction techniques. The orbital volume and eyeball volume were calculated respectively, and the relationship between orbital volume and age, sex and eyeball volume was analyzed. Results The orbital volume was symmetrical at all ages, and the orbital volume increased rapidly before the age of 20 years old. The average orbital volume was 23.54 ml and 21.75 ml for males at 17 years old and females at 13 years old, respectively, reaching 95% of the orbital volume of normal adults, and the average orbital volume of normal adults was (25.04±2.37) ml and (22.89±2.67) ml for males and females, respectively<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in orbital volume between men and women before age 14 (P =0.315); The development of eyeball is compatible with the development of orbital volume; The ratio of eyeball/orbit decreased from 0.40 to 0.26 with the increase of age. Conclusion The orbital volume of normal subjects is symmetrical, its size is related to age and sex, and it increases rapidly before the age of 20, but still increases slowly after the age of 40. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 222-225)

Objective to investigate the effect of excimer laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) on the visual field of patients. Methods 46 cases (92 eyes) of myopic patients undergoing LASIK were examined with Humphrey perimetry 30-2 SITA rapid threshold detection program before, 1 d, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after operation. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance designed by compatibility group, and the visual field index at each time point was analyzed. Results The mean defect (MD) at each time point after operation was significantly different from that before operation (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between MD at all postoperative time points (P>0.05), and there was no significant correlation between preoperative visual acuity and MD (P>0.05), but there was a significant negative correlation between MD and postoperative visual acuity (P>0.05)<There was no significant difference in model standard deviation (PSD) before and after surgery (P>0.05), and there was a significant correlation between PSD and preoperative visual acuity (P<The mean difference of MD and PSD before and after surgery was not correlated with preoperative diopter, cutting thickness, laser pulse number, laser cutting time and negative pressure suction time by Person correlation analysis (P>0.05). Conclusion There was no significant change in continuous observation of visual field before and after LASIK, which indicates that the effect of LASIK on retinal structure and function is not enough to lead to clinically significant changes in morphology and visual function, and has no obvious effect on normal physiological function of retina

Objective to investigate the refractive status and the distribution of corneal topography of keratoconus. Methods 147 cases (262 eyes) of keratoconus were measured by computer optometry, corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, corneal surface regularity index (SRI), surface asymmetry index (SAI) and corneal morphology. Results the lesions were divided into suspicious, mild, moderate and severe. The lesions were divided into butterfly and non-butterfly. Non-butterfly lesions are divided into papillary, oval, spherical and irregular. Butterfly lesions are more common in symmetrical butterfly shape, and are common in suspicious and mild cases. Papillary and oval lesions are more common in mild and moderate cases, and are mostly located in the center or below the center of the cornea; Spherical shape is more common in moderate and severe cases, and is mostly located in the center of the cornea; There was no correlation between the lesion diameter and the corneal apex diopter (r =0.208,P =0.092), and there was a negative correlation between the distance between the apex and the center of the lesion and the apex diopter (r = -0.400,P =0.001). Conclusion The use of corneal topography can screen and diagnose keratoconus early, which is helpful to take timely and appropriate treatment and avoid excimer laser corneal refractive surgery for keratoconus patients; At the same time, the distribution of lesions on the cornea can guide the fitting of rigid contact lens. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 231-235)

Objective to investigate the significance of contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity in the evaluation of visual function of cataract patients.Methods the contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity of 66 age-related cataract patients (115 eyes) and 34 healthy subjects (34 eyes) with optimal corrected visual acuity ≥0.5 were measured by automatic glare contrast sensitivity test.Among the cataract patients, 31 (50 eyes) were cortical cataract, 17 (32 eyes) were nuclear cataract and 18 (33 eyes) were posterior subcapsular cataract. Results the contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity of cataract patients with different visual acuity were significantly different in the low and middle frequency bands (P<The difference was not statistically significant in the high frequency band (P>0.05). The low and middle frequency bands of contrast sensitivity and the low, middle and high frequency bands of glare contrast sensitivity were lower in cortical cataract eyes than in healthy eyes (P<0.01); The contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity of nuclear cataract eyes were lower than those of healthy eyes in low frequency band, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01), the contrast sensitivity of glare in the middle and high frequency band was lower than that of healthy eyes, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); The contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity of posterior subcapsular cataract eyes were lower than those of healthy eyes in low, middle and high frequency bands, and the differences were statistically significant (P<The contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity of 57 cataract eyes with optimal corrected visual acuity ≥0.8 were lower than those of healthy eyes in all frequency bands, and the contrast sensitivity in low frequency band and glare contrast sensitivity in high frequency band were significantly different (P<0.05); The difference of glare contrast sensitivity in low frequency band was statistically significant (P<0.01); There was no significant difference between the contrast sensitivity of the remaining frequency band and the contrast sensitivity of glare (P>0.05). The contrast sensitivity of glare decreased significantly compared with the contrast sensitivity in cataract eyes, and the differences were statistically significant between the viewing angles of 6.3°, 4.0°, 2.5°, 1.6° and 1.0° (P<0.01), and the difference was not statistically significant at 0.7° viewing angle (P>0.05). Conclusion The measurement of contrast sensitivity and glare contrast sensitivity can provide a sensitive, comprehensive and objective basis for the evaluation of visual function in patients with early age-related cataract. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 236-240)

Objective to investigate the expression of HSP70 and HSP27 in lens epithelial cells after blunt eye contusion in rats, and to observe the regulation of HSP70 and HSP27 expression by heat shock in advance. Methods 48 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into beating group and water bath group by random number table method, 24 rats in each group, with the right eye as the experimental eye. In the beating group, the eyeballs were beaten 100 times with 20 g iron ball at 20 cm height. In the water bath group, the body temperature of rats was increased to 40.5~41.5 ℃ for 8 min to induce heat tolerance, and then the eyeballs were beaten 100 times with 20 g iron ball at 20 cm height after 2~3 h. The expression abundance of HSP70 and HSP27 gene in lens epithelial cells was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The expression of HSP70 gene in lens epithelial cells was enhanced by blunt eye trauma, and the expression of HSP70 increased to 4.59±0.12 and 7.72±0.27 after 3 h after beating eyeballs. The expression of HSP70 gene increased to 1.83±0.30 after 24 hours. The expression of HSP70 gene in both groups was not significantly changed. Conclusion The enhancement of HSP70 expression in lens epithelial cells in blunt ocular trauma suggests that HSP70 may protect lens denaturing protein during blunt ocular trauma, and prior heat stimulation may protect the lens by increasing the expression of HSP70.

Aging is a common cause of ocular biological changes, especially on the retinal tissue. Previous studies have found that the pathological changes of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are mainly manifested by the changes of Bruch membrane of retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal capillary complex, and the function and structure of this complex also change abnormally with the increase of age. Aging factors play an important role in the pathological changes in the early stage of AMD, but aging factors are not the direct cause of AMD, and there are many factors involved in the pathological initiation process of AMD. Therefore, the authors of this article briefly reviewed the recent influences of aging factors on the occurrence of AMD, aiming at exploring the relationship between aging and AMD. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42: 278-282)

Jointly organized by Beijing Tongren Eye Center of Capital Medical University and the editorial department of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, the National Eye Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Progress Course is scheduled to be held in Beijing from April 9 to 16, 2006. This class will be given by well-known experts with rich clinical experience in eye plastic surgery and cosmetology at Beijing Tongren Ophthalmology Center of Capital Medical University. The lectures include congenital malformations and defects, such as ptosis, small palpebral fissure, no eyeball, orbital bone development deformity, etc. Ocular tissue defects and morphological deformities caused by trauma, such as orbital fracture, canthal angle displacement, orbital depression, symblepharon, etc.; Eyelid defect repair after ocular tumor resection and ocular cosmetology,

Oride Medical Investment Group is a large-scale professional medical investment group jointly invested by Oride Medical Investment Group and Hengyu Wanjia Group in the United States, and supported by Margaret International Medical Foundation and Dean's Decision Research Center. Since 2004, the Group has started to implement the "108 Plan", which plans to invest RMB 1 billion in China within five years. Build 8 large-scale modern intelligent chain eye hospitals integrating medical treatment, scientific research, health care and academic exchanges. Zhanjiang Aolide Eye Hospital, with a business area of more than 20,000 square meters, is now open for business; Hospitals in Guangzhou, Huizhou, Shaoguan and other places are under construction. With the approval of the relevant state authorities, the Group is now open to recruit professional medical care and management talents in ophthalmology nationwide.

In order to celebrate the 55th anniversary of the founding of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, the CD-ROM of the full-text retrieval system of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology from 1950 to 2004, edited by the editorial board of this journal, produced by Beijing Zhitong Blueprint Medical Information Technology Co., Ltd. and published by Tsinghua Tongfang CD-ROM Electronic Publishing House, has now been officially released by Beijing Zhitong Blueprint Medical Information Technology Co., Ltd.

Approved by China Association of Science and Technology, the 6th International (Shanghai) Ophthalmology Conference and the 6th International (Shanghai) Optometry Conference will be held in Shanghai Exhibition Center from April 14th to 17th, 2006, jointly sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of Six Medical Associations in East China, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Optometry College of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center. Experts, scholars and manufacturers in the field of ophthalmology and optometry from the United States, European countries, South Korea, Japan, India and other countries, as well as China, will be invited to attend this conference. All delegates who attend this conference and meet the relevant conditions will receive national class I continuing education credits.

In order to improve the quality of biomedical journals and scientific research in China, two "Training Courses on the Application of Statistical Three-Type Theory and Statistical Analysis System" sponsored by the Biomedical Statistics Consulting Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences and invited Professor Hu Liangping, director of China Field Statistics Research Association and vice president of China Biomedical Statistics Society, have recently started pre-registration.

Beijing Tongren Eye Center of Capital Medical University is a state-level continuing education unit approved by the Ministry of Health. Participation in its classes can be awarded continuing education credits. The "Fifth National Eye Tissue Cell Culture and Transplantation Training Course" is scheduled to be held in Beijing Tongren Eye Center in September 2006 (after Beijing International Ophthalmology Congress). Professor Hu Danning, Director of Tissue Cell Culture Research Center, Hospital of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat, New York Medical College, USA, will teach the main content at that time.

Practical Ophthalmology Diagnosis is a large-scale reference book of Chinese ophthalmology, which contains many materials that are difficult to find in Chinese and foreign books at present, paving the way for China's ophthalmology to integrate with international standards. The author, Shi Dianxiong, has worked in the Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Medical College and Chongqing Medical College for nearly 30 years, and then worked in the Kresge Institute of Ophthalmology of Wayne State University School of Medicine in the United States for 20 years. He wrote this book based on his many years of clinical and teaching experience.

The writing requirements of this journal on abbreviations in manuscripts; Statement of this journal on matters related to the "corresponding author".

The writing requirements of the statutory unit of measurement in the relevant manuscripts of this journal; The requirements of this journal for printed copies of submitted manuscripts; Direct subscription method of this journal in 2006.

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists, including Zhao Jialiang, the current editor-in-chief, and Zhao Hongmei, the director of the editorial department. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad.

In order to reflect the innovative scientific research achievements and clinical experience of ophthalmology in China as soon as possible, this journal has opened up a "fast track" to publish excellent academic papers in 2002. It simplifies the procedure from review to formal publication of papers and shortens the publication cycle. In view of the increasing number of authors applying for "fast track" at present, the editorial board of this journal has supplemented and improved the specific conditions for applying for "fast track" on the basis of the operation of some time ago, and reiterated the relevant regulations of "fast track" once again, so that academic papers with innovative content can be published as soon as possible.

On October 18, 2001, the National Committee for the Approval of Scientific and Technological Terms and the National Language and Character Working Committee held a "Seminar on the Usage of 'Xiang' and 'Xiang'" at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The meeting carefully analyzed the reasons for the confusion between the usage of "like" and "like" in the scientific and technological circles. The National Science and Technology Glossary Committee and the State Language Commission considered it necessary to make a clear definition of the usage of this word again. Experts at the meeting believed that: elephant refers to the form and appearance of nature, people or things; Image refers to the image of a person or object made by imitation, comparison, etc.,

The relevant requirements of statistical processing in manuscripts in this journal; Instructions on the labeling of fund items in the manuscript in this journal.

Trabeculectomy is commonly used in the treatment of glaucoma at home and abroad, but its curative effect is not ideal for some types of refractory glaucoma. In recent years, "trabeculectomy and sclerectomy combined with supraciliary drainage" has been used in Russia to treat all types of glaucoma [1,2], and satisfactory results have been achieved. Now, it has become a routine surgical procedure together with standard trabeculectomy for anti-glaucoma.

This paper introduces a new type of keratoscope. The principle is that the synthetic cylindrical lens of variable quantity is made according to the synthetic principle of equal quantity crossed cylindrical lens. The axial direction of the synthetic cylindrical transparent surface is unchanged, and the shape of the corneal reflection image is adjusted and observed by the concentric ring between dark and bright phases and the reticle transmission illumination, which can quantitatively measure the astigmatism of the corneal surface and the direction of the axis. The portable keratoscope can be used to detect corneal astigmatism during intraocular surgery under surgical microscope. At the working distance of 0.025 m, the measurement degree of corneal astigmatism can reach 8.50 D, and the measurement error<0.20 D. The microscopic quantitative keratoscope is simple, convenient and accurate in structure, and it is helpful to detect and adjust the astigmatism degree and axial direction of the cornea of the operated eye. (Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, 2006, 42:263-266)

The core topics of ophthalmology information (OI) [1] include electronic medical records and image processing system. In recent years, with the advancement of ophthalmology information and the popularization and application of computer, the demand for electronic ophthalmology medical records in the industry is increasingly urgent. We started to develop the ophthalmology image processing system [2] and the ophthalmology electronic medical record system for the ophthalmology center of Peking University People's Hospital in 2000. After many versions of upgrading and improvement, they have reached the practical stage.

A 52-year-old male was admitted to the hospital on January 25, 2004 due to eye pain and blurred vision for 5 days after his left eye was injured by a fist. Past history: high myopia since childhood, and blindness in his right eye due to "retinal detachment" untreated 2 years ago. No abnormalities were found in physical examination. Ocular examination: no light sensation in right eye, atrophy of right eyeball; Left eye visual acuity 30 cm index, left eye conjunctiva mixed congestion (+ + +), corneal foggy opacity, edema, anterior chamber deepening, iris tremor, pupil diameter 6 mm, slow response to light, absence of lens, remaining unclear. Left eye pressure 50 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa).

Orbital wall fractures are more common in clinic, but severe orbital wall fractures combined with eyeball sinking into ethmoid sinus are extremely rare. The author admitted one case in 2004, and the report is as follows.

A 33-year-old female was admitted to our hospital on December 15, 2003 due to right exophthalmos accompanied by red eyes, eyelid swelling and tinnitus for 3 months. Ocular examination showed that the naked eye visual acuity of the right eye was 0.8, and the left eye was 1.0. The right eyelid was swollen, and vascular murmur and fine tremor could be heard in the medial part of the upper eyelid; The eyeball protrudes directly forward, and the movement in all directions is limited, but it is more obvious to the upper side, and the orbital pressure (+ +).

Glaucoma is an important eye disease causing blindness. According to statistics, there are about 70 million glaucoma patients in the world, of which 6.7 million are blind; There are about 7 million glaucoma patients in China, of which about 5.7 million are blind in one eye and 1.7 million are blind in both eyes. The prevention and treatment of glaucoma has become an important issue in public health, and improving the treatment level of glaucoma is the key to reduce the blindness caused by glaucoma. As we all know, the treatment methods of glaucoma mainly include: drug treatment, laser treatment and surgery.