Molecular epidemiology is the combination of molecular biology and traditional epidemiology. Since the 1980s, the research of molecular epidemiology has been carried out in China. In the past few decades, the role of molecular epidemiology in disease prevention and treatment has become more and more important. However, the collection of biological specimens in molecular epidemiology can not be ignored, which is the basis of molecular epidemiology research. In recent years, more and more institutions have established biological specimen banks, reflecting the emphasis on biological specimens.