2015年 · 第95卷第48期

For medical workers in China, 2015 is a memorable year. 100 years ago, Dr. Wu Liande and other sages founded the Chinese Medical Association with patriotism and pride in serving the country. For my country's digestive endoscopy colleagues, 2015 is a year worth remembering. Thirty years ago, Professor Chen Minzhang and other predecessors were far-sighted and worked together to promote the establishment of the digestive endoscopy branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Under the care of Chinese Medical Association, the Digestive Endoscopy Branch has grown and lasted for a long time. At this historical moment, let us recall the development of digestive endoscopy, feel the struggle of the older generation of digestive endoscope people, and continue to write the glory of digestive endoscopy in China.

Male hypogonadism refers to the decreased function of the testes to secrete testosterone and/or produce sperm, which can be divided into hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) according to blood follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels. Exogenous androgen supplementation allows patients to obtain sufficient signs of virilization and normal sexual function, but it will inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function, thus inhibiting sperm production. Pulse therapy with gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is widely used in HH patients, but the conversion of testosterone to estradiol by aromatase often increases accordingly, which can lead to breast distension and gynecomastia and other adverse reactions^[1]。 Clinically, scholars have applied aromatase inhibitors (AI) to male hypogonadism patients and achieved certain curative effects, which provides a preliminary clinical basis for the use of AI in this disease. This article mainly summarizes the efficacy and safety of AI in the treatment of male hypogonadism patients in recent years.

Gram-negative bacteria are the most common pathogens of bacterial infectious diseases in China. In recent years, the resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to beta-lactam antibiotics has been increasing, and the most important resistance mechanism is the bacterial production of various beta-lactamases. Beta-lactamase inhibitors can inhibit most beta-lactamases and restore the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics. Therefore, the position of β-lactam antibiotic/β-lactamase inhibitor mixture in clinical anti-infection is constantly increasing, and it has become an important choice for clinical treatment of various drug-resistant bacterial infections. At present, there are many kinds and specifications of β-lactam antibiotic/β-lactamase inhibitor mixtures in clinical use in China. Clinicians don't know enough about the characteristics of these mixtures, and the problem of irrational clinical use is more prominent. In order to standardize the clinical application of β-lactam antibiotics/β-lactamase inhibitor mixtures and delay the occurrence and development of drug resistance, this consensus is specially formulated.

According to the bronchoscopic manifestations, bronchial tuberculosis is classified into 7 types^[1]。 The treatment of granuloproliferative bronchial tuberculosis is difficult and the prognosis is poor. In this study, on the basis of systemic anti-tuberculosis therapy, we investigated the effect of bronchoscopic cryoscopy combined with local injection of isoniazid + rifampicin + dexamethasone in the treatment of granuloproliferative bronchial tuberculosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a pulmonary disease characterized by interstitial pulmonary fibrosis with decreased pulmonary function and respiratory failure, and is the end outcome of many pulmonary diseases. The patient's condition is serious, the mortality rate is high, and there is still a lack of effective therapeutic drugs in clinic^[1,2]。 Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by injury and activation of alveolar epithelial cells, interstitial inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition in extracellular matrix, and autoimmune abnormalities^[3,4]。 Therefore, regulating abnormal autoimmune inflammation, targeting abnormally proliferating fibroblasts, and inducing functional lung epithelial cell repair are the key links to effectively control the progression of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.

Stem cells are a class of cell populations with self-renewal ability and multidirectional differentiation potential, which have been applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine neighborhoods^[1,2]。 According to different sources, stem cells can be divided into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells^[3]。 Embryonic stem cells have potential socio-ethical controversies that hinder their use^[4]。 Although adult stem cells can be derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, fat, dental pulp, and hair follicles^[5]But there are problems such as difficulty in obtaining materials, greater trauma and limited quantity^[6]。 Therefore, exploring a new source of stem cells is a hot topic in biomedical research.

Comrade Lin Chuanjia, an outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, a famous expert in children's health care in China, one of the founders of children's health care in China, and a professor of pediatrics in Beijing Children's Hospital, died at 3: 40 on November 7, 2015 in the First Hospital of Peking University at the age of 100 due to ineffective treatment.