Volume 62 · Issue 10 · 2026

This issue focuses on research progress related to cataract surgery and the clinical application of intraocular lenses. Professor Yan Hong is the editorial board member responsible for planning, compiling, and reviewing manuscripts for this issue.

Age-related cataract, the primary cause of blindness among middle-aged and elderly populations, represents a clinical condition where the bilateral surgical strategy cannot be simplified to the superposition of two independent operations, but constitutes a systematic project targeting the reconstruction of binocular visual function. With the increasing diversity of presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses, clinical decision-making for bilateral cataract surgery has encountered new challenges: how to formulate a reasonable bilateral cataract surgical protocol? This paper reviews the clinical trends and evaluation systems for bilateral cataract surgery, focusing on comparing the advantages and indications of symmetrical and asymmetrical IOL implantation; it also clarifies the influence of dominant eye evaluation on postoperative visual quality, and conducts an in-depth discussion on the crucial role of neuroadaptation in postoperative visual construction. This review is expected to provide a reference for the clinical practice of bilateral cataract surgery, and more high-quality evidence-based medical research is still required to guide the formulation of individualized treatment strategies in the future.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as a novel class of targeted anticancer therapies, have demonstrated significantly enhanced efficacy. However, the associated ocular adverse events have emerged as a critical issue impacting patients′ quality of life and treatment compliance. ADC-induced ocular adverse events primarily affect corneal and ocular surface tissues. With the recent approval of multiple ADC agents in China and the extensive ongoing clinical trials, standardized guidance for managing corneal and ocular surface adverse events is urgently needed. The Dry Eye Research Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese National Health Association and the Dry Eye Rehabilitation Specialty of Vision Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Rehabilitation Medicine Association, together with experts from relevant fields, have developed consensus recommendations based on integrated international research and Chinese clinical practice, using the standardized consensus development methods. These recommendations address eight clinical questions concerning corneal and ocular surface adverse events associated with ADCs, aiming to provide evidence-based guidance for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of ADC-related corneal and ocular surface adverse events. Through multidisciplinary collaboration, this consensus seeks to enhance therapeutic benefits of ADC treatment and maximize patients′ visual health and quality of life.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is primarily characterized by the formation of abnormal choroidal neovascularization and can lead to substantial visual impairment. Intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents has become the standard first-line treatment for nAMD. However, challenges remain, including the need for frequent injections, considerable treatment burden, and suboptimal responses in a subset of patients. In recent years, the emergence of high-dose anti-VEGF therapies has provided a novel strategy for extending treatment intervals and optimizing long-term disease management. To address these clinical needs, the Ophthalmology Group of China Alliance for Rare Diseases/Beijing Society of Rare Disease Clinical Care and Accessibility organized a multidisciplinary panel of experts to develop this consensus. Based on the latest evidence-based medical findings, together with international guidelines and the realities of clinical practice in China, a standardized consensus-development methodology was employed. Consensus recommendations were formulated for eight key clinical questions regarding the use of high-dose anti-VEGF therapies in the treatment of nAMD. The aim of this document is to provide evidence-based guidance and clinical reference for the standardized application of high-dose anti-VEGF therapies in nAMD, thereby further improving the quality of standardized diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of nAMD in China.

To compare clinical outcomes of combined trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty (3T) and phacoemulsification vs. 3T alone for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with cataract.

Retrospective cohort study. Patients with POAG and cataract who underwent 3T combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation or 3T alone at Chengdu Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital between January 2023 and December 2024 were enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to surgical modality: the observation group with eyes receiving 3T combined with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation and the control group with those receiving 3T alone. The intraocular pressure (IOP), best-corrected visual acuity [converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logMAR)], number of antiglaucoma medications, and complications were recorded on postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1, month 3, and month 6, and the success rate at 6 months was evaluated.

There were 59 patients (71 eyes), with a mean age of (62.81±7.80) years, including 38 males and 21 females. The observation group comprised 35 eyes and the control group 36 eyes. The preoperative IOP was (23.76±5.01) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in the observation group and (24.56±6.08) mmHg in the control group; at 6 months postoperatively, the IOP decreased to (15.28±2.80) mmHg and 15.00 (13.50, 18.00) mmHg, respectively. Both groups showed a significant IOP reduction from baseline (P<0.05), but the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05). At 6 months, the best-corrected visual acuity in the observation group improved significantly from baseline, with a mean improvement of 0.38 logMAR (P<0.05), whereas no significant improvement was observed in the control group (P>0.05). The number of antiglaucoma medications decreased postoperatively in both groups, with no statistically significant difference between groups (P>0.05). Regarding complications, the incidence of hyphema was 5.7% (2/35) in the observation group and 11.1% (4/36) in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The incidence of IOP rebound was 20.0% (7/35) in the observation group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (41.7%, 15/36) (P<0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the overall success rate was 88.6% in the observation group and 80.6% in the control group, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05).

The 6-month follow-up results of this study indicate that 3T combined with cataract extraction is a safe and effective treatment for POAG with cataract, significantly improving visual acuity, effectively reducing IOP, and decreasing the number of antiglaucoma medications, with a low rate of postoperative complications.

To investigate the surgical technique, positional stability and clinical efficacy of scleral suture fixation of single-focus and multifocal toric intraocular lenses (TIOLs) in the ciliary sulcus for eyes without capsular support.

This retrospective case series study enrolled 20 patients (25 eyes) who underwent posterior chamber TIOL fixation with a 9-0 polypropylene suture for both haptics combined with a Z-shaped intrascleral suture technique at the Ophthalmic Center Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai University from December 2023 to December 2024. All eyes were unsuitable for the standard in-the-bag implantation, with indications including lens dislocation/subluxation, aphakia and other conditions requiring intraocular lens (IOL) exchange. Only the right eye of each bilateral patient was included, yielding 20 eyes for final analysis. There were 9 males and 11 females, with a mean age of (25.50±17.20) years. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), astigmatism magnitude, as well as target and actual astigmatic axes were compared before and after surgery. Visual acuities were converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) for analysis. Postoperative IOL tilt, decentration and surgical complications were also observed.

The preoperative UCVA and BCVA were 1.14±0.36 and 0.62±0.45 (logMAR), respectively. The mean corneal astigmatism and total ocular astigmatism were (3.65±2.56) D and (3.15±2.36) D, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was (6.4±1.24) months. At the last follow-up, visual acuity was significantly improved in all eyes. The UCVA and BCVA increased to 0.30 (0.20, 0.70) and 0.20 (0.10, 0.33) (logMAR), respectively, and the total ocular astigmatism decreased to 0.88 (0.50, 1.06) D (all P<0.05). The mean deviation between the target and actual TIOL axis was 2.10°±1.65°. The axial deviation was 0.70°±0.80° from postoperative day 1 to week 1, and 0.25°±0.44° from week 1 to month 1. The mean postoperative horizontal and vertical IOL tilt angles were 4.38°±2.47° and 4.36°±1.95°, and the mean Kappa angle and Alpha angle were (0.41±0.33) mm and (0.35±0.24) mm, respectively. The other postoperative complications were mild and controllable.

The scleral suture fixation of single-focus or multifocal TIOLs can significantly reduce astigmatism and improve visual acuity, with favorable positional and axial stability during the follow-up period.

To describe the clinical characteristics of three types of capsule-related complications following phacoemulsification: capsular contraction syndrome (CCS), capsular block syndrome (CBS), and dead bag syndrome (DBS).

A retrospective case series study was conducted. Clinical data of 32 patients (33 eyes) diagnosed with CCS, CBS, or DBS, including age, sex, laterality, visual acuity, and intraocular pressure, were collected at the Chinese PLA General Hospital from 2010 to 2025 and presented as mean±standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or frequency (percentage). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the association between the onset or consultation time and clinical factors such as the lens nucleus hardness, type of the implanted intraocular lens (IOL), and axial length.

Patients with higher lens nucleus hardness had earlier onsets than those with lower hardness [2.00 (1.00, 24.00) vs. 72.00 (36.00, 132.00) months, P=0.029]. Intergroup differences in onset or consultation time were observed for several IOL-related factors. The hydrophilic material was associated with an earlier consultation time compared with the hydrophobic material [6.00 (2.00, 32.00) vs. 103.00 (36.75, 171.50) months, P=0.034]. The aspheric IOLs demonstrated an earlier onset time [1.00 (0.00, 13.50) vs. 48.00 (21.00, 87.00) months, P=0.020] and consultation time [5.50 (2.00, 22.75) vs. 80.00 (27.75, 158.00) months, P=0.026]. Patients with axial length>24 mm showed a later consultation time than those with axial length≤24 mm [71.00 (33.00, 102.00) vs. 5.00 (2.00, 10.75) months, P=0.013].

The CCS, CBS, and DBS all presented with decreased visual acuity as the predominant manifestation, frequently accompanied by refractive shift and IOL decentration or dislocation. The postoperative intervention significantly improved visual function in the affected eyes. Patients with higher lens nucleus hardness and those implanted with hydrophilic IOLs or aspheric optic IOLs tended to have earlier onset or consultation times numerically, whereas patients with axial length>24 mm had relatively later consultation times. Clinical attention should be paid to the phenotypic differences and related factors of different complications. However, these conclusions are limited by the retrospective design and small sample size, and need to be validated by prospective studies.

To investigate the interactive effects of combined visual acuity and visual field impairments on obstacle avoidance walking and searching abilities.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Healthy volunteers with normal visual acuity and visual fields were recruited from the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University between March and September 2024. Binocular presented visual acuity (PVA) was measured using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, and binocular visual field was examined using a Humphrey perimeter. Visual function impairments were simulated. Four levels of visual acuity impairment (PVA<0.05, 0.05≤PVA<0.3, 0.3≤PVA<0.5, and PVA≥0.5) were induced by applying occlusion foils of different densities onto the spectacle lenses. Two levels of concentric visual field constriction (visual field radius≤10° and≤20°) were simulated using modified goggle-based tunnel vision simulation glasses. Participants were randomly assigned to four visual acuity simulation groups using computer-generated random numbers, and further randomly assigned in a 1∶2 ratio to the 10° and 20° visual field subgroups within each group. Each participant completed an obstacle avoidance walking task and a target search task under both simulated visual field impairment and normal visual field conditions. The primary outcome measures were task completion time, number of collisions, and target detection rate. The Kruskal-Wallis test and linear mixed-effects model were used for statistical analysis.

A total of 143 participants were included [aged(23.94±2.23) years; 55 males and 88 females], with 95 under the simulated 20° visual field condition and 48 under the simulated 10° visual field condition. Under the normal visual field condition, participants in the PVA<0.05 group showed longer obstacle avoidance walking completion time (23.00 s vs. 17.50 s), an increased mean number of collisions (0.75 vs. 0.00), and a decreased target detection rate (80% vs. 100%) compared with those in the PVA≥0.5 group (all P<0.05). At any given level of visual acuity, participants with 20° or 10° visual field constriction demonstrated prolonged task completion time, a reduced target detection rate, and an increased mean number of collisions compared with those with normal visual field (all P<0.05). For example, in the PVA≥0.5 group, the obstacle avoidance walking completion time increased from 17.50 s under normal visual field to 25.50 s and 39.88 s under 20° and 10° visual field constriction, respectively, with the target detection rate decreasing from 100% to 90% and 80%. Both tasks were affected by the interaction between visual acuity and visual field impairments under specific deficit combinations. The combination of 20° visual field constriction and PVA<0.05 showed the most extensive impact, with the obstacle avoidance walking completion time reaching 55.50 s, mean number of collisions reaching 5.50, and target detection rate decreasing to 50%, and significant interaction effects were observed on the task completion time, target detection rate, and collision counts (all P<0.05).

Visual field impairment exerts a more pronounced effect on obstacle avoidance walking and target search tasks than visual acuity impairment. Combined visual acuity and visual field impairments produce a compounded interference effect on the performance of both tasks.

To explore the effects and mechanism of asiatic acid (AA) on high glucose (HG)-induced angiogenesis of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (hRMECs).

In this experimental study, the MTT assay was used to screen the optimal concentration of AA. The HG-induced hRMEC injury models were established and divided into the control group, HG group, Mannitol group, HG+AA group, HG+AA+740Y-P group, HG+LY294002 group and HG+dimethyl sulfoxide group. Cell viability, migration and tube formation were detected by the MTT assay, scratch test and Matrigel assay, respectively. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to detect the relative mRNA expression of Slit guidance ligand 2 (Slit2) and roundabout guidance receptor 1 (Robo1), as well as Slit2 secretion. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit (PI3K p85), phosphorylated PI3K p85 (p-PI3K p85), protein kinase B (AKT), phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT), Slit2 and Robo1.

The treatment with 10 μmol/L AA did not affect the viability of normal hRMECs (0.803±0.05) (P=0.662), but significantly inhibited cell viability under HG conditions (1.049±0.12) (P<0.001). Compared with the control group, the HG group showed significant increases in cell viability (1.609±0.14), migration rate (70.90%±5.39%), tube number (61.89±2.17), number of master junctions (96.22±3.86), total tube length [(28 043.78±1 472.75) μm], mRNA and protein expression of Slit2 (4.07±0.31 and 4.76±0.72), Slit2 secretion [(5.889±0.746) ng/ml], mRNA and protein expression of Robo1 (4.46±0.17 and 6.00±0.35), as well as protein expression of p-PI3K p85 (6.61±0.46) and p-AKT (6.02±0.68) (all P<0.001). Compared with the HG+dimethyl sulfoxide group, the HG+AA group exhibited significant decreases in cell viability (1.052±0.14) (P=0.002), migration rate (30.70%±3.97%), tube number (42.22±4.17) (P=0.004), number of master junctions (69.89±1.34) (P<0.001), total tube length [(19 853.11±1 141.85) μm] (P<0.001), mRNA and protein expression of Slit2 (2.02±0.04 and 2.12±0.17), Slit2 secretion [(2.991±0.479) ng/ml] (P<0.001), mRNA and protein expression of Robo1 (1.99±0.13 and 2.86±0.28) (P<0.001), and protein expression of p-PI3K p85 (1.84±0.22) and p-AKT (2.30±0.15) (P<0.001). Compared with the HG+AA group, the HG+AA+740Y-P group showed significant increases in cell viability (1.517±0.14) (P=0.012), migration rate (68.12%±3.70%) (P<0.001), tube number (56.44±4.07) (P=0.009), number of master junctions (93.67±3.85) (P<0.001), total tube length [(27 751.22±1 148.29) μm] (P<0.001), mRNA and protein expression of Slit2 (3.47±0.15 and 4.05±0.25) (P<0.001), Slit2 secretion [(4.763±0.565) ng/ml] (P=0.023), mRNA and protein expression of Robo1 (3.95±0.11 and 5.39±0.46) (P<0.001), and protein expression of p-PI3K p85 (9.66±1.79) and p-AKT (10.42±1.93) (P<0.001). No significant differences were observed among groups in total PI3K and AKT protein levels (P>0.05).

AA suppresses the HG-induced Slit-Robo signaling activation, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in hRMECs, at least in part by inhibiting the PI3K pathway, suggesting its potential as a lead compound for diabetic retinopathy therapy.

A 31-year-old female presented with a 3-week history of right eye redness, ocular pain, photophobia and decreased vision after tap water exposure. Slit-lamp examination revealed corneal lesions with pseudopodia and hill-shaped hypopyon. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) detected filament-like structures in the corneal stroma. The patient was initially suspected of having fungal keratitis, but the condition deteriorated despite standardized antifungal treatment. Repeated corneal scraping culture and targeted DNA sequencing confirmed the infection of Pythium insidiosum. After switching to linezolid-based antibacterial therapy, corneal perforation still occurred, and total keratoplasty with a scleral ring was performed. The infection relapsed at 2 weeks postoperatively and was finally controlled by multiple intracameral and intrastromal injections of linezolid. A secondary penetrating keratoplasty was subsequently performed. No recurrence was observed during the 11-month follow-up; the corneal graft remained transparent, and the best corrected visual acuity improved to 0.6. Pythium species are oomycetes instead of true fungi, which are intrinsically resistant to conventional antifungal agents but susceptible to specific antibacterial drugs such as linezolid. For clinically suspected Pythium keratitis unresponsive to antifungal treatment, early targeted DNA sequencing is essential for rapid pathogen identification. Timely administration of sensitive antibacterial agents and individualized surgical intervention are critical to control infection and optimize visual prognosis.

A 24-year-old woman was found to have a gray, intermittent, linear opacity in the supertemporal quadrant of the right corneal epithelium during preoperative evaluation for laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK); all other examinations were within normal limits. After bilateral LASIK, both corneas healed well, and the linear opacity in the right eye had disappeared. More than 3 years postoperatively, a gray band-shaped opacity was detected in the right cornea, and a diagnosis of Lisch epithelial corneal dystrophy was established. Five months after diagnosis, the corneal opacity had significantly decreased in size. Currently, no specific treatment has been administered, and regular follow-up is recommended.

A 14-year-old female patient presented to the Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University with a 3-year history of blurred vision while wearing single-vision spectacles for bilateral myopia. The patient demonstrated satisfactory corrected visual acuity, rapid myopia progression, no manifest strabismus, and well-preserved fusional function and stereopsis; therefore, orthokeratology was administered. Grade 2 central corneal staining developed at one month. Lens parameters were adjusted to optimize the fitting: the power of the alignment curve was reduced by 0.25 D, the toricity was increased, the sagittal depth of the reverse curve was raised by 20 μm, and the peripheral curve was upgraded by one step. Following these adjustments, the corneal staining resolved completely, and the uncorrected visual acuity improved to 1.0. After eight months of lens wear, the axial length regressed by 0.18 to 0.27 mm.

A 29-year-old man presented to Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University with a 14-day history of redness and decreased vision in the right eye. Uncorrected visual acuity in the right eye was 0.02 (not improvable with correction). Slit-lamp examination revealed mutton-fat keratic precipitates on the corneal endothelium, anterior chamber inflammation, and two iris masses. Systemic evaluation suggested cervical lymph node tuberculosis, and empirical anti-tuberculosis therapy was initiated. After one month of treatment, the original iris lesion regressed, but new nodules developed. A diagnosis of iris tuberculous granuloma was suspected, and surgical excision of the iris lesions was performed. Histopathological examination demonstrated granulomatous nodules with chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. Furthermore, polymerase chain reaction analysis of vitreous fluid was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA, confirming the diagnosis of iris tuberculous granuloma. Following continued systemic anti-tuberculosis therapy, the best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.02 to 0.8, and the intraocular inflammation was completely controlled.

Surgeon Introduction: Jin Haiying, Chief Physician, Associate Professor, PhD from Heidelberg University, Germany, and Doctoral Supervisor. Director of the Department of Ophthalmology at Shanghai Oriental Hospital. Member of the Ophthalmology Group of the Microsurgery Society of the Chinese Medical Association, Member of the Cataract Group of the Ophthalmologists Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Member of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Shanghai Medical Association.

The patient was an 84-year-old female. Due to a dark shadow floating in front of his right eye for 5 days, he was treated at the Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University. He had a history of hypertension for more than 50 years, diabetes for more than 10 years, and cerebral infarction for 5 years. Eye examination: the best corrected vision was 0.7 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye; Intraocular pressure was 15 mmHg in the right eye (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) and 16 mmHg in the left eye; The axial length was 20.34 mm in the right eye and 20.58 mm in the left eye; No obvious abnormalities were observed in the cornea and anterior chamber of the right eye, and the lens was moderately cloudy; The retina below the temporal fundus is spherical and bulging, with irregular white spots visible within it, and no retinal hole is visible (Excerpt Figure 1). Coherence light tomography examination: The neuroepithelium of the inferior temporal retina of the right eye was separated from each other, with a spherical bulge in the inner layer, and a point-like high reflection was visible below it, and the surface of the corresponding outer neuroepithelial layer was serrated (Excerpt Figure 2). Ocular ultrasound examination: a thin strip of hyperechoic light band in the retina below the right eye (excerpt image 3). Clinical diagnosis: degenerative retinal cleft in the right eye.

The patient was a 21-year-old male. He was admitted to Hebei Provincial Eye Hospital due to painless visual acuity decrease in his left eye for 20 days. Anti-tuberculosis treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis 3 years ago. General physical examination: positive tuberculin test (induration diameter 14 mm); Chest CT examination showed small patchy high-density shadows in the posterior segment of the upper lobe tip of the left lung with multiple nodular calcifications. Eye examination: naked-eye visual acuity was 1.0 in the right eye and 0.06 in the left eye (no improvement in correction); Normal intraocular pressure in both eyes; No significant abnormalities were observed in the anterior segments of both eyes; A yellowish-white spherical bulge above the temporal part of the left fundus macula, surrounding retinal edema, affecting the central fovea of the macula, and a star-like hard exudation can be seen in the macular area (excerpt picture 1). Coherence light tomography examination: exudative retinal detachment in the macular area of the left eye with interlaminar effusion, uneven medium-high reflex space-occupying upward growth of the choroid at the lesion, breaking through the retinal pigment epithelium, involving the outer nuclear layer, with interlaminar retinal effusion, and chororetinal dome-shaped bulge. Fluorescein fundus angiography and indocyanine green angiography are shown in Excerpt Figure 2. Clinical diagnosis: choroidal tuberculoma of the left eye.

Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy is an inherited corneal endothelial disease that primarily affects middle-aged and elderly individuals. Due to the absence of obvious clinical symptoms in its early stages, it is often missed in diagnosis. If such patients are not properly diagnosed prior to cataract or other intraocular surgeries, postoperative corneal edema can easily lead to medical disputes. Therefore, early diagnosis and grading are crucial for clarifying patients′ corneal status, reducing the risks of intraocular surgeries, and improving prognosis through early intervention. With advancements in artificial intelligence and deepening interdisciplinary integration, significant progress has been made in research on AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. This review summarizes the progress of AI applications in slit-lamp biomicroscopy, anterior segment OCT, specular microscopy, and confocal microscopy for the auxiliary diagnosis, grading, and prognosis assessment of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. It also highlights current research challenges and future application prospects, aiming to offer new insights for the application of AI in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive, depth-resolved imaging modality that visualizes ocular microvascular networks based on blood flow-related motion contrast, without exogenous contrast agents. Owing to its ability to provide high-resolution, layer-specific vascular information, OCTA has become an indispensable tool in both clinical practice and ophthalmic research. The advent of swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA), characterized by longer imaging wavelengths and faster scanning speeds, has enabled wider fields of view and deeper tissue penetration. These technical advances have driven the development of ultra-widefield SS-OCTA (UWF SS-OCTA), substantially enhancing visualization of the peripheral retina and anterior segment vasculature. This review outlines the fundamental principles and technological evolution of OCTA, with particular emphasis on recent progress in the clinical applications of UWF SS-OCTA across a spectrum of ophthalmic diseases. In addition, we discuss emerging opportunities for integrating artificial intelligence-based algorithms with UWF SS-OCTA to facilitate quantitative vascular analysis, disease assessment, and precision-oriented diagnosis and management.

With the rapid development of intraocular lens (IOL) technology, the traditional classification system based on optical design has become unable to accurately present IOL properties and predict patients′ real-world visual outcomes. In 2024, the Functional Vision Working Group (FVWG) of the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) first proposed an evidence-based functional classification framework quantified by monocular best-corrected visual acuity defocus curves, depth of field and visual acuity increase from intermediate to near, which categorizes IOLs into six functional subtypes. Further refined by the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, the Asia Pacific Association of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, and the Latin American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, this framework was formally endorsed in a global multi-society consensus in 2026. Shifting from nominal classification by optical configuration to quantitative grading based on actual postoperative visual performance, the new system enables ophthalmologists to objectively evaluate IOL functional profiles and facilitates individualized preoperative IOL selection; it also provides valuable references for optimizing domestic IOL registration and volume-based procurement categorization in China. This article systematically reviews the background, methodology, evolutionary process, current domestic situation and clinical application of this classification system, aiming to help Chinese ophthalmologists fully understand and standardize the clinical application of this novel evidence-based classification method.