Volume 49 · Issue 09 · 2013

The National Plan for the Prevention of Blindness (2012—2015) issued by Ministry of Health and China Disabled Person Federation last year is an important procedure for further promoting the prevention of blindness and reach the great goal for eliminating the avoidable blindness by 2020 in China.The Plan clearly describe the social nature of the prevention of blindness,correctly explain the current situation for prevention of blindness in China,put forward the guidance idea,working principles,goals and contents,and the guarantee measures in the next four years in the prevention of blindness in China.The leaders in ophthalmology and ophthalmologists in China should learn and practice the Plan for the more progress in the prevention of blindness. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:769-773)

We must choose new intraocular lenses (IOL) cautiously and strictly in patients with cataract rehabilitation surgery in China because of following reasons.Firstly,there are no differences in visual acuity between traditional poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) IOL implantation group and new IOL (multifocal IOL,aspherical IOL) implantation group.Secondarily,there are many factors which affect visual performance after cataract surgery.Thirdly,many patients with cataract can not afford new intraocular lenses.Fourthly,there are several faultiness and clinical problems in new intraocular lenses.Therefore,correct selection of IOL should be affordable PMMA IOL in cataract rehabilitation surgery in China. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:774-776)

To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 years or above in Yongchuan of Chongqing City,China.

It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5663 individuals aged≥50 years in Yongchuan District.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out.All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-todoor visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was calculated according to different age,gender or education.And the reasons of blindness were analyzed.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0.Chi-square test was used to

To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged≥50 years in Longyao County,Hebei Province,China.

It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5527 individuals aged≥50 years in Longyao County.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out.All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was calculated according to different age,gender or education.And the reasons of blindness were analyzed.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0.Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of age,gender and education with presenting and best corrected visual acuity.

Five thousands five hundreds and twenty-seven individuals were enumerated and 5051

To estimate the prevalence rate and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in residents at the age of≥40 years in Luzhou,Sichuan Province.

A multistage,stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 7 communities of 8002 permanent residents (≥40 years old) for diabetes screened from May to December 2011 in Luzhou,Sichuan Province.Reference to the diagnostic criteria for diabetes recommended by World Health Organization in 1999,to the 1374 diabetes screening out patients with questionnaire,physical examination,fasting plasma glucose,2-hours postprandial plasma glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb Alc) and visual acuity,ocular diseases,fundus examination,etc.Some patients with fundus fluorescein angiography to the DR diagnosis,diagnostic criteria with reference to the diagnosis standard made by Chinese Ocular Fundus Diseases Society,Chinese Ophthalmological Society,Chinese Medical Association in 1984.Rates between the groups were compared usingχ²test,trendχ²test or Fisher exact test,using multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with DR screening.

A total of 8002 people were chosen and invited to take part in the project,7478 persons completed the study,the overall response rate was 93.48%.One thousand three hundreds and seventy-four persons were diagnosed as diabetic patients,which took the proportion of 18.37% of the selected population,while 214 DR patients were found

To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged≥50 years in Changji City of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China.

It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5714 individuals aged≥50 years in Changji City.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out.All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to received visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was calculated according to different age,gender or education.And the reasons of blindness were analyzed.Statistical

To investigate the prevalence and causes of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged≥50 years in Luxi County of Yunnan Province,China.

It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5575 individuals aged≥50 years in Luxi County.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out.All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was calculated according to different age,gender or education.And the reasons of blindness were analyzed.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0.Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of age,gender and education with presenting and best corrected visual acuity.

Five thousands five

To evaluate the use of preoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) image and some related indexes as predictive factors for the visual outcomes of the idiopathic macular hole (IMH) after pars plana vitrectomy and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling surgery.

This was a case-series study.Twenty-five eyes of 23 IMH patients undergoing a successful vitrectomy and ILM peeling surgery and following up more than 6 months were included in this retrospective study.Of the 23 patients,6 were male and 17 were female.The median patient age was 67-year old (range 63 to 71 years).The median duration of IMH was 6 months (range 3.5 to 12.0 months).In the patients,the macular hole was found in 9 eyes at stageⅡ,11 eyes at stageⅢ,and 5 eyes at stageⅣ.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were examined before and after the surgery.The minimum diameter (a),the height (b) and the base diameter (c) of macular holes were measured by OCT.According to the indexes,macular hole index (MHI,b/c),tractional hole index (THI,b/a),diameter hole index (DHI,a/c) were calculated,respectively.Spearman rank correlation analysis was performed to understand the correlations between postoperative BCVA and the related indexes.Cutoff values were obtained for MHI and THI,respectively,from receiver operating characteristic (ROC)

To retrospectively summarize the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma (RB) patients in the children aged 5 years or above.

This was a case-series study.Total of 92 patients (107 eyes) with RB aged 5 years or above in Department of Pediatric,Beijing Tongren Hospital from September 2005 to May 2010 were included in the study.The diagnosis of RB was established using clinical examination and histopathology analysis.Statistical analysis in the characteristics of disease and initial symptoms was performed in 92 cases.Kaplan-Meier curve was employed to analyze the survival function.

(1) The medium age of the patients was 6.25-year.Male accounted for 66.30% (61/92) and female was 33.69% (31/92).According to the results of statistical scatter diagram,the age of the disease onset was ranged from 5.00 to 8.33 years.Percentile for age 5.77,5.83 and 7.85 years were the 25^th,50^th,75^threspectively. (2) In 92 cases,83.69% (77/92) of the patients were unilateral RB and 16.31% (15/92) were bilateral RB. (3) Leucocoria was the most common manifestation in the diagnosis early RB,accounting for 55.43% (51/ 92).Secondary symptoms were blurred vision,eye redness and photophobia,accounting for 23.91% (22/92).Other symptoms included strabismus,proptosis,glaucoma and the abnormal in fundus examination,accounting for 20.64% (19/92).No family history of RB was found in all of cases studied. (4) Among 107 eyes with RB,76 eyes were enucleated up to February 2013.The rate of

To study the influence of haliotidis extractive on the oxidative damage in the human lens epithelial cells cultured in vitro.

Experimental study.Cultured human lens epithelial cells in vitro were intervened with hydrogen peroxide caused oxidative damage model,at the same time added different concentrations of concha haliotidis extractive.With control experiment research cells were divided into the blank control group,positive control group hydrogen peroxide group and hydrogen peroxide and different concentrations of concha haliotidis group,and on the first,third,fifth day the activity of Cultured human lens epithelial cells were detected with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8),cellular proliferation and morphological changes were observed with interred phase

To explore the effects of transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) on the transdifferentiation,extracellular matrix synthesis and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in human lens epithelium cells (HLEC) in vitro.

HLEC wereincubated with different concentrations of TGF-β2 (0.0,0.1,1.0 and 10.0μg/L) for 24 h in vitro.The morphological changes of HLEC were observed under inverted phase-contrast microscope.The expression of CTGF andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA,as a landmark protein of epithelial mesenchymal transition) in HLEC was measured by immumofluorescence method.Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to evaluate the expression of CTGF,α-SMA,fibronectin (Fn) and COL-Ⅰ (as the major components of extracellular matrix) after stimulating by TGF-β2.

Normal HLEC presented polygonal shape and were anchorage-dependent.After incubated with different concentrations of TGF-β2 for 24 h,the morphology of polygonal HLEC was changed into fibroblast-like shape and changed from monolayer and to multilayer cells,and the intercellular space became bigger.CTGF andα-SMA were expressed in the cytoplasm after induction of TGF-β2.Expression of CTGF in HLEC was increased with increasing concentrations of TGF-β2 (CTGF protein expression:0.53±0.03,0.73±0.01,0.65±0.03 in cells cultured with 0.1,1.0 and 10μg/L TGF-β₂,respectively; CTGF gene induction:1.00±0.00,7.18±0.41,12.88±0.45,32.84±1.61 in cells cultured with 0.0,0.1,1.0 and 10.0μg/L TGF-β2,respectively) (F=77.55,P<0.05;F=379.0,P<0.05).TGF-β₂could induce HLEC transdifferentiation and accelerate.α-SMA expression was increased by TGF-β₂dose-dependently (protein expression:0.48±0.01,0.78±0.04,0.69±0.04; gene induction:1.00±0.00,2.30±0.22,3.1±0.21,3.86±0.10) (F=62.73,P<0.05;F=80.22,P<0.05).TGF-β₂also promoted expression of Fn and COL-Ⅰin a dose-dependent manner (COL-Ⅰgene induction:1.00±0.00,5.52±0.96,18.31±1.2,82.51±1.45;COL-Ⅰprotein expression:0.78±0.05,1.15±0.11,2.16±0.14;Fn gene induction:1.00±0.00,2.36±0.25,3.27±0.24,4.25±0.24; Fn protein expression: 0.64±0.01,0.95±0.02,1.23±0.14) (F=1881.52,105.30,P<0.05;F=64.44,51.81,P<0.05).

TGF-β2 induces the expression of CTGF by HLEC,promotes transdifferentiation of and extracellular matrix synthesis by HLEC. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:822-828)

To explore the optimal treatment for non-tuberculous mycobacterial keratitis (NTMK).

Experimental stndy.Fifty-one New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated with nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) to establish the animal model of NTMK.Eyes with NTMK were randomly divided into 7 groups and topically treated with amikacin (2.5%) (B),gatifloxacin (3%) (C),azithromycin (1%) (D),amikacin (2.5%) plus gatifloxacin (3%) (E),amikacin (2.5%) plus gatifloxacin (3%) combined with debridement (F),early lamellar keratoplasty (G) and balanced salt water (as a control) (A).All the drugs were administered 8 times per day within initial 7 days followed by 4 times per day after 1 week.The clinical manifestations of each rabbit were observed and recorded every week.The score of clinical manifestations before and after treatment does not meet the normal distribution,so it was presented by the median±quantile interval and compared with rank sum test and SNK test.Fisher exact test was used to compare differences in the distribution of presenting the healing rate of keratitis.

After 1 week treatment,six eyes were cured in group G,and none were cured in other groups,the scores of clinical manifestations of group B,C,D,E,F and G were 6±4,8±2,6±4,8±3,7±4,3±1,they were higher than that of group A (q=20.36,11.43,19.21,16.93,18.64,37.50,P<0.05).After 2 weeks,the scores of group B,C,E,F and G were higher than that of group A (q=23.50,16.71,15.21,12.43,30.87,P<

There is an urgent requirement to find effective therapeutic procedures for the treatment of refractory eye diseases of posterior segment such as posterior uveitis,proliferative vitreoretinopathy,and macular edema associated with diabetes and retinal vein occlusion.Due to systemic side effect developed from systemic drug administration and the low efficiency of topical drug administration,implantable drug devices for the treatment of posterior segment diseases have been explored.In recent years,three different intraocular implantable devices (ganciclovir,fluocinolone acetonide and dexamethasone) have been approved by FDA and showed exciting clinical efficacy.However,these devices have surgical complications and the drug-related side effects.Recently,transscleral drug delivery to the posterior segment has been investigated.Transscleral drug delivery has advantages of large scleral surface area,better safety profile,easily drug administration and could evolve into an effective route with the use of novel biomaterials and the study of drug delivery methods. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:847-850)

Elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a major risk factor for the development and the progression in glaucoma optic nerve damage.The reduction of IOP remains mainstream strategy of glaucoma therapy.A large fluctuation of IOPin the circadian rhythm may play a role in the optic nerve damage in glaucoma progression.IOP monitoring provides important information of IOP mean,peak and fluctuation to assist the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.With the development of technology,the commonly used methods of IOP monitoring including IOP measurement for diurnal,24 hours,and habitual body position have evolved to continuous IOP-monitoring using novel device.The influencing factors including tonometer,body position and the light have been taken into account for the reliability of IOP measurement.In this review,we summarized the recent progress in IOP monitoring and the factors affecting the IOP measurements and discussed immense opportunity of IOP-monitoring to better diagnose and to treat for glaucoma. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:851-856)

Dry eye is one of the most common and multifactorial disease of the ocular surface that results in ocular discomfort,blurred vision,reduced quality of life,and decreased productivity.Recent advances in our knowledge of the causation of dry eye open opportunities for improving diagnosis,and disease management and for developing new,more effective therapies to manage this widely prevalent and debilitating disease state.In light of the above knowledge,the present article reviews the newer theories and reports on etiology,pathogenesis and management of dry eye. (Chin J Ophthalmol,2013,49:857-863)