Volume 48 · Issue 12 · 2012

Optic disc pale is a typical sign of optic atrophy and is often improperly remarked an “totally visual function damaged and without any therapeutic value”.However,increasing evidences showed that there is considerable potential for vision restoration and recovery by appropriately stimulating the undamaged visual pathway through different means,medications and low vision rehabilitation techniques.Correct recognition the therapeutic value of optic atrophy is undoubtedly valuable for visual function improvement.We encourage continuously developing new way or tool to rescues or preserve the residual vision of optic atrophy.

Objective To evaluate the treatment outcomes of idiopathic optic neuritis with no light perception in 21 eyes.Methods This is a retrospective study.The hospital data of 17 patients (21 eyes)with idiopathic optic neuritis whose visual acuity were no light perception from August 2003 to April 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were treated with steroid pulse and other drugs.The clinical features,the time of appearance light perception,the best corrected visual acuity and VEP were measured.The follow-up was at least three months.Results Before the treatment,the average time of occurring no light perception were 1.0 ～ 90.0 days,except 1 eye was 90.0 days while the other 20 eyes was (12.5 ±10.6)days.After the treatment,vision improved in 14 eyes (66.7％) from Hand Move/30 cm to 20/20,the average time of appearance light perception was (9.9 ± 7.9) days.The best corrected vision acuity were 1 eye Hand Move,2 eyes Finger Count,1 eye 20/2000,3 eyes 20/1000,2 eyes 20/800,1 eye 20/500,1 eye 20/320,I eye 20/125,1 eye 20/32,1 eye 20/20.5 eyes with no VEP wave pattern emerge P100 after therapy,the other 2 eyes which had P100 was flatten after therapy.The follow-up found that except 1 eye vision improve outside,the rest eye vision remained stable.Conclusions The patients with optic neuritis who initially were no light perception should be treated promptly.The prognostic of vision can not be evaluated only by the duration time of no light perception,the appearing-time of light perception and the pattern of VEP.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of Leber hereditary optic neurology (LHON) patients with different primary site mutation.Methods Four hundred and fowrteen patients with optic neuropathy were divided into three groups:clinically diagnosed LHON group (group A),probable LHON group (group B),optic neuropathy of unknown reason group (group C).Visual acuity(VA),colour vision,Intraocular pressure (IOP),virual field and visual evoked potential (VEP) were tested for all the patients.Some(64 cases) had optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement.Mutations of mtDNA were detected for all the groups,and clinical analysis were carried out emphatically in the patients with the 11778 mutation confirmed by gene assessment.T paired test was used to evaluate two group patients of different Mitochondrial DNA mutation.Results Gene mutations were found in 215 of the 414 patients (52％).Approximately 93％ (199/255) of the patients were caused by the common primary mutations (11778,14484,3460 mutation),in which 100％ mutation (106/106) in group A,65％ (91/139) in group B,and 11％ (18/169) in group C.No cases were diagnosed with confirmed LHON in the patients with unilateral optic neuropathy.Fundus examination in 334 eyes of 167 cases showed pseudo papilledema (54 eyes),normal (67 eyes),pale disc or plae on the teperal side of the optic disc (213 eyes).On the basis data of OCT from 64 patients and 84 normal person,RNFL was found thickening at the early stage and thinning gradually at the later stage in the LHON patients.But,the RNFL thickness of patients with 1-2 years history was not significantly different from the patients with over 2 years history(P =0.051),and there was no difference among the patients with different mitochondrial DNA mutations.The initial mean VA of patients with the 14484 mutation and 11778 mutation were 3.6±0.65,3.75 ± 0.54(t=0.536,P＞0.05),but the follow-up VA were 4.29 ± 0.55 (t =4.034,P ＜ 0.001) and 3.93 ± 0.49 respectively (t =1.857,P ＞0.05).Conclusions The symptoms and fundus manifestation were similar in the LHOH patients with different primary site muation.Gene mutation analysis is helpful to assess the prognosis of visual acuity.

Objective To investigate the expression of anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody (MOG-Ab) in different types of immune-mediated optic neuritis (IM-ON).Methods Case-control and cross section study.The serum of 129 consecutive cases of immune-mediated optic neuritis (IM-ON group) seen in Neuro-ophthalmology clinic in Department of Neurology,Beijing Tongren Hospital during May 2010 and February 2011 were collected.All IM-ON cases were further classified into five different types as:20 cases of multiple sclerosis related ON (MS-ON),13 cases of neuromyelitis optica related ON (NMO-ON),33 cases of autoimmune optic neuritis (AON),43 cases of relapsing isolated optic neuritis (RION)and 20 cases of solitary isolated optic neuritis (SION).MOG-Ab was tested by ELISA.The positivity rate and titer of MOG-Ab among these groups were compared using chi-square test and ANOVA,t test by SPSS17.0 software.Results MOG-Ab was positive in 12 of all 129 tested IM-ON patients (9.3％),in which there were 5 of 20 MS-ON,none of 13 NMO-ON,4 of 33 AON,2 of 43 RION,and 1 of 20 SION patients.There were no statistical significant difference among five groups (Fisher's exact test,x2 =7.051,P =0.088),but MS-ON group showed statistically higher MOG-Ab positivity and titer than the “ NMO spectrum optic neuritis” group which was merged from the other 4 IM-ON groups.Conclusion MOG-Ab could be detected in different types of immune-mediated optic neuritis except NMO-ON and the expression of MOG-Ab was statistically higher in MS-ON group than the 'NMO spectrum optic neuritis' group.

Objective To analyse the clinical features,histopathological classifications,treatments and prognosis of orbital tumors in Xinjiang.Methods The authors retrospectively analyse 63 patients (64 eyes) with orbital tumors,including all nationalities which had been received and treated in ophthalmic department of the PLA 474th Hospital during 2005 to 2009.Results The nationality composition in our cases was 37 Han,16 Uygur (16 eyes),4 Hui,3 Mongol,and 3 Kazak.Our data mainly consisted of benign tumor.,in which,the majority were the vascular tumors,and then were cysts,inflammatory pseudotumor,neurogenic tumors,mixed tumors of lacrimal gland,lipoma and hydatid.The malignant tumors mainly consisted of rhabdomyosarcoma and adenocarcinoma of lacrimal gland,then was non-Hodgkin lymphoma.The operation methods we selected were approaching by orbital skin or anterior skin incision,ateralorbitotomy and approaching by outer canthus incision plus lower fornical conjunctiva incision.The severe postoperative complication was impaired vision,and 2 patients with inflammatory pseudotumor had recrudesced.Conclusions There is no difference on the types and morbidity situation of orbital tumors between Xinjiang and other areas in general,in addition orbital hydatid which was closely related to regional characteristic of Xinjiang,Surgical excision is the main and effective treatment,the prognosis is related to the local tissue extension of tumor,comprehensive pre-operation preparations,careful operation,appropriate post-operative managements and rich clinic experience of doctor.

Objective Screening KIF21A gene mutation in 9 families with congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles and 7 sporadic cases.Methods Families were ascertained and patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations.The probands of 9 families with CFEOM and 7 sporadic patients were recruited for this study after informed consent.Genomic DNA was isolated from 5 ml peripheral blood samples according to the standard methods.Direct sequencing was performed after PCR amplification to genomic DNA for detection of KIF21A gene mutation.Results We identified heterozygous KIF21A mutations in 14 of sixteen patients.Twelve of them harbor the most common mutation,c.2860C＞T (p.R954W) and two of them harbor the second most common mutation,c2861G ＞ A(p.R954Q).The R954 mutations account for 87.5％ (14/16),in which 75％ (12/16) are R954W,12.5％ (2/16) are R954Q.Conclusion The R954 mutations are also hotspots in Chinese patients with CFEOM.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of protein-free calf blood extract ophthalmic gel for diffuse punctate corneal epithelial defects.Methods 36 patients (36 eyes) with diffuse punctate corneal epithelial defects were enrolled between Oct.2008 and Apr.2009 in outpatient clinic from Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University.Patients were randomized divided into protein-free calf blood extract ophthalmic gel group (the test group,19 eyes)and recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor ophthalmic gel group (the control group,17 eyes).The drugs were delivered in both groups 4 times per day,one drop each time in the 14 days duration.Corneal staining,the tear break-up time,the Schirmer value and visual acuity were evaluated on the pre-delivery day and the post-delivery day 14.Results On day 14,both the test group and control group had a significant decrease from baseline in corneal staining (the test group t =5.7083,P =0.0000 and the control group t=4.5019,P=0.0004,respectively).And improvements of corneal staining in the test group was more significant than that in the control group (t=2.2712,P =0.0296).Improvements were seen in BUT values in both group on day 14,as compared to baseline (the test group Z =2.226,P =0.0260 and the control group Z =2.527,P =0.0115,respectively).However,there was no significant difference between groups (Z =1.336,P =0.1815).As to the Schirmer value,there were neither difference within groups from baseline (the test group t =0.4207,P =0.6790 and the control group t =1.1255,P =0.2770,respectively).Nor between groups (t=0.9830,P=0.3325).And no obvious changes from baseline in visual acuity were observed in both groups (the test group Z =1.897,P=0.0578 and the control group Z =1.786,P =0.0741,respectively).Conclusion The efficacy of protein-free calf blood extract ophthalmic gel is prior to recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor ophthalmic gel in patients with diffuse punctate corneal epithelial defects.

Objective To evaluate the tamponade effect of sterilized air in vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole (IMH) as well as changes of photoreceptor layer after surgery.Methods Forty-five eyes of 45 consecutive cases underwent vitrectomy and air tamponade.Surgical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed,consisting of logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) and SD-OCT findings including the size of IMH and the photoreceptor layer defect.Results Preoperatively,mean BCVA was 0.08 (range,0.4 to HM),mean hole diameter was 827.4 μm (range,204 to 1616 μm),and mean diameter of photoreceptor layer defect was 1988.9 μm (range,792 to 3444 μm).The primary closure rate was 75.6％.One month after surgery,mean BCVA was 0.13 (range,0.5 to LP),and mean diameter of photoreceptor layer defect was 1285.1 μm (range,166 to 2553 μm),both presenting a significant decrease.Preoperative hole diameter and postoperative diameter of photoreceptor layer defect were statistically significantly correlated with postoperative BCVA (r=0.526,0.628 ; P＜0.05).Conclusions Vitrectomy plus air tamponade is safe and effective for the treatment of IMH,and the time for face-down positioning is obviously shortened.Preoperative hole diameter and postoperative diameter of photoreceptor layer defect are major predictive factors of visual acuity.

Objective To investigate and compare the choroidal thickness between healthy male and female subjects.Method Six-hundred and twenty eyes of 310 healthy volunteers with no ophthalmic disease history were recruited,including 152 males and 158 females.All volunteers were subgrouped into Group A to F according to their ages.Enhanced depth imaging choroidal scans were obtained in all eyes by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and choroidal thickness at 1 mm/3 mm superior,inferior,nasal and temporal to the fovea were measured.Choroidal thickness was compared between male and female in the subgroups with different age.Results Mean SFCT was higher in 152 males (298.02 ± 101.47) μm than that in 158 females (256.28 ± 90.87) μm with statistically significant difference (t'=4.853,P＜0.05).Choroid at 1 mm and 3 mm from the fovea were also thicker in the male(t'=5.050,t=4.597,t =5.225,t =5.363,t =5.608,t'=4.239,t =4.108,t'=5.589 ;P ＜ 0.05).In any subgroup from A to E,SFCT in male was significantly thicker than female,after adjusted for refractive error (t =2.343,t'=2.163,t =3.239,t =2.181,t'=2.982;P ＜0.05).In Group F,mean SFCT in male was thicker than female,but without statistical significance (t'=0.681,P＞0.05).Conclusions Gender was one of the factors that affect the choroid thickness in healthy populations.In subjects under 70,male have thicker choroid than female.This result at least partially explained the gender predilection of macular diseases,such as central serous chorioretinopathy and idiopathic macular hole.

Objective To investigate the expression changes of tumor metastasis-related genes after overexpression of KAI1 in retinoblastoma Y79 cells.Methods Experimental study.Y79 cells were transfected with a lentivirus vector containing KAI1 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fusion gene,or a control lentivirus vector containing EGFP.Positive transfectants stably expressing high levels of KAI1 were named Y79-KAI1 and control transfectants were named Y79-KAI1/zero.These transfectants were selected by puromycin resistance and analysis with fluorescent microscopy.The expression of KAI1 mRNA and its protein among Y79,Y79-KAI1 and Y79-KAIl/zero were detected by fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot.Differential expression of tumor metastasis-related genes in Y79-KAI1 and Y79-KAI1/zero was analyzed with human tumor metastasis PCR array.One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences of KAI1 mRNA and protein expression among the three groups.Results The stably transfected cell lines of Y79-KAI1 and Y79-KAI1/zero were established.The result of fluorescent quantitative real-time PCR showed that the relative quantification of mRNA level of KAI1 gene in the three kinds of cells above was 183.67 ± 21.20,1.42 ± 0.55,1.00 ± 0.00,respectively.And the expression level of KAI1 mRNA in Y79-KAI1 cells was significantly higher than those in Y79-KAI1/zero and Y79 cells (F=108.74,P =0.000).The results of Western blot showed that the expression level of the KAI1 protein in Y79-KAI1 cells was significantly higher than those in Y79-KAI1/zero and Y79 cells (F =34.36,P =0.001).Immunofluorescent staining showed that Y79 and Y79-KAI1/zero cells had no detectable KAI1 expression,while Y79-KAI1 cells expressed KAI1 in the cytoplasm surrounding the nuclei.Among the 84 tumor metastasis-related genes examined,7 genes were up-regulated more than 2 folds and 6 genes were down-regulated over 50％.Conclusion Over-expression of KAI1 may result in differential expression of tumor metastasis-related genes in Y79 cells,which may be related to the inhibitory effect on the tumor metastasis of retinoblastoma.

Objective To investigate the regulatory effects of ninjurin-1 on adhesion of myeloid cells in the retina at the early stage of diabetic rats.Methods Experimental study.The rat diabetic model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.After 2 months of diabetes induction,27 diabetic rats were randomly chosen and assigned to 3 groups,including diabetes and phosphate buffered saline(PBS)injection group (group B),diabetes and anti-Ninj-1 injection group (group C) and diabetes and anti-IgG injection group (group D),with 9 rats in each group.Nine age matched health rats were chosen as control group(group A).Retinal leukostasis was quantified with acridine orange leukocyte fluorography.Retinal myeloid cell infiltration activity was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of myeloperoxidase (MPO).The differences of the mean values among the four groups were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance.The multiple comparisons of the mean values among the four groups were analyzed by LSD-t analysis.Results According to the results of the acridine orange leukocyte fluorography,the numbers of leukocyte adhesion in the four groups were 49.66±13.51,153.66±20.43,85.33±15.03 and 156.33±11.53,respectively.The differences among them were significant(F=143.34,P =0.000).The numbers of leukocyte adhesion in the group C were significantly lower than that in group B (P =0.000,95％ CI:-82.68--53.98).The levels of retinal MPO in the four groups were (15.66 ± 2.08),(27.66 ± 2.51),(18.02 ± 2.01) and (26.66 ± 3.21) μg/L,respectively.The differences among them were significant(F =17.61,P =0.010).The level of retinal MPO in the group C was significantly lower than that in group B(P =0.010,95％ CI:-14.37--4.95).Conclusions Ninj-1 may play a role in the mediation of the adhesion of myeloid cell to the rat retina of early-stage of diabetes in vivo.

There are many kinds of causes of optic neuritis, including inflammatory optic neuropathy related to immune diseases, infectious optic neuritis caused by infectious diseases and idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis. At present, some ophthalmologists have not paid enough attention to the etiology of optic neuritis, and it is easy to miss possible systemic diseases, thus delaying the treatment of patients. This paper introduces four patients with optic neuritis caused by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who went to the general hospital of the People's Liberation Army, so that ophthalmologists can make a correct diagnosis when encountering related patients, so as to give immunosuppression and anticoagulation therapy for the etiology at the early stage, instead of just giving simple glucocorticoid shock therapy.

Ophthalmoplegia migraine is a rare disease with ophthalmoplegia as the main clinical manifestation and recurrent headache. It mostly starts in childhood. Oculomotor nerve paralysis is the most prone to appear, and the trochlear and abducens nerves are rarely involved [1]. GD-enhanced cranial MRI can show the enhancement and thickening of the cisternal segment of the third pair of cranial nerves involved [2]. The pathogenesis of this disease is unknown, and it is speculated that it is closely related to viral infection and nerve demyelination after infection [3]. The clinical symptoms are easily confused with aneurysm, cavernous sinus lesion, supraorbital fissure tumor and inflammation. Two cases of recurrent oculomotor nerve paralysis with headache are reported in this paper to help clinical differential diagnosis.

A 32-year-old female went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University on July 25, 2011 due to sudden vision loss in her right eye and numbness in her left big toe for 3 days. There was no eye pain, eye swelling, no vision obstruction, no headache or dizziness. Past history: In 1994, she suffered from papillitis in her left eye, which improved after glucocorticoid treatment. In 2006, she underwent binocular excimer laser in situ keratomileusis.

A 64-year-old male patient was found to be a tumor in the upper part of the left orbit for 3 months, accompanied by swelling and pain, and went to the Institute of Orbital Diseases of the Armed Police General Hospital in August 2010. In June 2009, the patient developed abnormal color vision in the left eye for 4 months without obvious trigger, and went to the ophthalmology department of another hospital. He was diagnosed as "choroidal hemangioma" without clinic manifestations such as ptosis, exophthalmos, increased intraocular pressure, eye swelling and restricted eye movement, and was not treated.

Giant cell arteritis is also known as "temporal arteritis". Histopathological examination shows giant cell granulomatous inflammatory changes in vascular muscle layer, mostly involving superficial temporal artery and posterior ciliary artery. In 2011, the Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Third Hospital of Central South University admitted a patient with giant cell arteritis who was first diagnosed in the ophthalmology department due to vision loss. The analysis report is as follows.

The patient was a 48-year-old male. He came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital on June 29, 2012 due to the worsening of the visual acuity in his left eye for half a year. He had no previous history of hypertension or diabetes. Ocular examination: the visual acuity was 1.5 in the right eye and 0.5 in the left eye; the intraocular pressure in both eyes was normal; No abnormalities were observed in the anterior segment of both eyes; Right eye fundus normal; The boundary of the optic head of the left eye is clear, and other conditions are shown in the essence picture. 1. The area of the optic head was measured by Topcon IMAGEnet software, and the left eye was about 30% larger than the right eye.

The patient was a 9-year-old male who came to Changchun Aier Eye Hospital because of poor visual acuity in both eyes since childhood. Ocular examination showed that the naked visual acuity was 0.02 in the right eye and 0.1 in the left eye, and the corrected visual acuity was 0.1 (+3.50DC (=) 2.50 DS ×95°) in the right eye and 0.15 (+4.50DC (=) 2.50 DS ×100°) in the left eye; IOP in both eyes was 15 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa); The anterior segment of both eyes was normal, and the fundus of the right eye was shown in the essence picture 1. The fundus of the left eye was not abnormal. Clinical diagnosis: Morning glory syndrome of the right eye.

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC) are photosensitive cell besides rods and cones.These cells are crucial for circadian photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex.Some chronobiologists and ophthalmologists have focused on these ipRGC in recent years.However,little research has been done by Chinese scientists.Here we review the recent advances about biological features,physical functions and clinical applications of ipRGC.

Radiation retinopathy(RR) and radiation optic neuropathy(RON) are vision-threatening complications of head and/or neck irradiation therapy.Clinical features are characterized by delayed-onset,slowly progressive,occlusive vasculopathy caused by endothelial damage.Compared with the optic nerve,retinal vessels are more sensitive and harmful to radioactive injury and cause RR,which may progress to eyeball atrophy ultimately.Thorough understanding of the incidence,pathogenesis,risk factors,clinical characteristics and treatment of RR is of practice significance.Ongoing basic laboratory and clinical research efforts have led to a better understanding of this disease.This article reviews the present research status of RR briefly.

MicroRNA (miRNA),about 22 nt in length,are small single-strand RNA discovered in recent years that universally exist in the genome of creatures.They control physiological and pathological processes through regulation of gene expression at either posttranscriptional or translational level.Hundreds of miRNA have been confirmed to express in ocular tissues,and function as important regulators in physiological processes,including development,differentiation,regeneration after injury,as well as control of circadian rhythms in the eye.On the other hand,miRNA also play a crucial regulatory role in the pathogenesis and development of several ocular diseases,such as neovascularization,autoimmune uveitis,retinitis pigmentosa,glaucoma,and retinoblastoma.The mechanistic study on miRNA and their targets in physiology and pathology of the eye will provide the theoretical basis from which novel molecular therapy to ocular diseases stems.

Meibomian lipids are believed to compose the lipid layer of tear film and play important roles in maitaining the stability of tear film.Changes in composition of meibomian lipids contribute to the ocular surface disease,such as dry eye.The understanding of composion and role of meibolian lipids can help us understand the cause of these disease.This review is intended to summarize the current state of knowledge about meibomian lipids,lipidomic analysis of meibomian lipids and changes of meibum regarding to diseases.

As one of the most common irreversible eye diseases,early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma is vital for a good prognosis but difficult in clinical practice.Optical coherence tomography (OCT)is a non-invasive procedure that can quickly acquire high-resolution cross-sectional images of the ocular structure and is used widely in ophthalmic clinics.In terms of glaucoma,OCT is used to measure the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer,the structure of the optic disc,the loss of retinal ganglion cells,the parameters of anterior chamber and anterior chamber angle,the thickness of the iris,the thickness of the lens,the thickness of the choroid,the structure of the filtration bleb and so on.This review summarized the clinical application of OCT in glaucoma diagnosis and the evaluation of glaucoma treatment up till now.

The patient was a 27-year-old female who went to the Department of Neuroophthalmology of PLA General Hospital on May 19, 2011 due to repeated visual acuity decline in her right eye for more than 3 months. The patient suddenly developed blurred vision in her right eye after catching a cold on February 2, 2011, accompanied by headache, obvious in the upper right temporal area, without red eye, nausea, vomiting, etc. The patient was admitted to the local hospital for fluorescein fundus angiography, which showed "slight fluorescence leakage of capillaries at the edge of the optic head in the early stage of angiography, and weak hyperfluorescence in the late stage of the optic head". The plain MRI scan of the head showed "no obvious abnormalities in the brain parenchyma, bilateral maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinusitis", and was diagnosed as "optic neuritis of the right eye". She was given dexamethasone intravenous impulse for 6 days, and the visual acuity of the right eye gradually decreased after 0.02.1 weeks at discharge. On March 15, 2011, she went to the local provincial hospital to check the visual evoked potential, which showed "P100 incubation period delay in the right eye, and P100 latency in the left eye was normal". She was given methylprednisolone 500 mg/d intravenous impulse for 4 days, and the visual acuity increased to 0.4.

Visual electrophysiology, as an objective visual function examination, is more and more used in the diagnosis of ophthalmic diseases. In recent years, with the start and development of neuroophthalmology in China, visual electrophysiology examination is almost indispensable in the auxiliary examination of neuroophthalmic diseases, and it is an objective visual function examination that cannot be replaced by other examinations. On the basis of familiarity with various visual electrophysiology examinations, how to use these examinations to help us make a correct diagnosis or provide valuable diagnostic basis for neuroophthalmic diseases is a skill that ophthalmologists, especially those engaged in neuroophthalmology specialty, should master. Because of the lack of understanding of neuroophthalmology and visual electrophysiology, many ophthalmologists often don't know what visual electrophysiology examinations need to be done for neuroophthalmic diseases, how to prescribe electrophysiology examination items in a targeted way, how to interpret electrophysiology examination results and how to judge the diagnostic and differential diagnostic significance of these results.

Approved by China Association for Science and Technology, it is co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of National Ten Provincial Medical Associations, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, School of Optometry of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology; The 13th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry (COOC2013) jointly organized by Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and China International Science and Technology Conference Center will be held at Shanghai Everbright Convention and Exhibition Center from March 28 to 31, 2013.

In order to promote the vigorous development of strabismus and pediatrics in China, improve the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists in China, and strengthen international academic exchanges, the 15th National Academic Conference on Strabismus and Pediatrics, sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch and Tianjin Eye Hospital, will be held in Tianjin from June 21 to 23, 2013. This conference is a high-level academic event. Well-known experts at home and abroad will be invited to give academic lectures on basic and clinical research on strabismus, amblyopia, children's optometry problems, congenital cataract, congenital glaucoma, infantile vitreoretinal diseases, pediatric genetic eye diseases and other children's eye diseases. The conference will take various forms such as academic lectures, case discussions, surgical demonstrations and paper speeches. Physicians from hospitals and children's health care units at all levels across the country are welcome to actively contribute and participate in the conference. Participating delegates will receive continuing education credits at the national level.

Approved by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, the 5th National Conference on Corneal Refractive Surgery will be held in Wuhan from April 11 to 14, 2013. The conference was sponsored by the Keratology Group of Ophthalmology Branch, hosted by Hubei Medical Association and Ophthalmology Center of Wuhan University People's Hospital, and co-organized by Union Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. As an academic support media, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology sincerely invites domestic and foreign ophthalmologists, colleagues and ophthalmology business people to attend the conference.

The 18th National Eye Trauma Academic Symposium and Ophthalmic Surgery Technology Exchange Conference was successfully held in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia from July 19 to 21, 2012. This conference was strongly supported by the local government, health bureau, Xilingol League Hospital and Chinese Medical Association. Many top domestic ophthalmologists and professors attended this conference and gave wonderful speeches, with more than 300 participants.

On 29 October 2012, the 2012 Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Award Ceremony was grandly held at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing. Professor Xie Lixin, Honorary President of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences and Director of Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, was awarded the Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Award for Science and Technology Progress.

The Chinese version of Pediatric Retina, co-edited by Dr. James D. Reynolds and Dr. Scott E. Olitsky, internationally renowned Pediatric ophthalmologists, was officially published by Fourth Military Medical University Press in December 2012.

The Atlas of Corneal Diseases edited by Professor Xie Lixin was officially published by People's Medical Publishing House in March 2011. The book systematically reflects the clinical characteristics of corneal diseases in the form of images, characteristically reflects the effects of modern corneal imaging examination and modern scientific treatment, and enables readers to "read pictures".

In order to improve the printing quality of the journal, this journal has been changed to CTP plate making since 2011. In order to guarantee the printing quality of the pictures after CTP plate-making, this journal makes the following requirements for the published pictures.

Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded in 1950. For more than 60 years, it has recorded the development of ophthalmology in New China, and has become an important part of China's ophthalmology. Up to now, it has become a fine journal that represents the national level externally and guides the academic development internally. In order to meet the needs of the development of the information society and raise the awareness of serving the majority of ophthalmology colleagues, this journal has specially launched the "Chinese Ophthalmology Journal Network", the website is http: / /www.cjo-eye.com.

In order to comply with the development trend of network and digitalization of journals and provide high-quality services for authors and readers, the Journal of Chinese Medical Association has developed a remote manuscript management system. The system is designed according to the business requirements of manuscript processing process, editing and processing specification, manuscript review system and management specification of Chinese Medical Association series magazines. It adopts advanced database and network technology, and has strong data processing and analysis ability. The remote manuscript management system will assist authors, editors, reviewer experts, editorial board members, finalization meeting experts, editor-in-chief and other related personnel to handle manuscript business in one, solve the needs of editorial department for manuscript networked process management, and realize various functions of inquiry and performance evaluation.

If the topic involved in the thesis is a national or ministerial or provincial fund or key project, the name of the fund project should be indicated with "Fund Project:" as the logo at the beginning of the article, and the project number should be indicated in parentheses. The name of the fund project shall be filled in according to the official name stipulated by the relevant departments of the state, and a number of funds shall be listed in turn, separated by ";".

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists in China. The current editor-in-chief Zhao Kanxing and the editorial director Huang Yibin. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad. China Standard Issue Number: ISSN 0412-4081, CN11-2142/R; Postal Code: 2-60; National map code: M93. The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology has always implemented the principles and policies of the Party and the state on health work, implemented the principle of combining theory with practice, popularization and improvement, reported the major progress and innovative achievements of clinical and scientific research in ophthalmology in China, and promoted academic exchanges in ophthalmology at home and abroad. This journal is arranged according to international standards, and printed with English copyright pages, contents, abstracts, etc. All the accepted manuscripts are published and distributed in three forms: periodical paper carrier, CD-ROM version and information network dissemination. We regularly exchange magazines with more than 30 countries and regions such as the United States, Britain and Japan.

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358-1982 "Statistical Terms and Symbols", all statistical symbols are printed in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is set in English lowercase (the median is set in M);

The title should strive to be concise and eye-catching, which can accurately reflect the theme of the article. Chinese titles are generally within 20 Chinese characters, preferably without subtitles, generally without punctuation, and try not to use abbreviations.

With the development and improvement of clinical diagnosis technology, the role of all kinds of ophthalmology clinical pictures in disease diagnosis has been paid more and more attention. In order to encourage clinical accumulation of relevant data, promote experience exchange, improve clinical diagnosis and treatment technology, provide a new platform for academic exchange for readers, and at the same time enrich the content and form of this journal to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists, this journal continued to open the "Picture Essence" column in 2013.