Volume 48 · Issue 07 · 2012

Basic research poses the cornerstone of technical innovation in all lines including medical sciences.Currently,there are shortages of professional scientists as well as technical supporting teams and facilities in the field of basic research of ophthalmology and visual science in China.Evaluation system and personnel policies are not supportive for innovative but high-risk-of-failure research projects.Discussion of reasons and possible solutions are given here to address these problems,aiming at promoting buildup of platforms hosting novel and important basic research in eye science in this country.

Innovation is the soul of scientific research.Each of the clinical scientists should bear in mind about how to carry out innovative and translational research in clinical practice.Equipped with theories,principles,strategies and modern technologies,they would address disease-related scientific questions through basic research and solve clinical problems through translational research.Ultimately,all the efforts of the clinical scientists will benefit the patients.

Although the resource devoted for scientific research increased substantially in recent years,the quality of our basic and clinical study still leaves much to be improved.Besides the shortcomings in administration of research funding,our researchers,as the entity of scientific work,should fully recognize that innovation and application are vital for basic and clinical research in ophthalmology.It is emphasized that the principles and methods in an innovative study,including comprehensive grasp for up-to-date information,proposal of a key project,collaboration of multi-disciplines,through design of a study,and acceleration of application in practice,should be followed in order to make new advances in our cause in ophthalmology.

Animal models of diabetes mellitus ( DM ) are vital for research on pathogenesis and pharmaceutical therapy of diabetic retinopathy(DR).At present,diabetic animal models include chemicals or dietary-induced models,transgenic or gene knockout mice,and spontaneous mice,etc.Among these models,rat model induced by streptozotocin is simple and imminent with high repeatability,which made it the most popular one. However,no available diabetic model could reproduce all vascular and neural pathological changes observed in human non-proliferative and proliferative DR.It is also known that not all DM models could lead to DR.In addition,features and severity of retinopathy in the model depend on animal kinds,animal lifespan,time course of the disease and induction methods.Therefore,researchers should consider characteristics and limitations of different models while choosing suitable DM model based on research objectives and resources.It is particularly emphasized that the results from animal models do not always fit human conditions.

The 2012 Symposium on Ophthalmic Excimer Laser Corneal Refractive Surgery of Chinese Medical Doctors Association and the 9th National Symposium on Ophthalmic Excimer Laser Corneal Refractive Surgery will be held in Nanning, Guangxi Province from October 24th to 29th, 2012. The relevant matters of the meeting are hereby notified as follows. Contents: Experience and experience of excimer laser corneal refractive surgery, management of complications, special examination, basic research and nursing experience; How did you master the technique of excimer laser corneal refractive surgery; Clinical and Basic Research of Femtosecond Laser and Intraocular Refractive Surgery; Difficult cases invited to conference experts for consultation. Essay requirements: The number of words in the paper is within 3,000 words, which requires clear views, reliable data, clear charts and concise words. Please indicate the author's name, unit, postal code and telephone number under the title. Please attach an abstract of about 600 words before the text. For difficult cases that need to be consulted by experts at the meeting, please send (or mail) electronic medical record documents (or copies of medical records, pictures, etc.) to our department during the essay solicitation period.

The Chinese Medical Association is scheduled to hold the 17th National Ophthalmology Academic Conference of the Chinese Medical Association in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province from August 21 to 25, 2012. This is another large-scale ophthalmology event held in China after the 16th National Ophthalmology Academic Conference of Chinese Medical Association and the 4th Global Chinese Ophthalmology Academic Conference in 2011. It is expected that 5,000 delegates will participate in the event, and more than 1,000 famous international and domestic ophthalmologists will give special reports on new technologies, new knowledge and new experiences in ophthalmology development. Ophthalmologists from all over the country will gather at this grand event to exchange and share the latest research results in ophthalmology and visual science with domestic colleagues. The conference will also hold a large-scale exhibition of ophthalmic medical devices and drugs. The organizing committee of the conference welcomes ophthalmologists from all over the country to contribute to the conference.

Objective To investigate the electrophysiological and morphological changes of retinae after intravitreal injection of cyclosporin A ( CsA ) in experimental diabetic rats.Methods Experimental study.SD diabetic mellitus ( DM ) rat models were induced with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.The rats were divided into four groups,with 9 rats in each group:the normal control ( group CON ),the diabetic rats with or without CsA intravitreal injection respectively( group DM + CsA and group DM ),and the diabetic rats with dimethyl sulfoxide ( DMSO ) intravitreal injection ( group DM + DMSO ).The intravitreal injection of CsA or contrast solution was performed 4 weeks after the modeling.The retinal function of rats was examined by electroretinogram (ERG) 48 hours after the intravitreal injection.All rats were sacrificed and the structural changes of retina were observed by optical and transmission electron microscope.The datas of ERG including amplitudes and latencies of a-wave and b-wave were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.Results There was difference in ERG b-wave among the 4 groups under different stimuli light intensity ( F =14.760-28.890,all P value ＜ 0.01 ).And there was difference in ERG a-wave among the 4 groups when the stimuli light intensity ≥-0.35 log cd · s · m-2 ( F =12.510,15.500,both P value ＜ 0.01 ).Comparing to the group CON ( ERG a-wave:82.43 ± 26.68,ERG b-wave:208.40± 51.20 ),the ERG a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of group DM ( ERG a-wave:39.71 ± 7.61,ERG b-wave:92.20 ±24.42) and group DM + DMSO ( ERG a-wave:37.63 ± 17.25,ERG b-wave:93.11 ± 22.50 ) ( t =5.448-7.872,all P value ＜ 0.05 ),and the ERG b-wave of group DM + CsA ( 160.10 ± 43.39 ) ( t =3.299,P ＜0.05 ) were declined in dark adaptation,while the ERG a-wave (63.91 ± 20.32) of group DM ± CsA had no difference ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of group DM + CsA were significantly increased compared to the other two groups in dark adaptation ( t =3.203-4.759,both P ＜ 0.05 ).Under optical microscope,group DM,DM + DMSO and DM + CsA had outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) disorder.Under transmission electron microscope,there were uhrastructure changes of the three groups.Furthermore,the ONL disorder and uhrastructure changes of group DM + CsA were less severe than the other two groups.Conclusions Functional and morphological changes are evident in the early stages in DM rats.Intravitreal injection with CsA shows protective effects on the nerve function in DM retina.

Objectives To investigate whether aquaporin 4 ( AQP4 ) gene can affect the activation of glial cells and cause the injury of retina of chronic high intraocular pressure mice models,and to discuss its possible mechanism.Methods Experimental study.The chronic high intraocular pressure models were established by burning the scleral venous of the right eye,which as the experiment group,and the left eye without any treatment as the control group.The intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by rebound tonometer.Selected each of the successful model of chronic high intraocular pressure male AQP4 knockout mice ( AQP-/-) and their wild-type(WT) male mice 40,divided the two type of mice into five groups after scleral venous burn according to the time of establishing models(24 h,3 d,1 w,2 w,4 w after scleral venous burn),8 mouse in each group.And then producing the paraffin sections of mouse eye.Immunohistochemical staining methods was used to observe the expression of the glial fibrillary acid protein(GFAP) in retina glial cells,and observe the expression of the AQP4 in the retina of the WT mouse.Image was acquired under the fluorescence microscopy,The intraocular pressure was analyzed by t-test.Results After scleral venous burn (24 h,3 d,1 w,2 w,4 w),there were significant difference ( t =6.66-18.08,all P value ＜ 0.05 ) in the IOP of the AQP4-/-mice ( 11.30 ± 1.59,11.20 ± 1.15,10.60 ± 1.53,10.75 ± 1.45,10.45 ± 1.39) and WTmice (11.50 ±2.56,11.25 ± 1.65,10.75 ± 1.33,10.60 ± 1.33,10.40 ± 1.19) between the experimental groups and control groups(6.60 ± 0.94,6.35 ± 0.99,6.55 ± 0.94,6.45 ± 0.99,6.50 ± 0.94and 6.60 ± 1.05,6.50 ± 0.89,6.40 ± 1.09,6.30 ± 1.13,6.50 ± 1.05 ).Since 24 hours after the scleral venous burn,the expression of GAFP of the two type mice began to increase and reached to peak at 1 week after burning.This peak of WT mice was more obvious than that of AQP4-/-mice.The concentration of GAFP began to decrease at 2 weeks afere burning and reached to bottom at 4 weeks later.To the WT mice,the expression of AQP4 was remarkable higher in experimental group than that in control group at 1 week after the scleral venous burn.The expression of AQP4 was related to the expression of GAFP in high intraocular pressure of WT mice at 1 w,2 w,and 4 w after the scleral venous burn.Conclusions The chronic high intraocular pressure models can be established successfully by burning the scleral venous.AQP4 gene can affect the activation of the glial cells in chronic high intraocular pressure mice and lead to the injury of retina.

Objectives To explore the differentially expressed microRNA (miRNA) of human retinal microvascular endothelial cell ( HRCEC ) in hyperglycemic environment by miRNA gene chip,then adopt bioinformatics methods to forecast target genes of part differentially expressed miRNA.Methods Experimental study.HRCEC were cultured.Took the 3-4 generation growth good cells and divided the cells into three groups:(1)normal control group:DMEM medium with 25 mmol/L glucose; (2)high glucose group:conditioned medium with 90 mmol/L glucose; ( 3 ) mannitol high permeability control group:conditioned medium with 65 mmol/L mannitol and 25 mmol/L glucose.Each group cells were cultured in the above conditions for five days,then used in situ cell death detection kit for apoptosis detection; the total RNA was isolated and examined; the differentially expressed miRNA were detected by miRNA gene chip,part results of miRNA array were verified by real-time quantitate polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ),potential miRNA targets were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.Results Observed apoptotic HRCEC by fluorescence microscope:the nucleus of normal control group and mannitol control group were dyed by DAPI and appeared blue fluorescence,but hadn't apoptosis fluorescent signals; the nucleus of high glucose group also appeared blue fluorescence,and had green apoptosis fluorescent signals.Quality testing of total RNA:with spectrophotometer measurement,the ratio of absorbance of total RNA in normal control group at A260/A280 nm was 1.99,at A260/A230 was 2.05 ; total RNA of high glucose group at A260/A280 was I.98,at A260/A230was 2.26.The results of formaldehyde degeneration agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the electrophoresis strips were clear and complete,indicated that the total RNA had better quality and high purity.Compared with normal control group,49 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in high glucose group( fold change ＞ 2 and fold change ＜ 0.5 ),including 31 up-regulated miRNAs and 18 downregulated miRNAs.The results of real-time quantitatie PCR revealed that hsa-miR-320c and hsa-niR-29a *were up-regulated in high glucose group,which were consistence with the miRNA gene chip.Furthermore,the target genes predction of two above miRNAs were involved many growth factors and proteins.Conclusion miRNA are differently expressed in HRCEC under hyperglycemic conditions.

Objective To investigate the role and possible mechanism of endothelial progeaitor cell (EPC) in the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).Methods Experimental study.Twentyfour BN rats were divided into 3 groups.One eye of each animal was induced by laser photocoagulation with 532 nm laser and the contrulateral eye was taken as control.Three,seven and fourteen days after photogoagulation the formation of CNV was observed by histopathological study and the recruitment of EPC and the possible pro-angiogenic growth factors released by EPC during the development of CNV were examined by muhi-labeled immunofluorescence staining.The difference among the 3 groups was analyzed by ANOVA and the comparison between any 2 groups was further checked by LSD-t test.Results Both the histopathological study and the immunofluorescence staining indicated that within the lasered lesions proliferated and migrated cells grew into the subretinal space through the broken Bruch membrane 3 days after photocoagulation,7 days after photocoagulation lumen-like structures were observed and CNV became stable until 14 days after photocoagulation.No EPC was observed in the normal retina whereas EPC were recruited into the lasered lesions 3 days after photocoagulation,comprising (79.29 ± 11.27 )％ of the total endothelial cell population within CNV.At 7-day EPC constituted new vessels within CNV area and the proportion decreased to (47.13 ± 5.78)％.Then its number decreased dramatically 14 days after photocoagulation contributing to ( 10.83 ± 2.79 ) ％ of the endothelial cells in CNV.The differences either among the 3 groups ( F =104.623,P ＜ 0.05 ) or between any 2 groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ) were statistically significant.Moreover,triple labelled immunolluorescence staining showed that the EPC within CNV area could also secret pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor,IL-1O,bFGF and MMP9.Conclusion EPC involves in the development of CNV not only through participating in the formation of new vessels within the CNV area but also through secreting pro-angiogenic factors.

Objective To establish a method of purifying and characterizing adult astrocytes from optic nerve head ( ONH ).Methods Experimental study.The lamina eribiosa tissue from ONH of human eye was isolated under anatonic microscopy,and then 4 to 6 little explants were incubated in each culture plate containing culture medium DMEM/F12.After 8 to 10 weeks,the cells were renoved by digesting cells with 0.25％ trypsogen. Selective astrocyte culture medium is subsequently used. After two passages,astrocytes were identified by the observation of cell morphology and immunofluorescent staining of GFAP and NCAM.Results After 2 to 3 weeks of explants planting,cells showed an obvious migration procession by crawling in succession from the verge of the explants and rapidly splitting.Most cells displayed a flat star shape or polygon after digested with trypsogen.Several cells are long fusiformis.Almost all cells presented a flat star shape and simultaneously expressed GFAP and NCAM when the cells cultured with selective astrocyte culture medium.Condusions Cultured human ONH astrocytes can be obtained by precisely separating lamina cribiosa and placing the explants on the margin of culture medium,a method that promotes cell adherence.Using selective astrocyte culture medium is very effective and convenient in purifying primary astrocytes.

Objective To observe the effects of GYR61 (cysteine-rich 61; CCN1 ) on the proliferation,migration and tube formation of choroid-retinal endothelial cells (RF-6A cell line).Methods Experimental study.RF-6A cells were cultured and treated with CYR61 at different concentrations.Effects of CYR61 on cell proliferation,migration and angiogenesis were observed by MTT assay,transwell assay and tube formatiou assay.Results When different concentrations of CYR61 (0,5,10,100 and 500 μg/L)were used to treat RF-6A cells for 72 h,A490 nm value of the MTT assay was changed dose-dependently (0.511,0.522,0.532,0.597,0.765 and 0.818),and the difference between different dosage groups was statistically significant ( F =318.828,P ＜ 0.05 ).When RF-6A cells were treated with 400 μg/L CYR61 for different time periods (0,12,24,48 and 72 h),A490 nm value increased with the extension of treatment time (0.533,0.598,0.643,0.695 and 0.756 ),and the difference was statistically significant (F =42.910,P ＜ 0.05 ).In transwell assay,migrated cells in cells treated with different concentrations of CYR61 (40,200,400 μg/L and 400 μμg/L + 25 mg/Lanti-CYR61 antibody),80 μg/L VEGF,and negative control groups were 66.83 ± 3.87,77.83 ± 4.26,96.83 ± 3.49,70.67 ± 3.83,98.33 ± 3.14 and 62.00 ± 7.62per high-power field,respectively.RF-6A cell migration capacity increased with increased concentration of CYR61 (F =46.987,P ＜ 0.05 ).In tube formation assay,numbers of tube in different concentrations of CYR61 (40,200,400 μg/L,400 μg/L + 25 mg/L anti-CYR61 antibody),80 μg/L VEGF and negative control groups were 34.33 ±2.50,60.67 ±3.72,88.17 ±2.93,51.17 ±2.14,90.83 ±3.49 and 31.83 ± 3.31 per field.RF-6A cell tube formation capacity increased with increased concentration of CYR61 ( F =355.224,P ＜ 0.05 ).There were equal effects between 400 μg/L CYR61 and 80 μg/L VEGF.AntiCYR61 antibody could inhibit cell migration and tube formation promoted by CYR61.Conclusions CYR61 can promote proliferation,migration and tnbe formation of choroid-retinal endothelial cells in vitro.CYR61 are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization.

Objective To evaluate retinoblastoma regression patterns following chemoreduction and adjuvant therapy.Methods Retrospective case series.122 tumors of 47 eyes of 37 patients following chemoreduction and adjuvant therapy between January 2005 and June 2009 in the Eye & ENT hospital of Fudan University.Twenty-seven patients are male,and 10 Patients are female. The average age was 22 months.The combined therapy included chemoreduction using vincristine,etoposide,and carboplatin ( VEC ) combined with local cryotherapy and/or transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT).The average follow-up duration was 32 months ranging from 12 to 60 months.Regression patterns included type 0 ( no remnant),type 1 (calcified remnant),type 2 (noncalcified remnant),type 3 (partially calcified remnant),and type 4 ( flat scar).Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test the difference of tumor number between the patients with family history and those without family history.Chi-square test was used to test the difference between the tumor thickness,tumor location and regression patterns.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test the correlation between the regression patterns and age,sex,tumor thickness,tumor location and family history.Statistical significance was assigned at P ＜ 0.05.Results Forty-seven eyes according to the International Intraocular Retinoblastoma Classification,20 eyes (42.6％ ) were group A,13 eyes (27.6％)group B,6 eyes ( 12.8％ ) group C,8 eyes ( 17.0％ ) group D.Of 122 tumors,the average number of tumors per eye was 2.6.Retinoblastoma regressions were type 0 ( n =3 ),type 1 ( n-15 ),type 2 ( n =8),type 3 (n =25),and type 4 (n =71 ).Tumor thickness and tumor location were related to regression patterns.Tumors with an initial thickness of 2 mm or less regressed most often to type 4,and those thicker than 8 mm regressed to type 1 or type 3.Tumors with greater distance from the foveola regressed most often to type 4.The factors predictive of regression pattern type 1 included tumor thickness larger than 8 mm ( Z =3.02,P =0.003 ).The factors predictive of regression pattern tvpe 3 included older age,tumor thickness larger than 8 mm and location not in the equator to ors serrata region( Z =3.98,2.23,3.60;P =0.000,0.025,0.000 ).The factors predictive of regression pattern type 4 included familial hereditary pattern,tumor thickness smaller than 2 mm and location in the equator to ors serrata region.(Z =4.37,3.42,2.42 ; P =0.000,0.000,0.021 ).12 tumors recurred,9 tumors were type 3 and 3 tumors were type 4.8 eyes developed 15 new tumors.5 patients developed new tumors were all younger patients and had familial hereditary history.The average period of recurrence of main tumors and development of new tumors was six months after the end of chemoreduction. Conclusiots Following chemoreduction,type 3 and type 4 regression patterns were most common.Smaller tumors were usually seen in type 4,and bigger tumors were usually seen in type 1 or type 3.Tumor recurrence was usually found following regression pattern type 3 or type 4.Younger patients and patients with familial hereditary history trended to develop new tumors.Patients accept chemoreduction and adjuvant therapy need close follow-up.

Objective To observe the ophthalmic artery (OA),central retinal artery (CRA) and posterior ciliary artery ( PCA ) blood flow and the changes of eye vascular auto-regulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAS).Methods It was a case-control study.Fifteen health overweight male adult (as normal control ) and 42 patients with OSAS were randomly selected from examination center and sleep detection center,respectively.The OSAS patients were divided into mild (14 patients) and moderate and severe (28 patients) groups based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).All subjects filled the sleep questionnaire and carried out polysomnogram monitoring all night for at least 7 hours.Fasting peripheral venous blood was collected at 7 AM on next day.The end-tidal CO2 ( ETCO2 ),intraocular pressure and color doppler sonography were examined next day to record the data in the inspection process before and after Mueller maneuver.Doppler ultrasound measurement of ocular blood flow diameter and blood flow velocity values were described in the median (max,min) and compared with Kruskal-Wallis test.And then two groups were compared with Bonferroni t test.Ocular blood flow velocity of patients with OSAS and PSG monitoring indicators were analyzed using partial correlation analysis.Results OA inner diameter in moderate and severe OSAS group [0.08 (0.15,0.06) cm]was lower than that in healthy control [ 0.15 (0.26,0.11 ) cm ]and the difference was statistically significant ( P =0.000 ).PCA inner diameter in moderate and severe OSAS group [0.10 (0.13,0.07 ) cm]were higher than that in healthy controls [0.05 (0.09,0.04) cm].CRA peak systolic velocity (PSV) in moderate and severe OSAS group [ 16.50 (19.40,13.10) cm/s ]was greater than that in healthy controls [ 11.30 ( 16.70,8.20 ) cm/s ].The differences between these two groups were statistically significant ( PCA inner diameter:P =0.000,CRA-PSV:P=0.001).The difference of CRA end diastolic velocity (EDV) between the moderate and severe group [ 8.90 ( 9.90,5.10 ) crm/s ],mild group [ 7.00 ( 8.30,4.50 ) cm/s ]and healthy control group [5.50 (7.40,3.40) cm/s]was statistically significant ( x2 =14.45,P ＜0.05).PCA-PSV [32.50(43.10,19.10) cm/s]and PCA-EDV [ 12.80 ( 15.20,5.70) cm/s]in the moderate and severe group were higher than those in healthy control group [ 22.60 ( 32.20,12.40 ) cm/s ]and [ 7.20 ( 11.20,3.90) cm/s],as well as those in the mild group [24.00 (30.70,13.30) cm/s]and [8.00 (9.90,3.90)cm/s].These differences were statistically significant ( PCA-PSV:P =0.000,0.002; PCA-EDV:P =0.000,0.001 ).The diameter of OA and PCA correlated negatively with ETCO2 ( r =-0.41,-0.34 ; P ＜0.05 ) ; CRA-PSV was correlated with SaO2min ( r =-0.37,P ＜ 0.05 ).CRA-EDV was correlated with ETCO2 and SaO2 mean ( r =0.57,-0.39 ; P ＜ 0.05 ).PCA-PSV was correlated with SaO2 min and MAI (r=-0.34,0.56; P ＜0.05).PCA-EDV was correlated SaO2min and MAI (r=-0.29,0.61; P＜0.05).Conclusions The diameter and blood flow of OA,PCA and CRA change in OSAS patients.Compared with non-OSAS patients,the autoregulation function of PCA and CRA is weakened in OSAS patients.

Objective To study biometric measurements of normal canaliculus in vivo with ultrasound biomicroscope.Methods Cross-sectional study.Eighty volunteers of normal lacrimal duct (80 eyes),including 40 men (40 eyes),40 women (40 eyes),aged from 18 to 82 years old (average 41 years old).Eighty volunteers were divided into three stages,one eye of each volunteer was detected and measured with ultrasound biomicroscope in the goggle state and the imaging characteristics of caanlicular ultrasound biomicroscopy were obtained.The length of the vertical canaliculus,the distal,middle,proximal anteroposterior diameter of the vertical canaliculus,the distal,middle,proximal anteroposterior diameter and vertical diameter of the horizontal canaliculus were measured.According to elliptical area formula S =πab (a =1/2 anteroposterior diameter,b =1/2 vertical diameter)the distal,middle,proximal transverse erea of the horizontal canaliculus were caculated.The differences among age groups and those among distal,middle,proximal measurements were compared by One-way ANOVA analysis.The measurements of canaliculus between male and female were analyzed using t test.Results Eighty volunteers (80 eyes) participated in the study,6 eyes were failed to be imaged,the success rate was 92.5％ (74/80).The length of vertical canaliculus of superior canaliculus were (2.10 ±0.12)mm,of inferior canaliculus were (2.08 ±0.10)mm.The proximal,middle,distal anteroposterior diameter of the vertical part of superior canaliculus respectively were (0.24±0.05) nun,(0.28 ± 0.05) mm,(0.33 ± 0.04) mm(F =16.315,P =0.000),of inferior analiculus were (0.23 + 0.04 ) mm,( 0.28 ± 0.06 ) mm,( 0.32± 0.05 ) mm ( F=17.570,P =0.000 ).The proximal,middle,distal transverse erea of the horizontal part of superior canaliculus respectly were ( 0.77 +0.13) mm2,(0.62 ±0.13) mm2,(0.48 ±0.11 )mm2(F=22.970,P=0.000),of inferior canaliculus were (0.79 ± 0.11 ) mm2,( 0.63 ± 0.08 ) mm2,( 0.48 ± 0.09 ) hm-2 ( F =21.45,P =0.000) ).There was no significant difference of the canaliculus measurements between male and female(t =0.105-0.487,P ＞0.05 ).No significant differences were found among age groups (F=0.142-3.954,P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion It is practicable to measure the normal canaliculus in vivo with UBM.

The 17th National Ophthalmology Academic Conference and the 7th Topcon Cup Ophthalmology Photo Exhibition were co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology and Beijing Topcon Trading Co., Ltd. Picture collection requirements: (1) There is no limit to the number of contributions submitted by each contributor, and the work can be a single photo, a group of medical record photos, or multiple independent medical records; (2) The picture format is required to be jpg format, and the image must be clear; (3) Each picture is required to be accompanied by a name and text description; (4) As long as the picture content is related to ophthalmology, it can be typical diseases, rare diseases or photos with unique perspectives, and the shooting instruments are not limited; (5) Contributors should indicate their real names, work units and contact information; (6) The deadline for submission is July 20, 2012; (7) Submission Email: topcon_reed@topcon.com.cn. The exhibited pictures will be comprehensively evaluated by the expert jury, and 10 special recommendation awards will be selected by the expert jury, which will be awarded the certificate and award for outstanding works of the 7th Tuopukang Cup Ophthalmology Photo Exhibition of the 17th National Ophthalmology Academic Conference. The winning pictures will be published in the "Picture Essence" column of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology.

Conjunctivalochalasis is a common age-related ocular surface disease in the elderly. With the accelerating aging of the population, the number of people with conjunctiva relaxation will increase day by day. Severe conjunctival relaxation requires surgical treatment. In order to standardize the surgical treatment plan and prevent iatrogenic ocular surface damage, Professor Zhang Xingru combined his more than 10-year research results on surgical treatment of this disease (including key technologies such as indications for surgical treatment, standardized surgical operation, prevention and treatment of surgical complications) with literature and materials to make a CD. After auditing by authoritative domestic experts such as Chen Jiaqi, Chu Renyuan, Xie Lixin, Liu Guoguo and Yao Ke, it was listed as the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" key audio-visual publication planning project No.150. The video material (DVD) of "Surgical Treatment of Conjunctival Relaxation" was edited and published by China Medical Electronic Audio-visual Publishing House.

The book "In vivo confocal microscope of ocular surface" (edited by Professor Xu Jianjiang), one of the "Application Series of New Ophthalmology Technologies" edited by Professor Sun Xinghuai of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, has been officially published by Fudan University Press. In vivo confocal microscope of ocular surface is a new type of high precision and high magnification microscope which has appeared in recent years. As an auxiliary diagnostic device with strong clinical practice, ocular surface confocal microscope can observe the corneal and conjunctival tissues in vivo in non-invasive, real-time dynamic and four-dimensional (three-dimensional + time), and can observe the relationship between various layers of tissues. Therefore, it has been widely paid attention by clinicians and scientific researchers. With the support of the key clinical discipline project under the Ministry of Health, the author summarized the patient data and pictures collected in this hospital in recent years, and focused on the application of in vivo confocal microscope in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of corneal and other ocular surface diseases in a pictorial way, which is suitable for physicians and graduate students.

Clinical Pharmacology of Ophthalmology (2nd edition) edited by researcher Chen Zuji of Henan Institute of Ophthalmology has been published by Chemical Industry Press. This book is a comprehensive and systematic reference book on ophthalmic pharmacology and ophthalmic pharmacotherapeutics. In the second edition of the commonly used drugs in ophthalmology, the varieties that are rarely used or basically not used in ophthalmology at present are compressed and deleted, and the new varieties that are currently used in clinical use are added as much as possible, and the contents of each chapter are supplemented and updated; The chapter on drug treatment of common eye diseases has added five chapters, such as drug treatment of neovascular eye diseases, uveitis and myopia, gene therapy of ophthalmic diseases and application of botulinum toxin in ophthalmology. The other chapters have also been updated and supplemented, and some have been completely rewritten. The contents rich, novel and practical clinical medication experience is presented to readers, which makes it more reference value and practical for ophthalmology clinical treatment.

Shantou University, Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shantou International Eye Center were established on June 28th, 2002, with a donation of 70 million yuan by Mr. Li Ka-shing. It is a non-profit tertiary eye hospital integrating medical treatment, teaching, scientific research and blindness prevention, a medical and health institution directly under Guangdong Provincial Department of Health, the Fifth Clinical College of Shantou University School of Medicine, the Evidence-based Medicine Ophthalmology Research Center of Shantou University School of Medicine and Shantou Eye Bank. The center covers an area of more than 6,000 square meters, with 180 beds, 9 modern operating rooms and 10 basic research rooms. In the past ten years, Shantou International Ophthalmology Center has pursued excellence and sincere service for the purpose of constantly advancing towards the development goal of international excellent ophthalmology center!

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358-1982 (Statistical Nouns and Symbols), all statistical symbols are typeset in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is in English lowercase (median is in elbow); (2) Standard deviation is in English lowercase s; (3) Standard misuse of English lowercase sx; (4) t test is in English lowercase t; (5) F test is in English capital F; (6) Chi-square test is in Greek lowercase χ ^2; (7) The correlation coefficient is lowercase r in English; (8) Degrees of freedom are lowercase v in Hiven; (9) The probability should be capitalized P in English (specific test values should be given before the P value, such as t value, χ ^2 value, q value, etc.

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists in China. The current editor-in-chief Zhao Kanxing and the editorial director Huang Yibin. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad. China Standard Issue Number: ISSN 0412-4081, CN11-2142/R; Postal Code: 2-60; National map code: M93. Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology has always implemented the principles and policies of the Party and the state on health work, implemented the principle of combining theory with practice, popularization and improvement, reported the major progress and innovative achievements of clinical and scientific research in ophthalmology in China, and promoted academic exchanges in ophthalmology at home and abroad. This journal is arranged according to international standards, and printed with English copyright pages, contents, abstracts, etc. All the accepted manuscripts are published and distributed in three forms: periodical paper carrier, CD-ROM version and information network dissemination. We regularly exchange magazines with more than 30 countries and regions such as the United States, Britain and Japan.

The patient was a 17-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital with "conjunctival mass in the corner of the left eye" on October 7, 2008 due to white fleshy object in the corner of the left eye for more than 2 months, accompanied by photophobia and lacrimation. The patient Bai You had a history of ultraviolet allergy, no history of trauma or eye surgery, and no history of systemic tumor. Ophthalmological examination: visual acuity in the eye 0.15, corrected visual acuity in the small hole 0.5, visual acuity in the left eye 0.25, corrected visual acuity in the small hole 0.6, intraocular pressure: 15.1 mm Hg in the right eye (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa), 16.8 mm Hg in the left eye.

The patient was a 28-year-old female. She came to see the doctor in July 2010 because of neobiosis of the left conjunctiva with bleeding, pain and foreign body sensation. One month ago, she was diagnosed as "left conjunctival papilloma" in the ophthalmology department of a hospital. The outpatient underwent neobiectomy of the left conjunctiva. The pathological examination results showed that conjunctival dermoid tumor. The neobiosis recurred after one week, so the hospital was admitted to the hospital with "left conjunctival neobiosis", and the left conjunctival neobiectomy was performed again. The pathological examination showed that conjunctival inflammatory granuloma was performed. After the patient was discharged from the hospital, the left eye had been painful and foreign body sensation, so she came to our department for treatment. The outpatient was admitted to the hospital with "left conjunctival neobiosis; left conjunctival and scleral ulcer" (Figure 1). The patient was in good health and denied a history of hypertension, coronary heart disease and diabetes; History of sulfonamide allergy.

A 53-year-old female patient had blurred vision in her left eye since childhood, which was aggravated for 1 month. She went to Xiamen Eye Center on January 5, 2012. She denied having a history of hypertension before. Systemic physical examination: blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa). Ocular examination: visual acuity in left eye was 0.4, which could not be corrected; Intraocular pressure normal; The external eye, cornea, anterior chamber and pupil were normal, and the lens was transparent; The fundus condition is shown in the essence pictures 1 and 2. Clinical diagnosis: congenital fundus vascular abnormality in the left eye; Macular edema of the left eye.

A 42-year-old male came to Zhangjiakou Eye Hospital of Hebei Province on September 2, 2011 due to blurred vision and deformation of his right eye for 1 month. There was no history of similar diseases and genetic diseases during his home trip, and no past history. Ocular examination: the best corrected visual acuity was 0.4 for the right eye and 0.8 for the left eye; there was no obvious abnormality in both external heel eyes and anterior segment examination; Fundus conditions are shown in Quintessence Pictures 1A and 1B. Fluorescein fundus angiography is shown in Quintessence Pictures 2A and 2B.

As a serious complication of diabetes mellitus,diabetic retinopathy(DR) is one of the major causes of blindness,and its prevalence has been increasing worldwide.Therefore,there is an urgent need to figure out the mechanism of DR and identify an effective therapeutic target to prevent it.Autophagy is a major catabolic pathway involved in degrading and recycling damaged organelles and macromolecules to maintain intracellular homeostasis.The study of autophagy in mammalian systems is advancing rapidly and has revealed that it is involved in the pathogenesis of various metabolic and age-related diseases.The role of autophagy in such diseases as tumors,diabetic nephropathy( DN ),age-related macular degeneration( AMD),etc,is currently under intense investigation.And there's a close relationship between autophagy and DR related factors as well including nutrient stress,oxidative stress,hypoxia,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and so on.

Paraneoplastic retinopathy ( PR ) mainly includes cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) and melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR).Emerging evidences indicate that PR is mediated by immune cross-reaction between circulating antibodies originally generated against remote tumor with antigens expressed on retinal neurons.It is believed that CAR is a consequence of the autoantibodies against the photoreceptors and MAR is the autoantibodies against the retinal ON-bipolar cells.Recoverin autoantibody in serum is closely related to the pathogenesis of CAR,and the inactivation of TRPM1 channel plays a key role in dysfunction of ON-bipolar cells in MAR.PR is characterized by visual dysfunctions,including decreased vision,night blindness, shimmering or flickering, and abnormalities of symbolic electroretinogram appearances.Based on the history of tumors,ophthalmic symptoms,and existance of circulating antibodies,it is easy to make a diagnosis of PR. Immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids may improve the visual dysfuctions in PR subjects.

The possible mechanism of myopia remains controversial while gene and environment are two generally acknowledged factors underlie the development of human myopia. Nearwork which is a primary,environmentally based factor in the development and progression of permanent myopia ( PM ) may take effect via nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM). In this review,the definition,measuring procedure and relative evaluation parameters of NITM as well as its characteristics,methods for reducing NITM and its possible mechanisms reported in the literature will be summarized.

Pathological corneal neovascularization is an important reason of visual impairment.Research outcomes showed that angiogenesis mechanism is similar in all the tissues of the body and photodynamic therapy demostrate a useful effect in blocking tumor and choroidal neovascularization.This method is currently being tried for the treatment of corneal neovascularization.This paper will review the research status of photodynamic therapy in corneal neovascularization using various photosensitizers.

Blepharitis is a general term for blepharitis, including inflammation of eyelid margin surface, eyelash hair follicle and gland tissues. It is one of the most common eye diseases, generally subacute or chronic inflammation, so it is also called chronic blepharitis [1]. Because some blepharitis patients have mild symptoms and "subclinical" manifestations, and the clinical manifestations of blepharitis-related keratoconjunctival lesions are easy to be confused with other diseases, the disease has been easily ignored or misdiagnosed in clinic for a long time, which also leads to the blindness of blepharitis treatment.

Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology is a professional academic journal of ophthalmology sponsored by Chinese Medical Association. It targets ophthalmologists as the main readers, reporting leading scientific research achievements, clinical diagnosis and treatment experience in the field of ophthalmology, and basic theoretical research that has a guiding role in ophthalmology clinics and is closely integrated with ophthalmology clinics. The purpose of this journal is to implement the principles and policies of the Party and the state on health work, implement the principle of combining theory with practice, popularization and improvement, reflect the significant progress of clinical and scientific research in ophthalmology in China, and promote academic exchanges in ophthalmology at home and abroad.