Volume 48 · Issue 03 · 2012

The outcomes from China Nine-Province Survey shows that the prevention of blindness in China have got some achievements,however,the status of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment is still serious.The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment in some remote areas is higher than the national average level.The major cause of blindness and visual impairment is cataract,however,retinal diseases are found to be the second major cause,which reflects both characteristics of blindness in the developed and developing countries.The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment are 1.93％ and 5.31％ respectively,however,the cataract surgery coverage rate is only 35.7％.These figures shows that prevention of blindness is still an arduous task and embark on a long road in China.The priority for prevention of blindness should be cataract-related blindness and visual impairment at present.Meanwhile,we should begin to conduct the prevention of the retinal diseases.

Molecular epidemiology is a new branch of eye epidemiology that combines theories and methods in both epidemiology and molecular biology.The definition of molecular epidemiology is to use biological and,in particular,genetic markers (nucleic acid,protein ) as measures for detecting the propensity of a disease developing,or as an indicator of a disease or an exposure in the studies of disease distribution.Molecular epidemiology has the same objectives as conventional ophthalmic epidemiology in a defined population.The main designs used in ophthalmic molecular epidemiology include descriptive study,case control study,and nested case control study.Currently,molecular experimental techniques mainly include single nucleotide polymorphism,ELISA,protein and mRNA array,microRNA and the study of epigenetic markers.Gene susceptibility biomarker is one of the most commonly used molecular markers.The findings of ophthalmic molecular epidemiology studies can be used to design personalized therapy.Undoubtedly,ophthalmic molecular epidemiology will evolve and develop in the new era for the prevention and control of complex eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration,cataract,glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy.

Objective To assess the prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment among adults aged 50 years or above in the Shunyi district of Beijing,China.Methods It was a population-based cross-section study.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in 5840 randomly selected individuals aged ≥ 50 years in 28 clusters in the Shunyi district from April to August 2006.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out.All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0.Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of age,gender and education with presenting and best corrected visual acuity.Results Five thousands eight hundreds and forty individuals were recruited and 5118 persons were examined,the response rate was 87.64％.Based on the criteria of World Health Organization visual impairment classification in 1973,57 persons were diagnosed as blindness,160 persons were diagnosed as moderate and severe visual impairment defined as best corrected visual acuity,the prevalence of bhndness and moderate and severe visual impairment were 1.11％ and 3.12％ respectively.Sixty-five persons were diagnosed as blindness,428 persons were diagnosed as moderate and severe visual impairment defined as presenting visual acuity,the prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment were 1.27％and 8.36％ respectively.The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment was higher in aged ( trend x2 =784.23,P =0.000 ),female ( x2 =28.35,P =0.000 ),and illiterate persons ( trend x2 =397.13,P =0.000).Cataract was still the first leading cause of blindness and visual impairment,the retinal diseases was the second.Un-corrected refractive error also was the main cause of visual impairment.Conclusions The prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment has been decreasing among older adults aged 50 years or above in the Shunyi district since 1996.The first leading cause of blindness and visual impairment is still cataract.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of blindness and low vision among older adults aged ≥50 years in Qidong City of Jiangsu Province,China,in 2006.Methods Cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting 5662 individuals aged ≥50 years from September to December 2006 in 16 clusters in Qidong City.The survey was preceded by a pilot study where operational methods were refined and quality assurance evaluation was carried out. All participants were enumerated through village registers followed door-to-door visits.Eligible individuals were invited to receive visual acuity measurement and eye examination.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0.Chi-square test was used to investigate the association of age,gender and education with presenting and best corrected visual acuity.Results Five thousands six hundreds and sixty-two individuals were recruited,the response rate was 90.80％. Based on the criteria of World Health Organization visual impairment classification in 1973,91 persons were diagnosed as blindness,175 persons were diagnosed as moderate and severe visual impairment defined as best corrected visual acuity,the prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment were 1.77％ and 3.40％ respectively.One hundred and thirteen persons were diagnosed as blindness,354 persons were diagnosed as moderate and severe visual impairment defined as presenting visual acuity,the prevalence of blindness and moderate and severe visual impairment were 2.20％ and 6.89％ respectively.The prevalence of blindness and moderate and sever visual impairment was higher in aged( trend x2 =825.16,P =0.000 ),female ( x2 =19.85,P =0.001 ),and illiterate persons ( trend x2 =329.85,P =0.000).The leading cause of blindness was cataract.Conclusions Blindness and low vision are associated with older age and illiterates in Qidong City.According to presenting visual acuity,the causes leading to blindness and low vision are,in descending order,cataract,ocular fundus disease,refractive error and cornea disease.

Objective To assess the prevalence of cataract,the outcomes of cataract surgery,the rate of cataract surgical coverage,and the rate of cataract blindness social burden.Methods Cluster sampling was used in 5118 randomly selected individuals aged ≥50 years in the Shunyi district of Beijing from April to August 2006.All individuals were received visual acuity and eye examination,including the evaluation of lens status and cataract surgical status by slit lamp biomicroscopy.Data bank was established by Epi-info Software.Statistical analyses were performed using Stata/SE Statistical Software,release 9.0 ( Stata Corp,College Station,TX).Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to analyzed the prevalence of cataract,cataract surgical coverage rate,cataract blindness social burden rate and outcomes of surgery among different ages,sex and educational background.Results In 5118 individuals,797 cases of cataract were found,the prevalence of cataract was 15.57％ among adults aged 50 or above.The prevalence of cataract was higher in the aged,female,illiterate persons ( P ＜ 0.01 ).In 189 eyes with cataract surgery,65.08％ and 23.28％ of eyes were performed by the modern extra-capsular surgery and phocoemusification respectively.The rate of intraocular lens implantation was 89.42％.Post-operative presenting and best corrected visual acuity more than 0.7 was 30.16％ and 61.38％ of operated eyes respectively.The main causes of the post-operated eyes with worse visual acuity were post-capsular opacity and refractive error.The cataract surgical coverage rate was 62.22％,and the cataract blindness social burden rate was 2.64％.The cataract surgical rate was lower and cataract blindness social burden rate was higher in the aged persons (P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Cataract is the most common eye disease that may lead into blindness and severe visual impairment among older adults aged equal or more than 50 years.The cataract surgical coverage rate is high in the Shunyi district,but still is lower in the aged persons.The visual outcomes of the surgery should be further improved in the future.

Objective To estimate the prevalence of cataract,the rate of cataract surgical coverage rate,and the rate of cataract-blindness social burden among older adults aged 50 years or above in Qidong City of Jiangsu Province,China,in 2006.Methods Cluster sampling was used in randomly selected 5662 individuals aged 50 years or above in 16 clusters in Qidong City.5141 individuals received visual acuity and eye examination from September to December 2006.Lens and cataract operation status were evaluated by slit lamp.Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to analyed the prevalence of cataract,cataract surgical coverage rate,cataract blindness social burden rate and outcomes of surgery among different ages,sex and educational background. Results In 5141 individuals,1098 cases of cataract were found,the prevalence of cataract was 21.35％ among adults aged 50 or above.The prevalence of cataract was higher in the aged,female,illiterate persons ( P ＜ 0.01 ).In 89 eyes with cataract surgery,25.84％ and 42.70％ of eyes were performed by the modern extra-capsular surgery and phocoemusification respectively.The rate of intraocular lens implantation was 69.66％.Post-operative presenting and best corrected visual acuity more than 0.7 was 24.70％ and 48.31％ of operated eyes respectively.The main causes of the post-operated eyes with worse visual acuity were retinal disorders post-capsular opacity and glaucoma.The cataract surgical coverage rate was 37.96％,and the cataract blindness social burden rate was 2.10％.The cataract blindness social burden rate was higher in the aged persons ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions Cataract is the most common and important eye disease that may lead into blindness and severe visual impairment among older adults aged 50 years or above.The cataract surgical coverage rate is not so high in Qidong City,and even lower in the aged persons.The first important task in blindness prevention still is the elimination of cataract blindness.The visual outcomes of the cataract surgery should be further improved in the future.

Objective To describe the prevalence of visual impairment/blindness among older adults aged ≥50 years in rural populations in Shandong Province,China.Methods Population-based,crosssectional study was designed in this survey.Three counties and one suburbs representative of the different levels of socioeconomic development were selected as the study areas within the province from April to July 2008.Geographically defined cluster sampling was used in randomly selecting a cross-section of residents aged ≥50 years from each county.Eligible persons were invited to local examination sites for visual acuity (VA) testing and eye examination.Those presenting with VA ≤0.5 in either eye were refracted to achieve best-corrected VA.x2-test was used to compare the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the different groups.Multiple logistic regressions were used to investigate the association of age,gender,education,and county with presenting and best-corrected visual impairment and blindness.Adjusted odds ratio was used to compare the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the different counties.Results Of 19 583 enumerated eligible persons,17 816(90.98％ ) were examined and tested for VA.The prevalence of presenting visual impairment (0.05- ＜ 0.3 ) in the better-seeing eye was 7.01％ ( the age-standardized rate was 6.56％ ) and presenting blindness ( ＜ 0.05 ) was 1.58％ ( the age-standardized rate was 1.48％ ).Across the 4 counties,presenting visual impairment ranged from 4.51％ to 8.65 ％,and presenting blindness from 1.35％ to 1.77％.With best-corrected VA,the prevalence of visual impairment was 3.66％ ( the agestandardized rate was 3.38％ ),and 1.33％ for blindness ( the age-standardized rate was 1.24％ ).The ranges across the 4 counties were 2.63％ to 4.38％ for visual impairment and 1.06％-1.54％ for blindness.The prevalence of visual impairment with presenting VA was higher than that with best-corrected VA ( x2 =201.262,P =0.000).There was no significant difference between the prevalence of blindness with presenting VA and that with best-corrected VA( x2 =0.117,P =0.732).Based on both presenting and bestcorrected VA,visual impairment and blindness were associated with older age,female gender,lack of education,and county (P ≤0.05 ).Conclusions Visual impairment and blindness are important public health problems in rural older adults aged ≥50 years in Shandong Province.Un-corrected refractive error is one of the main causes of visual impairment.

Objective To assess the regulation of antigen specific Th17 cells differentiation in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU).Methods A randomized controlled trials research.EAU model was made through subcutaneous injection of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein(IRBP) at backs and bellies.Mouse splenic CD4 + T cells were collected on the fourteenth day and cultured in vitro in the cell culture plates containing IRBP antigen for 72 hours under different conditions:control group,TGF-β group,IL-6 group,IL-23 group,TGF-β + IL-6 group,TGF-β + IL-6 + IL-23 group,IL-27 group,all transretinoic acid (ATRA) group.Cells and the clear liquid were collected.Then Thl7 cells,IL-17 and other cells,cytokines were assessed by flow cytometry and ELISA.All data were analyzed by Student's t test.Results Flow cytometric detection and ELISA experimental results showed:IRBP polypeptide alone mainly induced Th17and Th1 response.Addition of TGF-β and IL-6 induced the differentiation of antigen specific Th17 cells.Percentage of Th 17 cells increased from 7.55％ to 13.08％ ( t =- 2.842,P =0.048 ),and the concentration of IL-17 in cell culture fluid increased from 50.66 μ.g/L to 164.12 μg/L(t =-9.493,P =0.009).Percentage of Thl cells reduced fron 6.33％ to 3.43％ ( t =6.059,P =0.004).Percentage of Treg cells reduced from 4.96％ to 1.52％ ( t =5.683,P =0.005 ) ; Furthermore,addition of IL-23 could enhance Th17 cells differentiation induced by TGF-β and IL-6.Compared with IRBP polypeptide alone group,percentage of Th17 cells increased from 7.55％ to 18.37％ ( t =- 3.329,P =0.029 ),and percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells reduced obviously( t =7.410,P =0.002; t =- 3.863,P =0.018 ).While IL-27 suppressed the differentiation of Th17 cells.Percentage of Th17 cells reduced from 7.55％ to 1.92％ ( t =4.425,P =0.041 ),while percentage of Treg cells increased from 4.96％ to 9.98％ ( t =- 5.073,P =0.015 ) ; In ATRA group,percentage of Th 17 cells reduced from 7.55 ％ to 4.06％ ( t =2.163,P =0.099 ).Conclusions Antigen specific Th17 differentiation is distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells.TGF-β,IL-6 and IL-23 are the factors responsible for promoting the differentiation and development of Th17 subset,whereas IL-27 has inhibitory effects.

Objective To determine the interaction of susceptibility genes in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Chinese case-control cohort.Methods It was a case-control study.Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previousely genotyped in cases with exudative AMD and control indivisuals,including complement factor H (CFH) non-coding variant rs1410996,CFH rs1061170(Y402H),LOC387715 rs10490924,C3 rs2230199 ( R102G),C3 rs1047286 ( P314L),and HTRA1rs11200638,were selected for analyzing the interactions among susceptibility genes.The numerical data were examined by Student t test.The genotype distributions between cases and controls were compared using the x2 test.Genetic interactions were examined using logistic regression model and synergy index (SI) value based on crossover analysis table.Results A total of 150 cases with exudative AMD (88 male,62 female)and 161 control individuals (84 male,77 female) were included in this study.There was no significant difference in age (t =0.91,P =0.37) or gender (x2 =1.32,P =0.25 ) between the A MD cases and the controls.SNPs associated with the risk of exudative AMD included CFH non-coding variant rs1410996(x2 =17.83,P＜0.05),LOC387715 ra10490924 (x2 =17.71,P＜0.05) and HTRA1 rs11200138(x2 =2.77,P ＜ 0.05 ).No interaction was observed between CFH rsl410996 and LOC387715 rs10490924 ( logistic regression,P =0.41 ; SI =1.04,P =0.45 ) or between CFH rs1410996 and HTRA1 rs11200138 ( logistic regression,P =0.91 ; SI =1.42,P =0.17 ).Conclusion The data suggest that LOC387715rs10490924 / HTRA1 rs11200138 and CFH rs1410996 are independently associated with the risk of exudative AMD in Chinese.

Objective To identify the correlation between serum-based differentially expressed proteins and pathological myopia. Methods It was a case-control study.The serum of 30 pathological myopia patients and 30 age- and gender-matched normal controls were collected from Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University. These patients were divided into 4 groups including macular-off retinal detachment (8 cases),retinal geographic atrophy (5 cases),macular hole (11 cases)and choroidal neovascular (6 cases).The serum specimens of normal controls were used as immunogen to immune rabbits in order to prepare polyclonal antibodies. Purified by Protein A cartridge,these mixed antibodies were then combined with CNBr-activated Sepharose so as to synthesize affinity medium which was finally used to treat the serum specimens. According to the theory of antigen and antibody,common background proteins would be deleted.The remaining non-binding proteins were analyzed by capillary highperformance hquid chromatography and LTQ-MASS.Nonparametric statistical analysis was used to detect the correlation between each differentially expressed protein.Results The result of HPLC and LTQ-MASS in 30 specimens of patients revealed 4 peaks of differentially expressed proteins including TTR ( positive in 18 specimens,60％ ),HP( positive in 11 specimens,36.7％ ),HPX ( positive in 10 specimens,33.3％ ),APO(positive in 8 specimens,26.7％ ).There were positive correlations between these 4 proteins (the correlation between TTR and HP,HPX,APO is r =0.480,0.577,0.492 ; the correlation between HP and TTR,HPX,APO is r =0.480,0.783,0.636 ; the correlation between HPX and TTR,HP,APO is r =0.577,0.783,0.853 ; the correlation between APO and TTR,HP,HPX is r =0.492,0.636,0.853 ; P ＜0.05 ).In group of macular hole,TTR was positive expressed in 7 specimens while other differential proteins were low expression.In group of choroidal neovascular,TTR and HP were positive expressed in 6 specimens while HPX was significantly high in 5 specimens. In other two groups,the expression of 4 differential proteins was rather low. Conclusions Screening molecular biomarkers by serum-based proteomics can efficiently exclude common proteins and find differential proteins correlated with pathological myopia.These differential proteins may become molecular biomarks of pathological myopia in the future.

The first "International Symposium on Ophthalmology Clinical Trials and Research" in China was successfully held at Songjiang International Conference Center, First Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University from December 1 to 3, 2011. The conference was appointed by The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) by The American Council for Continuing Medical Education and supported by The National Institute of Ophthalmology, jointly organized by ARVO, The Institute of Advanced Training of The State Food and Drug Administration, Shanghai Food and Drug Administration and Shanghai Jiaotong University, and organized by The Department of Ophthalmology of The First Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University.

Objective In order to find an ideal method to reconstruct the upper eyelid defect resulted from trauma or inflammation,we explored the possibility of using forehead skin flap with the base at the supraorbital artery region and combined with free mucous membrane transplanting.Methods This article was a retrospective case series analysis.Nine cases of upper eyelid defect have been collected from September 2003 to July 2008 in Tongji Hospital,Huazhong University of Science and Technology.We designed a forehead skin flap with the base at the opposite side supraorbital artery region transferring from the subcutaneous tunnel and combined with free mucous membrane transplanting to reconstruct the defected eyelid.We also made a forehead muscle in auxiliary to achieve upper eyelid elevating function.We followed up 1 to 5 years by Clinical observation and questionnaire survey from fuction,appearance and patient satisfaction.Results All of these nine forehead skin flaps were survived.These flaps had stable blood supply,similar texture and color as well as fine feeling.The postoperative complications included 1 case of upper eyelid dysraphism,1 case of skin hypertrophy,2 cases of pedicle overstaffed,all these complications have been repaired in half a year after the operation.We followed up 1 to 5 years,every patient had got a good repair effect.Conclusion The forehead skin flap with the base at the supraorbital artery region is an ideal flap supply for repairing upper eyelid defect.

A 7-year-old male was seen in the outpatient clinic of Beijing Tongren Eye Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital of Capital Medical University on January 11, 2010 due to skin herpes on the right forehead, face and eyelid, accompanied by red eyes and visual loss for more than 2 months. Two months ago, the child suddenly suffered from red eyes and foreign body sensation without obvious trigger, accompanied by cold symptoms such as cough, and was diagnosed as pneumonia in the local hospital. After 3 days of antibiotic infusion treatment, the systemic symptoms were relieved, but the right eye was not treated. About 20 days later, the skin on the right forehead, top of the head, eyelid, dorsum of the nose and tip of the nose appeared blister-like changes, accompanied by pain, the skin lesions did not exceed the midline, and the visual loss appeared on the basis of red eyes and foreign body sensation. The local hospital diagnosed herpes zoster in the right eye, and was given acyclovir oral and ganciclovir ophthalmic gel once/d, recombinant epidermal growth factor 4 times/d, and compound tropicamide eye drops 3 times/d. After 1.5 months of treatment, the ocular lesions did not improve. The family members of the child denied that the child had chickenpox and a history of contact with chickenpox.

Corneal carcinoma in situ, also known as corneal intraepithelial tumor or Bowen's disease, is more common in middle-aged and elderly men. It is an epithelioid tumor with monocular onset and slow course. A male patient was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology of Wuhan University People's Hospital. After histopathological examination, he was diagnosed as "corneal carcinoma in situ", which is reported as follows. The patient was a 55-year-old man. He went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Wuhan University People's Hospital on September 20, 2010 due to recurrence of his left eye for 5 days after corneal neobiectomy. He was diagnosed as corneal carcinoma in situ in another hospital and underwent corneal neobiectomy four times. After admission to the hospital, eye examination: left eye visual acuity: 0 6, intraocular pressure: 11.2 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa), slit lamp microscopy: bulbar conjunctiva is slightly congested, and a jelly-like new organism with a size of about 5 mm ×3 mm can be seen at the limbus of the cornea from 11 o'clock to 1 o'clock above. It is slightly raised and pink with clear boundaries. A small number of "pine needle"-like new blood vessels can be seen on the surface of the new organism, and there are scattered corneal degeneration at 4 o'clock and 9 o'clock of the cornea (Figure 1).

A 28-year-old male patient was hospitalized in the Affiliated Ophthalmology Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College on June 28, 2010 due to decreased visual acuity and eye pain for 8 hours after his right eye was injured by a "grinding wheel sheet". He had no other ophthalmic diseases or family history in the past. No obvious abnormalities were found in the physical examination. Ophthalmological examination: light perception in the right eye, 0.8 in the left eye; Tn-1 measured by the finger of intraocular pressure in the eye; mild conjunctiva congestion in the right eye, tongue-shaped full-thickness laceration about 8 mm long in the pupil margin area below the temporal cornea, several mud-like foreign bodies attached to the wound, the anterior chamber disappeared, scattered hematology, part of the lens cortex overflowed the anterior chamber, the pupil was less round, about 4 mm in size, the light reflection was dull, the lens was opaque, and the rest of the structures were unclear (Figure IA). No obvious abnormalities were found in the left eye; CT examination: foreign body in the right eyeball (Figure 1B). Preliminary diagnosis: penetrating corneal injury of right eye, traumatic cataract of right eye, foreign body in the right eyeball. Debridement and suture of penetrating corneal injury of right eye were performed in the emergency department that night, and clindamycin 0.6 g plus dexamethasone 5 mg were infused intravenously twice a day. Locally, levofloxacin eye drops were administered every 2 hours, tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drops were administered every 2 hours, and diclofenac sodium eye drops were administered every 2 hours.

The patient was a 20-year-old male who went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University on November 4, 2009 due to discomfort in the left eye with red eye for 1 year, "smallening" of the left eye and tumor growth for 3 months. The patient denied chronic eye inflammation and contact lens wearing history, eye trauma and surgery history. There was no relevant medical history and genetic history among family members. Ophthalmological examination: visual acuity of both eyes was 1.0, and no abnormalities were found in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.

The patient was a 12-year-old female who came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Harbin 242 Hospital for exotropy of her left eye since childhood. He denied the past history of ophthalmic diseases and systemic diseases, the history of ophthalmic diseases of immediate family members, the history of rubella and other diseases during her mother's pregnancy, and the history of smoking a lot during her mother's pregnancy. The intraocular pressure was 12.7 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0 133 kPa) in the right eye and 12.5 mm Hg in the left eye. The right eye was orthogonal in the first eye position, the left eye was exotropic 15°, and nystagmus was observed. No abnormalities were observed in the anterior segment of both eyes, the vitreous body was transparent, and the essence picture 1 was seen in both eyes.

The subject was a 36-year-old male. The pupil was fully dilated, and the suspensory ligament of the lens was photographed between the ciliary process of the iris and the lens with a Canon BQ900 camera (Quintessential Picture 1). To photograph the suspensory ligament of the lens clearly, the following points should be paid attention to: (1) The pupil was fully dilated until the suspensory ligament of the lens was completely exposed; (2) When shooting, the light band is projected between the lens and the iris from the side, so as to fully illuminate the lens suspensory ligament. Because the lens suspensory ligament is extremely fine, the background light needs to be reduced, and the dark chamber effect in the vitreous cavity can be used when projected from the side, so that the tiny lens suspensory ligament can be clearly displayed in contrast; (3) Focusing should be accurate; (4) Avoid the reflection of the anterior tissue structure of the eyeball, such as the cornea, sclera and lens can produce light, resulting in the appearance of halo. Proper adjustment of the direction of illumination light can avoid the appearance of halo.

Preferred retinal locus (PRL) is always found in the age-related macular degeneration and other macular damages in patients with low vision,and it is a very important anatomic position in patients with central vision impairment to achieve the rehabilitation.In recent years,the training of preferred retinal locus (PRL) has become a research hotspot of low vision rehabilitation,it can clearly improve functional vision and quality of life. The authors reviewed relevant literatures, and summarized the definition,position,characteristics,training and clinical implications of the PRL.

Dry eye is a common disease in the ophthalmological clinic,which is related to the dysfunction of tear film.The tear film is composed of lipid layer,aqueous layer and mucin layer (or lipid layer,aqueous/mucin layer).The lipid of the outmost layer derived from Meibomian gland and distributed on the tear film after blinking can decrease the evaporation and stabilize the tear film. The thickness,quality,and distribution of lipid layer are impaired in many dry eye patients,hence restoring the physiological function of lipid layer may be crucial for the treatment of this kind of dry eye.The lipid artificial tears manifest great effects on increasing lipid layer thickness,stabilizing tear film,improving Meibomian gland dysfunction,and promoting tear film distribution.

When eyeball fixes targets,it will produce one frequent and regular movement which is difficult to detect.Such movements is called fixation eye motion.This motion can be further divided into drift,tremor and microsaccades.In recent years,research in this field is strikingly increasing.Due to the significant role on the control of fixation positon,maintaining continuous sense of perception,keeping bistable condition,clear vision,spatial orentation and attention,research in this field is maybe a worthwhile myopia research direction.

With the approval of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, the 12th National Academic Conference on Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases and the 4th National Conference on Corneal Refractive Surgery will be held in Chengdu from May 24 to 26, 2012. The Keratology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, West China Hospital of Sichuan University and Sichuan Medical Association, the organizers of the conference, and Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, the cooperative academic media of the conference, jointly invited domestic and foreign ophthalmologists, colleagues and ophthalmology business people to attend.

The first National Neuroophthalmology Academic Conference of Chinese Medical Association sponsored by the Neuroophthalmology Group will be held in Beijing from June 7 to 10, 2012. This conference will invite famous neuro-ophthalmology experts at home and abroad to make special introductions on neuro-ophthalmology diseases in the research fields of diagnostics, genetics, imaging, epidemiology, low vision rehabilitation, etc., and discuss neuro-ophthalmology cases. Physicians from all over the country are welcome to contribute to the conference.

The glaucoma theory and practice class organized by the Ophthalmology Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University is planned to be held in Beijing from May 10 to 13, 2012. The class was taught by a number of well-known glaucoma experts in China, covering the new progress in glaucoma diagnosis and treatment, the differentiation of glaucomatous fundus damage, the interpretation of glaucoma visual field examination, the experience and lessons of glaucoma misdiagnosis and mistreatment, the differential diagnosis of various kinds of glaucoma, the early diagnosis of iris-corneal endothelial syndrome, the common problems in glaucoma diagnosis, the misunderstanding of glaucoma drug treatment, glaucoma laser treatment, how to improve the success rate of anti-glaucoma surgery, the management of common complications and glaucoma combined surgery.

The 25th Asia-Pacific Conference on Cataract and Refractive Surgery and the 14th National Conference on Cataract will be held at Shanghai International Convention Center from May 31 to June 3, 2012. This academic conference was sponsored by the Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons, Chinese Medical Association and the Cataract Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association. The conference will invite dozens of internationally renowned experts in the field of cataract and refractive surgery at home and abroad to give lectures on the latest progress in the discipline.

Sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association, this journal was founded on October 1, 1950, and is now a monthly magazine. The editorial committee is composed of more than 100 well-known ophthalmologists across the country. Currently Editor-in-Chief Zhao Kanxing, Deputy Editors-in-Chief Wang Ningli, Sun Xinghuai, Yin Zhengqin, He Shouzhi, Yao Ke, Cui Hao, Hui Yannian, Ge Jian, Xie Lixin (Academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering), Li Xiaoxin, and Director of Editorial Department Huang Yibin. For many years, the circulation, influencing factors, total citation frequency and other indicators of this journal have been ranked first among the domestic professional journals. The papers are included in more than ten important databases at home and abroad, such as IM/MEDLINE in the United States, and are the core journals of important domestic databases such as China Institute of Scientific and Technological Information. It has won the titles of "100 Outstanding Chinese Academic Journals" and "Demonstration Project of Excellent Scientific and Technological Journals of China Association for Science and Technology" successively. It is a famous brand journal in the domestic ophthalmology community that represents the national level externally and guides academic development internally, and is a good mentor and helpful friend of ophthalmologists in China.

Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded in 1950. Over the past 60 years, it has recorded the development of ophthalmology in New China, and has become an important part of ophthalmology in China. Up to now, it has become a fine journal that represents the national level externally and guides the academic development internally.

The title should strive to be concise and eye-catching, which can accurately reflect the theme of the article. Chinese titles are generally within 20 Chinese characters, preferably without subtitles, generally without punctuation, and try not to use abbreviations. The meaning of Chinese and English titles should be consistent.

In order to improve the printing quality of the journal, this journal has been changed to CTP plate making since 2011. In order to guarantee the printing quality of the pictures after CTP plate-making, this journal makes the following requirements for the published pictures.

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358-1982 ((Statistical Nouns and Symbols), all statistical symbols are printed in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is in English lowercase (median is in M); (2) Standard deviation is in English lowercase s; (3) Standard misuse of English lowercase si; (4) £ test is in English lowercase t;

With the development and improvement of clinical diagnosis technology, the role of all kinds of ophthalmology clinical pictures in disease diagnosis has been paid more and more attention. To encourage clinical accumulation of relevant data. To promote experience exchange, improve clinical diagnosis and treatment technology, provide a new platform for academic exchange for readers, and at the same time enrich the content and form of this journal to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists. In 2012, this journal continued to open the "Picture Essence" column. The submitted pictures can be arranged according to the type of case or diagnostic technique, with relevant instructions,

The book "Keratology" co-edited by Professor Xie Lixin and Professor Shi Weiyun of Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology has been officially published by People's Medical Publishing House. The book is rich in content, with a total of 4 chapters, nearly 50 chapters, and about 1.3 million words. The first is the application basis of cornea, the second is the examination and diagnosis methods of cornea, the third is corneal diseases, and the fourth is corneal surgery and eye bank technology and management.

Clinical Pharmacology of Ophthalmology (2nd Edition), edited by researcher Chen Zuji of Henan Institute of Ophthalmology, has been published by Chemical Industry Press. This book is a comprehensive and systematic reference book on ophthalmic pharmacology and ophthalmic pharmacotherapeutics.

The book "Choroidal Neovascular Diseases", edited by Professor Wang Yusheng, Department of Ophthalmology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University and Institute of Ophthalmology, written by frontline scientific and technical personnel engaged in clinical and basic research of ophthalmology and visual science in Fourth Military Medical University, reviewed by Professor Yan, West China Ophthalmology Center, Sichuan University, and prefaced by Professor Luo Chengren, has been officially published by People's Medical Publishing House. This book includes two parts: basic research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of choroidal neovascular diseases, taking into account both advancement and practicality, and involves the basic theoretical research progress of choroidal neovascularization, prevention and treatment, related laboratory research technology, clinical examination technology and treatment methods, etc.

Conjunctivalochalasis is a common age-related ocular surface disease in the elderly. With the accelerating aging of the population, the number of people with conjunctiva relaxation will increase day by day. Severe conjunctival relaxation requires surgical treatment. In order to standardize the surgical treatment plan and prevent iatrogenic ocular surface damage, Professor Zhang Xingru combined his more than 10-year research results on surgical treatment of this disease (including key technologies such as indications for surgical treatment, standardized surgical operation, prevention and treatment of surgical complications) with literature and materials to make a CD. After auditing by authoritative domestic experts such as Chen Jiaqi, Chu Renyuan, Xie Lixin, Liu Guoguo and Yao Ke, it was listed as the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" key audio-visual publication planning project No.150. The video material (DVD) of "Surgical Treatment of Conjunctival Relaxation" was edited and published by China Medical Electronic Audio-visual Publishing House.

In order to strengthen the academic exchange of ophthalmology at home and abroad, expand the international vision of domestic ophthalmologists, and promote the integration of domestic ophthalmology with international standards as soon as possible, the Health Express Training Network (www.lxleam.com) has been specially established. The training network will serve all domestic ophthalmologists in the form of public welfare.