Volume 47 · Issue 11 · 2011

The opening of time of microsurgery by introduction of operation microscope into ophthalmic surgery rendered the coming of a new era of modem cataract surgery and vitreous surgery.However,after this time goes through half a century,telescopic loupes are still been advocated by most surgeons internationally.Is microsurgery a patent only for use in intraocular operations? Although an earliest exploration of using microscope in strabismus surgery in China was reported in the 90 s that discussed the technique of rectus ciliary vessel separation under microscope,no more followed after that.Since this century,some experts often as intraocular surgeons and some young doctors with background of microscopic training continued persistence in the exploration of microscopic strabismus surgery.During this process,the council of strabismus and pediatric ophthalmology of COS has been engaged in guiding its healthy development,unearthing its value in strabismus surgery and pursuing the raise of operation quality.This issue was hotly communicated and discussed at the 14 th national meeting of strabismus and pediatric ophthalmology held in Jinan in June,2011.This article summarized the goal and the importance of microscopic strabismus surgery and suggested the measures for the healthy development of microscopic strabismus surgery according to the current status.

Different from other types of strabismus,children with intermittent exotropia can maintain normal eye alignment and binocular vision in a long period of time.But the course of intermittent exotropia is mostly progressive,the eye position may drift outward even after surgery,so there is a certain risk of recurrence or undercorrection.These features often lead confusion to the clinicians in determining the operation time and postoperative target eye position.So how to choose the appropriate intervention time and target eye aligment is a challenge for clinicians.In this paper,we will combine the research status and clinical practice,discuss these issues,and present some point of view for the peer reference.

Objective To investigate influence of cataract morphology on quality of vision in measurement of straylight and contrast sensitivity ( CS),and to determine which type of cataract presents higher impairment of quality of vision.Methods In a cross-sectional study,76 eyes of 76 age-related cataract patients who treated in the Eye Hospital of China Medical University from February 2010 to December 2010 with a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.5 or better,were classified into 3 groups:cortical cataract group (33 eyes of 33 subjects),nuclear cataract group (20 eyes of 20 subjects),posterior cataract group (23 eyes of 23 subjects),as well as normal control group (26 eyes of 26 subjects).BCVA,CS and intraocular straylight were respectively measured with phoropter,C-Quant straylight meter and CSV1000E contrast sensitivity tester.Subjective quality of vision was examined with visual function index-14(VF-14).Results Age,BCVA,straylight levels and CS at 3,6,12 and 18 c/d were 66.1 ± 6.7,0.58 ±0.10,1.50 ±0.24,1.33 ±0.19,1.21 ±0.18,1.01 ±0.19,and 0.50 ±0.09 in the cortical group,67.6±5.0,0.62±0.11,1.46±0.11,1.38±0.19,1.28±0.19,1.09±0.18,and0.54 ±0.09 in the nuclear group,60.6 ± 7.1,0.57 ± 0.09,1.85 ± 0.26,1.11 ± 0.12,1.04 ± 0.13,0.89 ± 0.13,0.34 ±0.11 in the posterior group,and 63.9 ± 7.3,1.00 ± 0.11,1.28 ± 0.17,1.58 ± 0.19,1.72 ±0.21,1.53 ± 0.19,and 0.71 ± 0.11 in the normal eyes,respectively ( F = 9.983,F = 103.925,F =31.760,F=28.871,F=65.889,F=66.453,F=61.540; P=0.000).In SNK-q test,BCVA,levels of straylight and CS at each spatial frequency in the normal eyes were significantly different from that in cataracts of different morphologies ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; BCVA did not differ significantly for cataract of the 3 types (P ＞ 0.05); age,straylight levels and CS at each spatial frequency in posterior cataract had significant differences compared with that in cortical and nuclear cataracts ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; no significant differences were found between the cortical and nuclear cataracts (P ＞0.05).The mean visual function index-14 (VF-14)showed significantly differences ( F = 10.211,P = 0.000).When controlling for ages,there were no significant correlation between BCVA and straylight in cortical,nuclear and posterior cataracts (r =- 0.227,r = - 0.279,r = - 0.373 ; P ＞ 0.05).Correlations between BCVA and CS at 3,6,12 and 18 c/d were:r =0.569,r =0.517,r =0.500,r =0.449 (P ＜0.01) in cortical cataracts; r = 0.657,r =0.542,r = 0.513,r =0.492 (P ＜ 0.05) in nuclear cataracts; however,BCVA had no significant correlation with CS at spatial frequency any in posterior cataracts ( P ＞0.05 ).VF-14 significantly correlated with BCVA,straylight and CS in cortical and nuclear cataracts ( r = 0.670,r = - 0.740,r = 0.811,r =0.826,r=0.809,r=0.720,P＜0.01; r =0.731,r= -0.721,r=0.816,r =0.769,r=0.738,r=0.728,P ≤ 0.01 ) ; VF-14 correlated with straylight and CS ( r = - 0.910,r = 0.879,r = 0.896,r =0.874,r = 0.844 ; P ＜ 0.001 ),whereas VF-14 did not correlate with BCVA in posterior cataracts ( r =0.370,P = 0.090).Conclusions Since visual acuity could underestimate the influence of cataract morphology on quality of vision,most notably in posterior cataract,straylight and CS are sensitive,complementary to BCVA when estimating real-world quality of vision of cataracts,and should be taken into account when considering therapy and cataract surgery.

Objective To analyse mutational points of FOXL2 gene in 5 Chinese patients with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) and to predict structural changes of the mutational FOXL2 protein.So as to improve the diagnostic accuracy of this kind of disease.Methods Five milliliter samples of peripheral venous blood were collected from the patients.Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample.Three pairs of PCR primers which were used to amplify the exon of FOXL2 gene were designed.After PCR process,the products were analyzed by direct genomic sequencing.Results The same c.672_701dup30(p.Ala224_Ala234dup) heterozygous mutation was detected from two different families.c.655C ＞ T ( p.Q219X),c.370 A ＞ G ( p.K124E ) and c.858 _874dup17 ( p.P292fs ) heterozygous mutations were detected from the other 3 sporadic cases.Conclusions Two novel heterozygous mutations in FOXL2( c.370A ＞ G,c.858_874dup17)which were detected from Chinese BPES patients expand the worldwide mutational spectrum of FOXL2 gene.Being detected from two different families we confirm c.672_701dup30 heterozygous mutation as a mutation hotspot in China.

Objective To evaluate the role of vascular endothelial growth factor or hypoxia on the secretion of opticin in retinal pigment epithelium cells.Methods Human RPE cells were cultured,the third to sixth passage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were placed in 6-well culture plates at a density of 4 × 104/well.For hypoxia experiment,the cells were cultured under hypoxic condition for different times.For vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) experiment,the media was changed to DMEM containing different concentration VEGF (1,10,50,100 μg/L) for 24 h respectively.VEGF mRNA levels were determined by RT-RCR method.The protein content of opticin in RPE cells or culture media was detected by Western blot.Matrix metalloproteinase activity in culture media was analysis by zomygraphy.One way ANOVA was used to test the comparisons between experimental groups and control group.Results Western blot experiment showed the opticin expression was not changed in RPE cells after hypoxia treatment,however was significantly decreased in culture media.Compared with control group ( 0.21 ± 0.03 ).The relative density of VEGF mRNA levels (0.81 ±0.04,0.67 ±0.07) in RPE cells were increased after 12 h or 24 h hypoxia treatment ( F = 483.60,P ＜ 0.05 ).Opticin expression in RPE cells was also remain unchanged after vary concentration VEGF addition treatment ( F = 2.16,P ＞ 0.05 ),the relative density of opticin expression in VEGF conditioned culture medium were 0.65 ± 0.02,0.52 ± 0.04,0.23:±:0.03,0.30 ±0.03 respectively,and the difference in culture media was significant compared to control group (0.73 ±0.04) (F = 141.38,P ＜0.05).Zomygrphagy indicate a matrix metalloproteinases type 2 digest band,the activities were enhanced with VEGF increasing.The decrease of opticin in culture media after VEGF treatment could be inhibited by low condition of EDTA.Conclusion VEGF and hypoxia have an effect on the on the secretion of opiticin in RPE cells,it may be contributed to the increasing levels of matrix metalloproteinases type 2.

Objective To detect the changes of gene expression profiles of retina by way of gene chip technology,and to investigate possible molecular pathogenesis of RGCs apoptosis caused by transient high IOP.Methods Twenty-two new Zealand white rabbits were randomized to experimental control and negative pressure suction 3 win groups.The rabbit were executed at different time points of post-LASIK,such as postoperative instant,7 d,10 d,then the total RNA of retinal tissue was extracted to detect gene expression profiles by the way of Agilent rabbit one-way gene chip.Results Instant after negative pressure suction,the genes differential expressed had 704 genes.Of these,the expression of 485 genes were unregulated and 219 genes down regulated.The higher expression of apoptosis genes were CRYAA,CRYAB,TLR3 and KRT18.7 d after negative pressure suction,the genes differential expressed had 482 genes.Of these,the expression of 178 genes were unregulated and 304 genes down regulated.The higher expression of apoptosis genes were CRYAB,IL1-BETA and IL1R1.10 d after negative pressure suction,the genes differential expressed had 402 genes.Of these,the expression of 213 genes were unregulated and 189 genes down regulated.The higher expression of apoptosis genes were CRYAB,CRYBA3,CRYBB2,IL1-BETA and IL1 R1.Conclusion The gene expression had changed after negative pressure suction.The genes with higher fold change protected RGCs from apoptosis.

Objective To quantitatively investigate the characteristics of the microsaccadic eyemovements in anisometropic amblyopia and to evaluate the using value of high-speed eye-movement recording in objective and quantitative evaluation and diagnosis of amblyopia.Methods From September in 2010 to March in 2011,19 cases of anisometropic amblyopic patients (19 amblyopic eyes as group AM and 19 their sound eyes as group AS) and 19 cases of subjects with normal corrected visual acuities ( 19 dominant eyes as group ND and 19 non-dominant eyes as group NN) were recruited from the outpatient clinic at Tianjin Eye Hospital.A high-speed eye-movement recording system was used to monocularly record the fixational eyemovements of subjects' both eyes.A Matlab routine was used to detect and analyze the microsaccadic components of eye-movement waveforms.The microsaccadic amplitudes,peak velocities,occurrence rates,inter-microsaccadic intervals,cumulative probabilities of all groups were analyzed and compared using Origin8.0 and Matlab2008 statistics toolbox.Results The mean microsaccadic amplitude of group AM (0.76 ± 0.07 ) ° was larger than groups AS,ND and NN ( F = 49.95,P = 0.000).The mean peak velocity of group AM (79.72 ± 5.64) °/s was faster than groups AS,ND and NN ( F = 4.93,P = 0.004).The mean occurrence rate of group AM ( 1.52 ± 0.08) Hz was less than groups AS,ND and NN ( F = 120.39,P=0.000).The mean inter-microsaccadic interval of group AM (537.40 ± 65.47)ms was longer than groups AS,ND and NN (F =4.41,P =0.007).The amplitude dependent cumulative probability curve of group AM shifted to right compared with other groups and its amplitude 0.67° ± 0.06° at half cumulative probability was obviously increased compared with other groups ( F = 203.05,P = 0.000).Conclusion Microsaccadic amplitude,peak velocity,occurrence rate,inter-microsaccadic interval and cumulative probability could be used as the parameters for objective and quantitative evaluation of eye-movement function in amblyopia.High-speed eye-movement recording could provide useful assistance in evaluation of eye-movements in amblvopic patients.

Objective To evaluate the surgical results of modified Yokoyama's procedure for treating myopic strabismus fixus.Methods Retrospective analysis of records of 5 patients (7 eyes) with high myopic strabismus.Pre- and postoperative orthoptic measurements were recorded and analyzed.Anatomic relationships between the muscle cone and globe were analyzed using MRI or CT scan.The surgical procedure is a modification of Yokoyama's technique and medial rectus muscle was also recessed.Results The average axis length of 7 eyes was 32.62 mm( SD1.84).The mean preoperative horizontal deviation was 82.86 PD (SD 37.62)esotropia and mean vertical deviation was 20 PD( SD 7.91 )hypotropia.All patients had marked limitation of elevation and abduction.Displacement of the lateral rectus inferiorly and superior rectus medially was demonstrated in each patient by CT or MRI scan of the orbits and by observation during surgery.After surgery,the supertemporal dislocation of globe was improved.Both the horizontal and vertical deviations decreased significantly,and the abduction and sursumduction motility were also improved gradually.The average follow-up was 5 months,all patients achieved satisfactory results and remained stable.Conclusions In high myopic patients,if the deviant paths of the LR and SR muscles were demonstrated by MRI or CT scan,the surgical procedure to restore the dislocated globe back into the muscle cone by uniting muscle bellies of the superior rectus and lateral rectus muscles is effective and recommended.

Objective To analyse the clinical manifestations and the effects of surgical management on Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscloes (CFEOM).Methods Forty cases with CFEOM were retrospectively summarized.The follows were recorded and analysed,including sex,surgical age,visual acuity,refrective condition,phenotype,the diopter,the complications of eye and other position of the body,familial history,surgical methods.Results In the 60 eyes having refrective record,7 eyes were simple hyperopia ( 11.67％ ),2 eyes were simple myopia (3.33％) ;51 eyes is astigmatism (85.00％) ;Amblyopia were 94.64％.29 cases were CFEOM1 (72.5％ ) ;10 cases were CFEOM 3(25.0％ ) ;1 case was CFEOM 2(2.5％ ).10 cases had familial history(25％ ).The methods of surgery include recession,hang-back or tenotomy of the rectus muscles.If forced duction of the antagonist was negative,we can considered strengthening it.The clinical manifestations can be improved in 62 eyes After surgery.Conclusion CFEOM is one of rare CCDDs,the astigmatism of refrective errors was among 51 eyes( 85％ ),the incidence of amblyopia and CFEOM1 were high.The strabismic angles can be decreased in most patients through surgery.

Objective To described the clinical feature and MRI imaging of six children with vertical retraction syndrome.Methods Six children with unilateral vertical retraction syndrome between 15 months and 8 years of age,mean age was (5.01 ± 1.27) years old.Strabismus examination included diopter,prism diopters,eye movement examination,binocular vision and fundus examination.Imaging of the ocular motor nerves at the brainstem was performed in 0.8 mm thickness image planes using 3D-FIESTA sequence,the orbits were imaged with FSE T1,T2WI using surface coils,and within 2.0 mm thick planes.Results Four children showed hypertropia,characterized by limited depression,a light retraction of the globe during downward gaze and eyelid lag.The MRI imaging showed anomalous orbital structure in the superonasal quadrant that between medial rectus and superior rectus or adjacent to the superior rectus.Two children showed intermittent exotropia,characterized by limited elevation,retraction of the globe and narrowing of the palpebral fissure during upward gaze.The MRI imaging showed anomalous orbital structure was present in the inferotemporal quadrant,one originate in inferior rectus and another close to the lateral rectus.Conclusion Anomalous orbital structures are a main cause of vertical retraction syndrome.The presence of specific unusual eye movement and MRI imaging may assist in diagnosis.When the eyelid lag was found since the early age,anomalous orbital structures were implied.

Objective To investigate the peak time of refractive error obtained by Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride 1.0％ (Cyclopentolate 1.0％ for short ) and Cyclopentolate 1.0％ combined with Proparacaine Hydrochloride 0.5％ (Proxymetacaine) and to compare the refractive error obtained by Cyclopentolate 1.0％ and Atropine 1.0％ in the children with hyperopia.Methods Seventy one children ( 141 eyes) with hyperopia (mean age 7.9 ±2.1 ) were divided into two groups randomly according to the different cycloplegic methods:group A ( Pro + Cyc group) and group B ( NS + Cyc group).There were 34 patients (67 eyes ) in group A and 37 patients (74 eyes ) in group B.One drop of Proparacaine Hydrochloride 0.5％ or physiological saline was used respectively in group A and group B,five minutes before three drops of Cyclopentolate 1.0％ were given at intervals of ten minutes.Cycloplegic autorefractions and pupil diameter were compared at 30,40,50,60,70minutes after the first drop of Cyclopentolate 1.0％was given in both A and B groups.Atropine 1.0％ was used in both groups one week later for three days with three times per day (group A' and group B').Cycloplegic autorefractions and pupil diameter were compared between group A and A,' and group B and B',respectively.Results The peak time of cycloplegic autorefractions was 50 minutes after the first drop of cyclopentolate 1.0％ in group A,while the peak time was 60 minutes in group B.The maximal cycloplegic autorefraction of group A was significantly lower than that in group A' [(+4.44±2.34)D vs.( +4.86±2.26)D,t=11.16,P＜0.01].The maximal cycloplegic autorefraction of group B was significantly lower than that in group B' [ ( + 4.50 ±2.19)D vs.( +5.04 ±2.10) D,t = 11.44,P ＜0.01 ].The difference of cycloplegic autorefractions between group A' and the peak refraction of group A was less than the difference between group B' and the peak refraction of group B[ (0.42 ±0.32) D vs.(0.54 ±0.39) D,t = - 1.99,P =0.048].The peak time of pupil diameter is 50 minutes after the first drop of cyclopentolate 1.0％ in group A,while the peak time of pupil diameter is 60 minutes in group B.The time course of cycloplegic was consistent with mydriasis.Conclusion In 3 to 14 years old Chinese hyperopia children,using cyclopentolate 1.0％ three drops for optometry examination,the maximal cycloplegic autorefractions can be measured from 50 minutes to 70minutes after the first drop of Cyclopentolate 1.0％.The Cyclopentolate 1.0％ can achieve thepeak time of refraction 10 minutes early as well as increase the effect of mydriasis when it is used combined with topical anaesthetic.Cyclopentolate 1.0％ can be used for the optometry examination in the hyperopia children.However neither Cyclopentolate 1.0％ nor Cyclopentolate 1.0％ combined with Proparacaine Hydrochloride 0.5％ can instead of the use of Atropine 1.0％.

Objective To assess the grating visual acuity of Chinese normal infants from 5 to 24 months,evaluate the development of grating visual acuity in infants.Methods The Teller acuity cardTM Ⅱ(Stew-Optical Company,America) was used to assess the grating visual acuity of 244 infants aged from 5 to 24 months,who met the eligible criteria.Binocular visual acuity and monocular visual acuity were both assessed.They were divided into 19 groups according to their age sequence from 5 to 24 months.Average binocular and monocular visual acuity of every group were recorded and calculated.The relationship between visual acuity and age were analyzed.The practicality and possibility of the application for the Teller acuity card in infants were assessed.Results Binocular visual acuity was obtained in 241 infants (98.77％ ).Monocular visual acuity from both eyes was completed in 89.2％ infants.All the tests can be finished in 2 to 5 minutes.The average of binocular visual acuities of the 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,21,24 months separately was:0.17,0.21,0.22,0.23,0.23,0.25,0.26,0.30,0.33,0.32,0.37,0.39,0.42,0.47,0.56,0.60,0.83.The average of monocular visual acuities separately was:0.15,0.19,0.19,0.20,0.20,0.21,0.21,0.27,0.23,0.26,0.24,0.35,0.26,0.41,0.40,0.56,0.80.The binocular visual acuity was slightly higher than the monocular visual acuity.The difference was less than one octave.The intraocular acuity difference was less than one octave.There were no significant differences between left and right eyes.Visual acuity of the infants aged form 5 to 14 months increased slowly from 5.1 to 9.6cpd,about 1 octave.There was an increase started from 15 months.Everyone who was reached 24 months got a visual acuity of 26cpd ( snellen = 0.833 ),closed to the adult level Compared to the visual acuity of 12 months age,1.5 octaves were increased.Conclusions TAC is useful and practical for age norms of visual acuity of infants in clinical and vision research.Visual acuity increases progressively with age.The development of visual acuity shows a different speed in different age period.Monocular visual acuity is slightly lower than binocular visual acuity.There is a balanced visual development of both eyes.

Congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN) is genetically heterogeneous.Autosomal dominant,autosomal recessive and X-linked patterns of inheritance have described.At least three distinct loci are related to autosomal dominant and X-linked patterns.One causative gene for X-linked form has been identified ( FRMD7,Xq26.2) through linkage analysis.The molecular genetics advances of the congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN) are reviewed.

Intermittent exotropia is a type of strabismus between exophoria and constant exotropia.The onset age is usually one to four years old.Different from other types of strabismus,intermittent exotropia patient can maintain normal binocular vision in a long period of time.So how to choose the optimal timing and effective treatment is a challenge for clinicians.The objective of this article is to review the recent research progress of intermittent exotropia,including the severity classification,non-surgical treatment,timing of surgery and surgical methods,overcorrection and undercorrection treatment etc.,and give some recommendations for the treatment of intermittent exotropia.

Significant progress in understanding the molecular basis of retinal disorders has led to the development of gene therapies for treatment of these diseases.Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a useful vector for the treatment of retinal diseases due to its low toxicity and dimmunogenicity,ability to transducer both dividing and non-dividing cells,and stable transgene expression.A variety of animal studies and clinical trials have proved the safety and effectivity of retinal AAV-mediated gene therapy.AAV-mediated gene therapy,such as anti-angiogenic proteins,neurotrophic factors,anti-apoptosis factors were studied in animal disease models,and the results were satisfactory.However,the main drawback of AAV vectors is its relatively small packaging capacity,which needs further improvement.

High myopia with fixed esotropia is a special type of strabismus, the degree of strabismus often increases progressively, and the late stage is often combined with hypostrabismus. The external and upward turning of the affected eye is limited, and the treatment effect of conventional surgical methods is not satisfactory. We applied silicone band instead of suture modified Yokoyama operation combined with supernormal retrogression of medial rectus muscle to treat a case of high myopia with fixed hypostrabismus, and the postoperative effect is satisfactory.

In January 2007 and November 2008, two cases of extraocular intramuscular granulosa cell tumor were admitted to the Institute of Orbital Diseases of the Armed Police General Hospital. The reports are as follows. Case 1: A 33-year-old Kazakh female was found to have right exophthalmos at the end of June 2005. She went to Xinjiang Air Force Hospital in mid-August, and five thyroid function tests showed normal. She was given 30 mg of prednisone orally once a day, but there was no improvement after 1 month of treatment. By November, she felt the exophthalmos of her right eye aggravated, tearing, diplopia and eye swelling. She was admitted to the Oncology Department of the Armed Police General Hospital on December 19, 2005 for "thyroid hydrazone-related ophthalmopathy" and received radiotherapy. Three months after radiotherapy, she felt eye pain and visual acuity decreased in May 2006. She went to our department and suggested that if her visual acuity continued to decrease, she should be given 500 mg of methylprednisolone orally.

The patient was a 39-year-old female. Physical examination found "white spots in the fundus of her eyes". She went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. After asking about the medical history, the patient complained that Bai You's visual acuity was poor at night, but his visual acuity could be completely recovered after adapting to the dark for a long time. His sister also had a similar situation. No abnormalities were found in the whole body physical examination.

A 76-year-old male was diagnosed with "binocular angle-closure glaucoma" in a local hospital 10 years ago, and was treated by binocular filtration surgery, and the postoperative intraocular pressure was stable. The patient has a history of hypertension for 5 years, and needs to use drugs to control blood pressure within the normal range, and denies the history of other systemic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease; The patient was a farmer with a long history of chronic sunlight exposure; In March 2010, the patient consciously experienced painless visual loss in his right eye without obvious inducement.

A 55-year-old male patient came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking University People's Hospital on August 21, 2008 due to "obscuration of black shadow in front of his right eye and decreased visual acuity" for half a year.The patient had a history of diabetes for 10 years and hypertension for 2 weeks.Physical examination: No other abnormalities were found except blood pressure 180/110 mm Hg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa).

Conjunctiva relaxation is a common eye disease in the elderly, but it has been neglected by domestic ophthalmologists, which is easy to cause misdiagnosis and misdiagnosis. After more than ten years of exploration, the Department of Ophthalmology of Putuo Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine has systematically studied the diagnosis and treatment technology of conjunctival relaxation, and has formed a standardized diagnosis and treatment plan.

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358.1982 "Statistical Terms and Symbols", all statistical symbols are printed in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is in English lowercase face (the median is in M); (2) Standard deviation is lowercase s in English; (3) Standard misuse of English lowercase sx; (4) t test is lowercase t in English;

The patient was a 38-year-old male who felt dry eyes for half a month and came to the Third PLA on February 15, 2011. ○ Ophthalmology department of the Ninth Hospital. Eye examination: the naked eye visual acuity was 0 06 in the right eye, 0.02 in the left eye, and the corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 1.0. The fundus manifestations of both eyes are shown in the essence picture 1. The fluorescein fundus angiography results of both eyes showed that the papilla of both eyes was stained with fluorescence, but no fluorescence leakage was observed. The frequency domain optical coherence tomography results of the papilla of both eyes showed that the retinal nerve fibers at the papilla of both eyes were highly raised and showed strong reflection light bands; The outer retinal nucleus layer is pressed by the underlying wart and smoothly surrounds the round-like wart, and the periphery of the wart is a smooth band of low reflection light.

A 40-year-old male was hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology of Peking Union Medical College Hospital on April 12, 2011 due to numbness of his left limb for half a year and multiple space-occupying lesions in the abdominal cavity for 3 months. The patient was diagnosed with Von-Hippel Lindau disease in our hospital after intracranial hemangioblastoma operation, combined with multiple space-occupying lesions in the tail of pancreas, left adrenal gland and retroperitoneum. The patient had a positive family history and no related ocular complaints.

Approved by China Association for Science and Technology, it is co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of Medical Associations of six provinces in East China and Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Hebei and other provinces, Eye, Otolaryngology Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, School of Optometry of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology; The 12th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry (C00C2012) jointly organized by Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, China International Science and Technology Conference Center and Ophthalmology Branch of Zhejiang Medical Association will be held at Hangzhou Overseas International Convention and Exhibition Center from March 29th to April 1st, 2012.

The 14th National Annual Conference on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology was held in Jinan, Shandong Province from June 10 to 13, 2011. Nearly 400 representatives from all over the country attended the grand event. The conference arranged 25 conference paper speeches, 102 branch speeches, 19 expert lectures and 5 special lectures, including the consensus on amblyopia diagnosis, superior oblique paralysis, retinopathy of premature infants, retinoblastoma and congenital cataract.

"Dianliang China Caring Action" ophthalmology knowledge competition is an academic charity event jointly sponsored by Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Alcon (China) Ophthalmology Products Co., Ltd., aiming to advocate high-quality medical care and care for patients with eye diseases in poverty-stricken areas through academic exchanges.

Congenital cataract is the main eye disease causing blindness in children, and its incidence rate is about 0.06%, accounting for 5% ~20% of children with blindness. Because infants and young children have unique anatomical and physiological characteristics, the treatment of congenital cataract has always been an international problem, and there are still many misunderstandings in the treatment at present. In order to further implement the concept of "patient-centered", adhere to the tenet of "letting the blind people with cataract see the light again", give more humanized care to the majority of children with congenital cataract, and better provide them with individualized, safe and high-quality medical services, the Cataract Department of Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University established the "Children's Cataract Home" on May 15th, 2011.

In order to advocate the majority of ophthalmologists to pay attention to the protection of optic nerve, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Eisai (China) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. jointly held the 2010 Eisai Ophthalmology Award-winning Essay Contest in June 2010. The contents of the essay contest were the analysis of typical cases, clinical efficacy observation, clinical application experience and review of drugs (methylcobalamin) in the treatment of glaucoma, diabetic retinal ophthalmopathy, optic nerve contusion, optic neuritis, acquired ophthalmoplegia and other diseases.

Clinical Pharmacology of Ophthalmology (2nd Edition), edited by researcher Chen Zuji of Henan Institute of Ophthalmology, has been published by Chemical Industry Press. This book is a comprehensive and systematic reference book on ophthalmic pharmacology and ophthalmic pharmacotherapeutics.

The launching ceremony of 2011 Health Express-Alcon donation project was held in Beijing on September 5, 2011. The Health Express started in July 1997, initiated by our compatriots in Hong Kong, China. It is an eye hospital specially built on the train. In the past 14 years, four health express train hospitals have actively raised funds, stopped at 112 stations in 89 regions in 27 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions along the railway line, and sent more than 116,000 cataract patients in poor and remote areas free of charge for vision restoration surgery, so that they could see the light again.

In order to advocate the majority of ophthalmologists to pay attention to the prevention and treatment of corneal diseases, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association and Xingqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. jointly held the 2010 Xingqi "Cherish Cornea" Cup prize-winning essay contest. By the deadline of 31 May 2011, a total of 10 papers had been received from across the country. After collective deliberation by a review committee composed of experts from all over the country, 10 award-winning papers were selected. As follows:

Since 1950s, ophthalmologists in Taiwan have done a lot of work in cataract and refractive surgery, and made great progress, keeping up with the international development of cataract and refractive surgery. Looking back on this development process, we can understand the development of ophthalmology in Taiwan from one angle, which is very meaningful for comprehensively understanding the development history of Chinese ophthalmology and further promoting the development of Chinese ophthalmology. Now, I will review the historical events of cataract and refractive surgery in Taiwan.