Volume 45 ·  Issue 11 ·  2009

For many years, the best corrected vision less than 0.9 was an unique amblyopia diagnostic criteria in the clinical practices in China.Because of no different visual acuity criteria for younger-aged children, the amblyopia prevalence was increased.In clinical practice, two phenomenons exist in the amblyopia diagnosis and prevention.One is that ignores the risk factors for amblyopia development and only considers the factor of visual acuity.The other is that only uses a corrected visual acuity of 0.9 as diagnostic criteria and ignores the visual development with ages.Therefore, it should be taken the different visual acuity criteria for amblyopia diagnosis in younger-aged children.And it should be emphasized on the co-existed risk factors in the amblyopia diagnosis.

The advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has given us previously unavailable opportunities to visualize the functional anatomy of extraocular muscles and corresponding ocular motor nerves along the intraorbital and intracranial course of living subjects.Ophthalmologists should be aware of these new MRI techniques.We believe that MRI will play a more marked role in the diagnosis and management of incomitant strabismus.

Objective To evaluate the visual quality after combined implantation of refractive and diffractive muhifocal intraocular lens (MIOIS) in both eyes (CustomMatch pattern ).Methods Prospective, nonrandomized study.Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun yat-sen university, P.R.China.Age-related cataract patients, selected according to the inclusion criteria and divided into MIOL group and monofocal intraocular lens (SIOL) group, received phacoemulsification and were implanted with combined a ReZoom NXGI IOL in the dominant eye and a Tecnis ZM900 IOL in the fellow eye or bilateral Sensar AR40e IOLs.Monocular and binocular testing one month after surgery included uncorrected and best-spectacle corrected visual acuity at far, intermediate and near distances under 100 cd/m~2 and 6 cd/m~2, reading visual acuity and reading speed, defocus curve, and subjective vision-related quality of life using questionnaire.Results Under 100 cd/m~2 and 6 cd/m~2, binocular mean uncorrected visual acuity at 500 cm in MIOL group was logMAR 0.013±0.149 and logMAR 0.163±0.220 and binocular mean best-spectacle corrected visual acuity was IogMAR-0.027±0.092 and logMAR 0.109±0.175 respectively.The mean refraction spherical equivalent for best distance corrected visual acuity was (-0.18±0.85) D and (-0.32±0.90) D respectively.Under 100 cd/m~2, better uncorrected visual acuity (decimal 0.63) at 40 cm, 63 cm and 100 cm was achieved in MIOL group.Under 6 cd/m~2, the uncorrected visual acuities in MIOL group at 40 cm and 63 cm distance were significantly higher than those in SIOL group although there were no statistically difference at 100 cm.Uncorrected reading visual acuity and reading speed in MIOL group were better than those in SIOL group, while the results in reading ability were similar when MIOL group without correction compared with SIOL group with correction.The depth of focus was 5.5 diopter in MIOL group.No patient in botb groups wore glasses for distance and 70% patients in MIOL group did not need to wear glasses for intermediate and near distances after surgery.Conclusion CustomMatch pattern could provide a satisfactory vision at a full range of near, intermediate and far distance and improve the life quality to a certain extent.

Objective To study the characteristic and rule of macular disease involved by Coats disease and macular changes after photocoagulation.Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients firstly diagnosised in our hospital from October 2004 to June 2007.25 cases (26 eyes) were included in this study.Enrollment criteria: all the cases had examination of regular anterior segment and indirect biomicroscopy associated with fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography.The relationship among macular disease extent, distance from macular to peripheral disease, ratio of retinal vessel leakage scale to the whole retina, and different age group was analyzed through cumulative odds logistic regression with SAS 8.0.Results The distance between the border of macular disease and posterior border of peripheral leakage ranges from 0-9PD.There was negative relationship between macular disease extent and the distance from macular to peripheral disease(X~2=7.3212, P=0.0068).The ratio of retinal leakage scale to the whole retina ranges from 1/8 to 1/1.There was positive relationship between macular disease extent and ratio of retinal vessel leakage scale to the whole retina(X~2=4.8853, P=0.0271).Macular disease extent shows no significant difference between different age group(X~2=0.1491, P=0.6994).The follow-up time after photocoagulation range from 1 to 4 years.10 cases(11 eyes) of macular edema complicated with hard exudate showed apparent decrease in size and extent of macular disease.The best corrected visual acuity stay unchanged or get better.Conclusions Macular disease involved in Coats disease progresses from peripheral fundus to posterior pole, early diagnosis and treatment can avoid or reduce the incidence of macular disease.The key point of treatment is to photocoagulate the dilated blood vessel.

Objective To investigate suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) mRNA and protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease.Methods Blood samples were taken from 15 VKH patients with active uveitis, 17 quiescent patients and 16 healthy individuals.IFN-γ,IL-12 and IL-4 in the serum were measured by ELISA.PBMC were subjected to analysis of SOCS mRNA and protein expression using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot, respectively.Results The level of IL-4 in the serum of VKH patients and in controls were (28.40±5.93) ng/L, (34.5±9.47) ng./L and (11.25±4.43) ng/L, IL-12 were (24.33±8.55) ng/L, (11.53±6.11) ng,/L and (5.19±2.43 ) ng/L, IFN-γ were (18.05±2.23) ng/L, (15.53±2.63) ng/L and (1.61±3.47)ng/L, respectively.The level of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-4 were all significantly higher in the serum of VKH patients than in controls (P < 0.01).IL-4 in quiescent patients was higher than in active patients (P <0.01), IL-12 and IFN-γ, were lower in quiescent patients was higher than in active patients (P < 0.01, P <0.05).Cytokine inducible SH2 containing protein (CIS) mRNA, SOCS1 mRNA, SOCS2 mRNA, SOCS3 mRNA and SOCS5 mRNA levels in PBMC of VKH patients with active uveitis are 0.72,4.92, 1.09, 0.75 and 1.15 folds than that in healthy volunteers, respectively.They are 1.15, 2.25,1.40, 0.69 and 1.16 folds in static patients, respectively.Marked decreased expression of CIS protein is detected in both active and quiescent patients with no significant difference between two groups (both P <0.01).SOCS1 protein is up-regulated significantly in active patients compares to in quiescent patients nor in healthy volunteers(P < 0.01, P < 0.05).SOCS3 protein is significantly decreased in patients than in controls(both P < 0.05).SOCS5 protein is much higher in patients than in controls (both P < 0.01 ), and even higher in quiescent patients than in active episode(P < 0.05).Conclusions Up regulation of SOCS1 and SOCS5 expression and down-regulation of SOCS3 and CIS may correlate with the development of a Th1 mediated immune response in VKH disease.There is insidious inflammation in VKH patients with clinically quiescent uveitis, and this may be one of the causes of persistence and recurrences of uveitis.

Objective To investigate the changes of refraction and ocular biometric parameters in form deprived myopia, and try to find the effective duration to induce significant myopic shift in C57BL/6 mice.Methods It was an experimental study.Seventy-four C57BL/6 mice, approximately 23 days old,were divided into three groups randomly: FD (Form-deprivation), Recovery and Normal control groups.FD group was treated with diffuser worn on one eye for 2 weeks (n=12), 3 weeks (n=20) and 4 weeks (n=18), respectively.In Recovery group, diffusers were removed after 4 weeks form deprivation, and vertical meridian refraction and other biometric parameters were performed immediately on 4~(th) and 7~(th) day.The same measurements were performed in the normal control group at the same time-points.Refraction was measured by photoretinoscopy and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) was measured by a modified keratometery.Corneal thickness (CT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial length (AL) were measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) with focal plane advancement.Results The FD eyes were approximately -0.85 D more myopic compared to the fellow and the normal control eyes after 2 weeks form deprivation (P > 0.05 ).After 3 weeks form deprivation, treated eye had a obvious myopic shift (about-4.27 D) compared to fellow eye, with increased vitreous chamber depth and axial length, however, there was no statistic difference among FD eye, fellow eye and control eye.And after 4 weeks form deprivation, treated eyes were induced significant myopic shift (about-5.22 D)compared with the fellow eye.The difference in refraction of form-deprived and fellow eyes was significantly correlated with the difference in vitreous chamber depth and axial length, which indicate that the induced myopia was mainly axial.The relative myopia shifted rapidly diminished in 4 days after removing the diffuser, followed by a slower recovery.A complete refraction recovery occurred by 7 days after removal of the diffuser compared to the fellow and normal control eyes (P > 0.05).Conclusion Form deprivation myopia can be induced in C57BL/6 mice, but it required longer period than other animals; A complete recovery occurred by 7 days after removal of the diffuser.Optical Coherence Tomography is a useful instrument to measure mouse eye dimension.

Objective To detect the release of endostatin in microcapsules of calcium alginate gel by emulsification-internal gelatification technology, to observe the distribution of Endostatin microcapsulized in the eye by periocular injection and biocompatibility.Methods The calcium alginate gel microcapsules encapsulating endostatin were prepared by emulsification-internal gelatification technology, the release of endostatin in microcapsules in vitro was examined by uv-Spectrophotometry.32 SD mice were divided into randomly four groups: group A, periocular injection of endostatin microcapsulized 20 μl (2.4 g/L) ; group B, periocular injection of endostatin protein 20 μl (2.5 g/L) ; group C, periocular injection of null-Microcapsules 20 μl; group D, periocular injection of saline 20 μl.Western blot, immunohistochemical and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used.Protein expression and pathology of the heart, liver, spleen,lung, kidney and periocular tissue were examed.Daily activities and eating condition were observed, t-test was wsed to analyze the data.Results SDS polyacrylamidedel electrophoresis showed strap of ES protein.Concentration of ES protein in superior schedule fluid gradually increased at 3,7,14,21 days.A group: ES protein expression were observed in inner nuclear layer,outer nuclear layer and RPE lamina after periocular injection 7 or 14 days.B group: ES protein expression were observed in above tissues at 7 days, but not at 14 days.C and D group: ES protein expression were not observed in above tissues at 7 or 14 days.The results showed that Endostatin microcapsulized was able to pass through the sclera and spread out in various retinal tissues.Concertration of endostatin in the homogenates of eyeball was (63.16±7.64) μg · L~(-1)·eye~(-1) and (33.2±5.77) μg · L~(-1) · eye~(-1) respectively after one and two weeks in A group, but(33.2±2.89) μg · L~(-1) · eye~(-1) and (15.73±2.08) μg · L~(-1) · eye~(-1).The concertration of endostatin was significant difference in two group, A group was obviously larger than B group (t=6.364 and 4.920, P=0.003 and 0.008 respectively).Eriocular administration.Daily activities and eating condition were normal.The abnormality in important organs were not detected by pathologic examination.Conclusions Endostatin microcapsulized is able to release persistently, to pass through the sclera and spread out in various retinal tissues.There were good biocompatibility and not ill effect remarkably.

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of low-molecular-weight heparin drug delivery system(LMWH DDS) for prevention of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) in rabbit eyes.Methods (1) To prepare the LMWH DDS by freeze-drying way with Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) as the cartier, and evaluate its release properties in vitro.(2) Fifty New Zealand albino rabbits (50 eyes)undergoing phacoemulsification were equally divided into five groups: receiving normal saline eye drops (group A), 3 different dose (1 mg, 0.5 mg and 0.25 mg) of LMWH DDS respectively implanted into the posterior chamber (group B, C and D), and a carrier DDS implanted into the posterior chamber (group E).All the 50 eyes were examined by slit-lamp microscopy.The low-molecular-weight heparin levels in aqueous humor were measured, and the wet posterior capsules were weighed.Results The LMWH DDS prepared with a freeze-dried way has high encapsulation efficiency, and the equation of 49-day release curve fitting in vitro were were similar to zero order.The fibrin exudation in group B, C and D were lower than in Group A and E during the first postoperative day.There were 10, 2, 3, 9 and 10 eyes that developing PCO in the group A, B, C, D and E, respectively.The mean wet-weight of the posterior capsule were ( 114.59± 14.58) mg,(24.14±6.08) mg, (39.23±17.13) mg,(99.35±29.37) mg,(115.29v19.87) mg respectively in 5 trial groups.There were stable and high concentration of low molecular weight heparin in aqueous of group B and C during the 4 weeks ( > 20 mg/L), while a instable and lower concentrations in group D.The result of optical microscopy and electron microscopy examination indicated that fibroblast proliferation was quite active in groups A, D and E, but inactive in group B and C.Neither infiltration of inflammatory cells at the cornea, iris, trabecular meshwork and ciliary body nor retinal degeneration or necrosis was found in any group at 12 weeks.There was no introcular bleeding in all the five groups in the following 12 weeks.Conclusions The LMWH DDS prepared by freeze-drying way with PLGA as the carrier has good slow-release and biological tolerance, Implantion of LMWH DDS into the posterior chamber of experimental animals can significantly reduce postoperative fibrin exudation, and can safe and effective prevent the occurrence of PCO, and also there were some dose-effect relationship.

Objective To prepare nano-fluorouracil-coated intraocular lens(IOL) and to investigate its effect and feasibility of inhibiting posterior capsule opacification (PCO) of rabbit.Methods Nano-fluorouracil is cross linked with IOL with the technology of energy-loaded particle beam.Forty New Zealand white rabbits were medially divided into 2 groups named group A and B randomly.All the crystalline lens of the left eyes were emulsified and evacuated of by the same operator, and then different treatment in different groups.In group A, the control group, the Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) IOLs were implanted.In group B, the nano-fluorouracil-coated IOLs were implanted.Slit-lamp-micrographscopy,histopathologyscopy and electron-microscopescopy were performed when 4 weeks after the operations.Results The incidence rate and severity degree of PCO in control group is higher than the other group.The inflammatory reaction of anterior segment of the left eyes were remarkably occurred in group A.While almost no inflammatory reaction of anterior segment of the left eyes occurred in group B.Conclusions With implanting nano-fluorouracil-coated IOLs after phacoemulsification and evacuation of the crystalline lens can inhibit PCO actively and have slight toxic reaction and damage in the eyes.

Objective To investage the retina nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in unilateral amblyopic patients with high myopia.Methods Twenty-three cases (23 eyes) with unilateral high myopia amblyopia were tested by GDx ECC with laser polarized light scans in the posterior pole of retina, to measure the relative RNFL thickness according to papilla optical as a center, 3.2 mm as the diameter of outer ring,2.4 mm as the diameter of inner ring.The relative RNFL thickness of high myopia amblyopia was compared with fellow eyes, normal eyes and high myopia respectively and statistics analysis.Results TSNIT average,superior average and inferior average of RNFL in high myopia amblyopia became thinning (56.39±5.69,68.30±10.16, 67.34±5.83 ), it showed statistically differences when compared with fellow eyes (t=2.090,2.243,4.236) and normal eyes(t=3.087,1.025,3.481) (P< 0.05).RNFL parameters were no statistically significant differences between high myopia amblyopia and simple high myopia (t=0.872,0.297,0.658;P > 0.05).TSNIT average decreases with axial length in high myopia amblyopia and high myopia, there was inverse linear correlation between RNFL thickness and axial length (r=-0.462,-0.395 ; P < 0.05 ).Conclusions The RNFL thickness of unilateral high myopia amblyopia of children was thinner than normal, but there wasn't obvious compared with simple high myopia.The reasons for decreased best corrected vision of unilateral high myopia amblyopia in children still need further research.

Objective The aim of this article was to investigate the structural basis of ocularmotility and visual abnormalities in humans with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM).Methods 17 volunteers from 2 CFEOM pedigrees Clinical ophthalmic and motility examed and 18 normal control subjects were correlated with thin-sectioned magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) across the orbit and the brain-stem level.Results Subjects with CFEOM had severe bilateral blepharoptosis, limited supraduction,and variable ophthalmoplegia In affected subjects, MRI demonstrated atrophy of the levator palpebrae superioris, all EOMs, and the optic nerves , and small or absent orbital motor nerves.The oculomotor nerve was most severely hypoplastic, but the abducens was also affected.Subjects with CFEOM exhibited subclinical but highly significant reduction from normal in mean optic nerve size (P < 0.05).There are also some difference between the two CFEOM pedigrees .Conclustions These findings suggest that neuronal disease is primary in CFEOM, with myopathy arising secondary to abnormal innervation and the oculomotor nucleus and trochlear nucleus of the abnormalities defects.

Objective Test ocular surface electromyography signal waves and characteristic parameters to provide effective data for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular myopathy.Methods Surface electromyography signals tests were performed in 140 normal volunteers and 30 patients with ophthalmoplegia.Surface electrodes were attached to medial canthi, lateral canthi and the middle of frontal bone.Then some alternate flashing red lamps were installed on perimeter to reduce the movement of eyeball.The computer hardware, software, and A/D adapter (12 Bit) were used.Sumpling frequency could be selected within 40 kHz, frequency of amplifier was 2 kHz, and input short circuit noise was less than 3 μV.Results For normal volunteers, the ocular surface electromyography signals were regular, and the electric waves were similar between different sex groups and age groups.While for patients with ophthalmoplegia, the wave amplitude of ocular surface electromyography signals were declined or disappeared in the dyscinesia direction.The wave amplitude was related with the degree of pathological process.The characteristic parameters of patients with ophthalmoplegia were higher than normal volunteers.Conclusion The figures of ocular surface electrnmyogram obtained from normal volunteers were obviously different with that from patients with ophthalmoplegia.This test can provide reliable quantized datas for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular myopathy.

Any disease in visual pathway will affect the visual signal transmission, even more seriously, leading to irreversible blindness.The study of retinal prostheses is that retinal microelectrodes are implanted into different places of retina, and retinal microelectrodes set off electrical signals or deliver neurotransmitters, so as to excite and activate retinal neurons.This review describes the construction,mechanism, way of implantation, influencing factor, advantage and shortcoming, effect of post implantation,biocompatibility of 3 types of retinal prostheses.

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists in China. The current editor-in-chief Zhao Jialiang and the editorial director Huang Yibin. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad. China Standard Issue Number: ISSN0412-4081, CN11-2142/R;

Since the copyright law of our country was promulgated, it has been paid widespread attention by all circles of society. As a medical scientific and technological journal, the copyright law must be implemented to the letter. Therefore, the relevant requirements of this journal for author's signature and thanks are reiterated as follows.

With the development and improvement of clinical diagnosis technology, the role of all kinds of ophthalmology clinical pictures in disease diagnosis has been paid more and more attention. In order to encourage clinical accumulation of relevant data, promote experience exchange, improve clinical diagnosis and treatment technology, provide a new platform for academic exchange for readers, enrich the content and form of this journal, and better serve the majority of ophthalmologists, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology will continue to open the "Picture Essence" column in 2010.

According to the latest edition of Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary, the use specifications of the words "sticky" and "sticky" are as follows: when pronouncing "nián", the word "sticky" is always used, such as mucosa, mucus, slime mold, adhesive, etc.; When pronouncing "zhan", use the word "sticky", such as intestinal adhesion, paste, etc. Regarding the use of the words "Wei" and "Wei", both words mean only and only, but when used in words such as only, only, only, fear, obedience to orders and profit-seeking, the word "Wei" is always used;

In order to comply with the development trend of network and digitalization of journals and provide high-quality services for authors and readers, the Journal of Chinese Medical Association has developed a remote manuscript management system. The system is designed according to the business requirements of manuscript processing process, editing and processing specification, manuscript review system and management specification of Chinese Medical Association series magazines. It adopts advanced database and network technology, and has strong data processing and analysis ability.

In order to implement the policy of combining popularization and improvement, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, while reporting major clinical and basic research results at home and abroad, pays attention to the actual needs of the majority of ophthalmologists and strengthens the practicality of the journal. In 2010, it will continue to open the column of "Test Questions Analysis". This column invites authoritative ophthalmologists in China to make an accurate and in-depth analysis of all kinds of test questions in the ophthalmology question bank. Readers are welcome to pay attention to this column, actively read, and put forward suggestions and opinions.

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358-1982 (Statistical Nouns and Symbols), statistical symbols are typeset in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is in English lowercase ^-x (median is in M); (2) Standard deviation is in English lowercase s; (3) Standard misuse of English lowercase si; (4) t test is in English lowercase t; (5) F test is in English capital F;

According to international practice and the actual situation in China, for papers that meet the following conditions, the Chinese Medical Association series journals allow and accept the republication of relevant papers of the same research in different languages.

Following the successful "First Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum" held by the editorial board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association in 2009, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, the "Second Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum (and Organizing Meeting)" sponsored by this journal will be held in Shanghai (tentatively) in June 2010. The content of this forum integrates the rational application of ophthalmic drugs and the promotion of new technologies and new equipment, focusing on comprehensively improving the diagnosis and treatment level of ophthalmologists.

In clinical work practice, ophthalmologists' understanding of various neuro-ophthalmic diseases is constantly improving. They no longer only focus on local changes in the eye, but pay more attention to its relationship with systemic diseases, especially nervous system-related diseases. Overall observation, diagnosis and treatment. However, because there are still few ophthalmologists engaged in this specialty in China, and they are only concentrated in a few large ophthalmology institutions, and there is still a lack of professional systematic training as a whole, ophthalmologists' insufficient understanding of neuroophthalmology diseases often leads to clinical missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.

The 11th National Conference on Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases and the 2nd National Conference on Corneal Refractive Surgery, sponsored by the Keratology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and undertaken by Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, will be held in Qingdao, Shandong Province in early June 2010. Ophthalmologists and colleagues at home and abroad and people from the ophthalmology business community are invited to attend the event.

The child, 1 1/2 years old, was admitted to Shandong Ophthalmology Institute on March 12, 2009 with redness in her left eye for 1 month. One month ago, the parents found that the child's left eye was red, without eye pain, bleeding and tearing, but there was no diagnosis and treatment. In the past half month, the child found redness in her eye, and the child did not complain of discomfort. The local hospital saw a doctor, and B-ultrasound examination showed that the left eye had vitreous hemorrhage and left anterior chamber hemorrhage. The patient was recommended to be diagnosed and treated in a superior hospital. The patient came to our hospital, and the outpatient was admitted to the hospital with "vitreous hemorrhage in the left eye". The parents denied that the child had a history of trauma and delivered naturally at full term.

A 25-year-old male passed by a construction site on October 28th, 2008. He accidentally turned his head and saw the rangefinder for surveying the space between buildings. He immediately felt pitch black in front of his eyes. After a few seconds, his vision partially recovered, but ink-like black spots appeared in front of his eyes for 3 days. After that, the symptoms gradually worsened, and dense fixed dark spots appeared in front of the eye.

mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) is an increase and abnormal distribution of intracellular and extracellular mucopolysaccharides caused by the decrease or deficiency of the activity of lysosomal enzymes that metabolize mucopolysaccharides [1]. According to the results of blood enzymology, MPS can be divided into MPS Ⅰ, MPS Ⅱ (Hunter syndrome), MPS Ⅲ (Sanfilippo syndrome), MPS Ⅳ (Morquio syndrome), MPS Ⅵ (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome), MPS VII (Sly syndrome) and MPS Ⅸ (Natowicz syndrome).

The patient was a 35-year-old male with conscious visual acuity decreased for 1 year. He came to the Department of Ophthalmology of the Second Hospital of Jilin University on November 4, 2008. He had no family history of genetic diseases. Eye examination showed that the visual acuity of both eyes was 0.8 (uncorrectable). The peak and dark valley potentials of both eyes were decreased, and the Arden ratio of both eyes was 1.1.

Shenyang Xingqi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is a high-tech enterprise specializing in the research and development, manufacturing and sales of ophthalmic drugs. In order to meet the needs of rapid development of enterprises, we are looking for the following personnel.

In order to promote the scientific and technological journals sponsored by CAST and its affiliated national societies to better serve the independent innovation of science and technology, strengthen the function of academic exchange, promote the implementation of the strategy of fine scientific and technological journals, improve the core competitiveness of scientific and technological journals, and improve the ability of national societies to serve the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents, CAST has organized and implemented the application and evaluation of projects funded by fine scientific and technological journals since 2006.