Volume 45 ·  Issue 03 ·  2009

Objective Retinitis pigmentosa(RP)is the most common inherited eye disease that usually leads into blind,and is high simplex and clinical heterogeneity.Recent years,some new hereditary forms have been found,such as digenic RP,mltochondrial RP,incomplete dominant inheritance RP.The phenotype of RP is multiplicity.Incompatible phenomenon between genotype and phenotypes was shown in some genes such as peripherin/RDS,RHO,RP2 and RP3.The complicated phenotype was shown in the rare RP forms,such as centricity RP,stemma RP,retinitis pigmentosa sine pigmento,and retinal degeneration slow.Retinal transplantation,retinal implantation,drug and neurotrophic factor therapy,and gene therapy have been well studied worldwide and presented some hopeful efficacy.Ophthalmologists and practitioners should cognize the new advance and new knowledge on RP therapy with a scientific view for better serving the RP patients.(Chin J Opbtbalmol,2009,45:193-195)

Many retinal degeneration diseases,such as retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration,the main pathologic character of such retinal degeneration diseases is apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells.Recently,It is still short of effective treatment.Evidence from epidemiological studies and from experiments indicates that excessive light exposure may promote retinal degeneration,in which photoreceptor death by apoptosis leads to loss of vision.It is,therefore,of critical importance to pay more attention to further understanding of retinal photochemical damage and the apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells.(Chin J Opbthalmol,2009,45:196-198)

Objective To establish oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in mice and to detect the expression of mTERT in mice.Methods It was an experimental study Establishment of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization in mice.Thirty-two 7-day-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into oxygen-induced retinopathy group and control group without restriction of gender.In oxygen-induced retinopathy group,16 mice were exposed to 75%±2% oxygen for 5 days and then to room air;In control group,16 mice were raised in room air.Observation of the retinal neovascularization.On the postnatal day 19,The mice's vena caudalis were perfused with 2% Evens blue solution.Eyeballs were enucleated and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for half an hour.Then the retina was separated and flat-mounted on the slide.The morphologic changes of retinal vessel were observed and captured under fluorescence microscope.Histological observation and vascular endothelial cells counting.The eyeballs were enucleated and then fixed.After paraffin imbedding,4μm serial slices,hematoxylin-eosin staining,select one section every 60 μm to count the endothelial cell nucleus that break through the inner limiting membrane.Expression of mTERT mRNA were confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).In the each group,the retina were all carefully dissected on the postnatal day 19.The total RNA wag isolated and cDNA was synthesized before RT-PCR was performed.The PCR products were separated by 2% agarose gel electrophoresis and photographed.Expression of mTERT mRNA were confirmed by Real-time PcR The total RNA was isolated and cDNA was synthesized(The same procedure as RT-PCR).Fiuorescent real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction system(total 20μl)was made.The Fluorescent signals were detected at 60℃.The expression of mTERT were confirmed by immunohistochemistry.At P19,4μm cross sections were made in the hyperoxia-exposed and normal retinas.Sections were incubated with rabbit anti Human/Mouse/Rat Telomerase 60 minutes at 37℃.Anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G,depending on the primary antibody.was used as a secondary antibody for 30 min.Peroxidase activity was detected with the substrate diaminobenzidine.Permanent slides were covered with a 1.5 mm thick cover slip.examined using a light microscope and photographed.Results The centrel retina was nonperfused region at P12.The most of the central retina showed almost no perfusion and the radial vessels appeared tortuous and dilated at P14.Retinal neovascularization occurred at maximum between postnatal day 17 and postnatal day 19.Paraffin tissue slice with hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that in the control group the average counts of vascular endothelial cells which break through the inner limiting membrane were hardly seen,but in hyperxia group were noticeably more than in the control group.Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)resuls:the mRNA of mTERT and bFGF in the retinopathy group were higber than in the control group(P＜0.05).Real-time PCR results:the expression of mTERT mRNA in the retinopathy group was noticeably higher than in the control group(F=173.104,P＜0.05).Immunohistochemical staining showed that mTERT protein were positive in the retinal neovascularization of the hyperxia group,but were negative in the retinal vessel of the control group.Conclusions Telomerase reverse transcription and angiogenic correlation factors were up-regulated in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy,which may have therapeutic potential in the treatment with the neovsscularization in retinopathy.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:199-205)

Objective To explore the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor of vitreous in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy,and to analyze the relative factors.Methods It was a case control study.Data of 50 eyes of 50 PDR patients who underwent vitrectomy were retrospectively analyzed.The vitreous fluid samples were obtained during surgery.The VEGF level in vitreous fluid was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor of vitreous in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy wag analyzed.The mean follow-up was 9 months with a range from 6 to 26 months.The VEGF levels in vitreous fluid were compared between PDR patients and normal control,and silicone oil tampenade group and without silicone oil tamponade group by t-test.The changes of VEGF levels in vitreous fluid in eyes with regression,stabilization,and progression were analyzed by analysis of variance.The effects of VEGF levels in vitreous fluid on PDR were analyzed by analysis of variance.Results The mean VEGF level of vitreous was(592.4801±587.4267)ng/L in PDR patients,and it wag(131.3022±26.9192)ug/L in normal control.VEGF level was significantly higher in PDR patients than that in normal control(t=3.2315,P＜0.05).There were 10 eyes(20%)with progression of PDR,10 eyes(20%)with stabilization,and 30 eyes(60%)with regression.Vitreous level of VEGF was significantly higher in eyes with progression of PDR than that in eyes with stabilization or regression of PDR(q=-3.3187,-4.0843:P＜0.05).Vitreous level of VEGF was significantly higher in eyes without retinal photocoagulation than that in eyes underwent panretinal photocoagulation or local photocoagulation(q=-4.2187,-3.9672;P＜0.05).Conclusion There is a correlation between the expression of VEGF of vitreous and the severity of PDR.The expression of VEGF of vitreous presents a relatively lower level in patients with stabilization and regression of PDR.(Chin J Opbthalmol,2009,45:206-209)

Objective To investigate the Change of DNA content(apoptosis rate),mitochondrial transmembrane potential(△Ψm)and calcium(Ca2+)of rabbit retinal pigment epithelial(RPE)cells cultured with curcumin.Methods It was an experimental study.The RPE cells were dissociated from rabbit eyes and cuhured.The RPE cells in the 4th passage were divided into 2 groups:curcumin group and control group(10% FBS-EMI)M contains 0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide).The curcumin group contained 3 mass concentration:10 mg/L,15 mg/L and 20 mg/L.The MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibition effect of RPE cells cultured with curcumin after 24 h,48 h,72 h and 96 h respectively.The IC50 value in 24 h,48 h,72 h and 96 h were gotten by Linear Regression.Flow cytometry was performed to detect the change of DNA content(apoptosis rate),△Ψm and Ca2+ of RPE cells cultured with curcomin(15 mg/L)after 8 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h respectively.Results RPE cells were significantly inhibited by curcumin in a dose dependent and time dependent manner.The IC50 value of curcumin at 24 h,48 h,72 h and 96 h was 29.31 mg/L,17.50 mg/L,13.24 mg/L and 10.99 mg/L respectively.Ca22+ was significantly increased at 8 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after cultured with curcumin(15 mg/L)than that of the control group respectively(t=7.50,10.61,20.74,21.14,P＜0.01),and △Ψm was significantly decreased at 8 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after cultured with curcumin(15 mg/L)than that of the control group respectively(t=7.50,11.74,14.91,15.29,P＜0.01).There was no change of DNA content in RPE cells at 8h after cultured with curcumin(15 mg/L),but significantly lower than that of the control group at 24 h,48 h and 72 h respectively(t=10.00,14.68,13.68,P＜0.01).Conclusion The apeptosis of RPE cells induced by curcumin is cansed by increase of Ca2+ and decrease of △Ψsm that causes decrease of DNA content.The RPE cells are significantly inhibited by curcumin,which may become a potential drug to prevent and treat proliferative vitreoretinopathy.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:210-215)

Objeqtive To evaluate the effect of the injection of silicone oil in helping the remove of intraocular foreign body throughout pars plana vitrectomy(PPV).MethodsIt was a series case study.This study included 17 eyes with intraocular foreign body from June 2007 to April 2008.Intraocular foreign bodies in these eyes were hardly removed,and all of the eyes had complicated and severe retinal injuries.The intraocular foreign bodies were taken out followed intravitreal injection of silicon oil.The retinal protective effects of silicon oil were studied.Results All the intraocular foreign bodies were removed successfully without any damage to the retina due to the viscosity of silicon oil and its gasket function.Conclusions Intravitreal injection of silicon oil was able to help the removement of hardly-hold intraocular foreign body with PPV and avoid secondary retinal injury in this process.(Chin J Opthalmol,2009,45:216-218)

Objective To display the detail functional anatomy of ocular motor nerves in the orbits,cavernous sinus and brainstem by hish-resolution MRI.Methods Twenty normal subjects between 24 and 38 years of age,mean age was 28.25±4.07(SD).Imging of the ocular motor nerves at the brainstem was performed in 0.8 mm thickness image planes using 3D-FIESTA sequence;nerves in the cavernous sinus was imaged with a head coil,the FSE/T1WI was obtained in coronal planes;nerves to extraocular muscles(EOMs)in the orbits were imaged with FSE/T1WI oblique-coronal planes using surface coils,and within 2.0 mm thick planes.A human orbit was celloidin embedding and serially sectioned at 0.1 mm of thickness for HE stain,which would be used to distinguish motor nerves to the EOMs.Results Oculomotor nerves(CN3)and abducens(CN6)of the cisternal segment were well demonstrable in all normal subjects.Trochlear nerves(CN4)were depicted 95%.CN3 could be demonstrated consistently in the cavernous sinus,because of their small diameter,CN4 and CN6 not always detectable.The larger inferior division of CN3 and branches to the target EOMs and CN6 were demonstrated well in all species.The superior division f CN3 was demonstrated 60%,CN4 was showed 40%.Conclusion 3D-FIESTA Seguence combined with MPR(Multiplanar Reformation)could precisely show the ocular motor nerves,as well as the relationships with adjacent stractures in the cistern.The inferior division of CN3 and the CN6 could be well depicted in the orbits.But of the small sizes and complecated neighboring structures in the orbit,the superior division of the CN3 and the CN4 could not be demonstrated consistently.The capabilities of MRI can be fully used only with thorough knowledge of the complicated topographic relationships in the corresponding region.(Chin J Opbthalmol,2009,45:219-224)

Objective To investigate the etiology,clinical features,treatment and prognosis of toxic anterior segment syndrome(TASS).Methods It was a retrospective series case study.The clinical data of eight definite diagnosed TASS cases were retrospectively analyzed.Results Among eight TASS cases,seven were post cataract surgery cases and one was post cornea penetrating injury.Three cases were caused by residual povidone iodine on instruments,2 cases resulted from the misuse of distilled water as intraocular irrigating liquid during cataract surgery,2 cases were produced by the countercurrent of antibiotic solution via the cornea-scleral incision into anterior chamber during subconjunctival injection at the end of the surgery,and 1 case was induced by the injection of the distilled water into the anterior chamber at the end of the surgery.Three TASS cases occurred during operation and 5 cases occurred at 1 day after operation.All eight cases suffered from the painless blurred vision.Three cases occurred during operation presented with decrease of corneal transparence and depigmentation of iris.On the first day after operation,all cases had diffuse corneal stroma edema and severe anterior uveitis.Dexamethasone 0.1% or prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops,three times per day or one time per hour Was used in all cases.Carteolol 2% eye drop,two times per day,was used for the cases with ocular hypertension.The cornea was clear in 6 cases,but corneal endothelial decompensation in 2 cases after therapy.Conclusion Various toxic agents injected into anterior chamber by misuse can result in TASS.All these misuse can be avoided.Early diagnosis and proper management may be important to improve the prognosis of TASS.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:225-228)

Objective To assess the clinical features and management of choroidal metastasis.Methods Fundus examination was performed in 49 patients(66 eyes)with choroidal metastasis.Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)Was performed in 44 cases,combined with indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)examination in 12 cases.B-scan ultrasound examination was performed in 8 cases.Transpupillary thermotherapy(TTT)was performed in 24 eyes,combined with photo-dynamic therapy in one eye.Plaque radio-therapy Was used in one eye.The parameters of treatment for TTT were 1.2-3 mm spot size,450-1000 mV,60 s;2 sessions of TTT in 2 eyes and 3 sessions in 3 eyes.Results Fourteen cases were male and 35 cases were female.Both eyes were affected in 17 cases(34.7%).Age ranged from 23-74 years old with an average of 47 years.The visual acuity Was 0.05 or less in 13 eyes:0.06-0.2 in 22 eyes and 0.3 or more in 31 eyes.Primary tumours were found in 40 cases(81.6%)(surgical excision in 25 cases),consisting of breast carcinoma in 16 cases(32.7%),lung carcinoma in 14 cases(28.6%),hepatoma and cholangiocarcinoma in 3 cases,colon and stomach carcinomas in 3 cases,gynecologic appendix carcinoma(including 1 case of ovarian mucous cyst adenocarcinoma)in 2 cases,nasopharyngeal adenocarcinoma in 1 case,vertebra tumor in 1 case,undetected in 5 cases(10.2%)and under detection in 4 cases(8.2%).The fundus had 1 lesion in 58 eyes(58/66=87.8%),2 lesions in 4 eyes(4/66=6.0%),3 or more lesions in 2 eyes(including 7 lesions in 1 eye).According to the location and development status of the lesions,they could be divided into solitary type,39 eyes(39/66=59.1%);diffuse type,19 eyes(19/66=28.8%);and early type,8 eyes(8/66=12.1%).FFA examination:early stage lesions showed hypofluorescence and later stage lesions showed moderate to strong hyperfluorescence.In 8 cases of solitary lesions,the size of the lesion measured by B-scan averaged 11.5 mm×10.5 mm×3.6 mm with the maximal heiisht at 4.9 mm.The tumor became flattened and vision remained stable at 3 months after plaque radiotherapy in 1 case.Three case6 were followed-up for 2,3,and 4 months after TTT treatment.The lesions remained stable with vision unchanged or slightly decreased.Conclusions The choroidal metastasis has specific clinical features.The classification of metastatic lesions into solitary,diffuse and early types is helpful for the evaluation of the disease process.The primary tumor can be found in 80% of cases.The most common primary cancer is breast carcinoma,followed by lung carcinoma.These two cancers account for 75% of primary tumors.In solitary type and early type lesions,TTT combines with systemic treatment could result in regression of lesions,saving of vision and improvement of the life quality.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:229-233)

Objective To map and detect the gene responsible for congenital nuclear cataract in a Chinese family.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood samples of members of the pedigree.Gene scan was performed using approximately 400 microsatellite markers spaced at about 10 cM intervals(ABI).Linkage analysis was carried out using a Linkage software package.Additional microsatellite markers for the positive region were selected for precise targeting,and haplotype data were processed using Cyrillic software to define the region of the disease gene.Mutation detection was carried out by sequencing candidate genes.Results Suggestive evidence of linkage was detected at marker D2S325(LOD score[Z]=2.29,recombination fraction[θ]=0.00).Precise targeting and haplotype analysis traced the disease gene to a 19.04 cM region bounded by D2S117 and D2S2382 on chromosome 2q32.3-q35.Direct sequencing of the candidate gene cluster revealed a G→A transversion in exon 3 of CRYGC.Conclusions The present study has identified a novel nonsense mutation in CRYGC associated with congenital nuclear cataracts in a Chinese family.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:234-238)

Objective To determine vision quality when testing two acrylic intraocular lenses,AcrySof IQ and AcrySof Natural,after routine cataract extraction and IOL implantation.Method Prospective,randomized,double-masked study that 260 eyes of 260 patients who underwent cataract extraction and IOL implantation was performed.Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups:AcrySof IQ or AcrySof Natural.One week,one and three month postoperative evaluations included contrast sensitivity and wavefront analysis.The independent-samples T test was used.P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Result The AcrySof IQ group has significantly hisher and middle spatial frequency of contrast sensitivity.The difference in low spatial frequency was getting significant along with time.Patients with AcrySof IQ had a reduction in total high-order aberrations and spherical aberration.There were no difference in coma between two groups.Conclusion The use of aspheric acrylic AcrySof IQ IOL may improve the quality of vision as a result of the reduction of contrast sensitivity and spherical aberration.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:239-242)

objectivc To analyze the characteristics of the retrobulbar blood vessels'hemodynamics changes and the choroidal circulation disorder,and to observe the relations between retinal pigment epithelium's(RPE)pathological changes and them.Methods It was a case control study.For 57(57 affected eyes and 57 contralateral eyes)unilateral eye affected patients and 25(50 eyes)normal health adults,we examined ophthalmic arteries(OA),posterior ciliary arteries(PCA)and short posterior ciliary arteryies(SPCA)by color Doppler flow Imaging(CDFI),and recorded the peak systolic velocities(PSV),end diastolic velocities(EDV)and resistance indexes(RI)of them.We compared each hemodynamic parameter of the normal eyes with it of the affected eyes and contralateral eyes in patients group respectively,and contrasted them between affected eyes and contralateral eyes of the patients.Fundus fluorescein angiography(FFA)and indocyanine green angiography(ICGA)were performed simultaneously on 57 patients with Heidelberg retina angiography,and the images were analyzed in contrast.We used SPSS 12.0 statistics software was used in the study.To the PSV,EDV and RI of the OA,PCA and SPCA in affected eyes and contralateral eyes of the patients,we used paired t-test for the same sample to compare their hemodynamic parameters:to compare normal health adults'eyes with the affected eyes and the contralateral eyes of patients group respectively,we used two-group t-test.When the P-value was less than 0.05,there was a statistical significanoe.Results There wag a more significant decrease of the hemodynamic parameters in beth PSVs and EDVs of temporal PCAs(PSV:t=3.044,P=0.005;EDV:t=3.731,P=0.001)and temporal SPCA8(PsV:t=2.822,P=0.008;EDV:t=3.194,P=0.003)compared the patients group's affected eyes with normal health adults group eyes,there was a more significant decrease of them of temporal PCAs(PSV:t=3.219,P=0.003;EDV:t=3.807,P=0.001)and temporal SPCAs(PSV:t=3.931,P=0.000,EDV:t=3.145,P=0.003)compared the patients group's contralateral eyes with normal health adults group eyes,and there was a statistical significance of them(P＜0.05).There was no difierence in hemodynamic parameters of both PsVs and EDVs of temporal PCAs(PSV:t=0.608,P=0.548;EDV:t=0.122,P=0.904)and temporal SPCAs(PSV:t=0.730,P=0.470;EDV:t=0.109,P=0.914)between affected eyes and contralateral eyes of the patients,and there was no statistical significance of them(P＞0.05).The results of FFA and ICGA showed that all the RPE's leaks of 57 affected eyes appeared at the hypofluoresceint regions of relative choroids;52 cases of 57 affected eyes were followed by choroidal vessels dilatation at the early hypofluoresceint regions,and appeared hyperfluorescence leakages in the late phase images:At the all regions of RPE's transmitted fluorescences of affected eyes and contralateral eyes,the corresponding choroids showed hyperfluorescence in the late phase images in ICGA;There were no RPE's transmitted fluorescences at the regions of 20 affected eyes and 16 contralateral eyes in FFA,which showed hyperfluoresceince leakages in the late phabe images of choroids in ICGA.Conclusions CSC is possibly a bilateral disease associated with systemic pathologic conditions.Hypoperfusion and ischemia are the basal characteristics of retrobulbar blood vessels'circulation disorder and choroidal ultracirculation disorder.The damage of RPE is following to the choroidal circulation disorder.(Clan J Ophthalmol,2009,45:243-247)

Translational medicine is a new concept in the field of international medicine that aims to reduce barriers and build relationships between clinical and basic research,and to translate scientific knowledge and research production into practical applications.Recently,the developments in the study of translational medicine in many fields have been reported abroad.However,the development of translational medicine is in the initial stage in China.A turning point will be brought to ophthalmic research by improving the development of translational research.This review introduces the concept and development of translational medicine as well as the recent advances in the studies of translational medicine in ophthalmology.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:276-279)

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)consist of a growing class of short non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)that negatively regulate the expression of genes involved in development,differentiation,proliferation,apoptosis and other important cellular processes.They regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by either degradation or translational repressionof a target mRNA.Nowadays more than 400 miRNAs have been identified in the human genome.A growing number of reports have established a link between a specific group of microRNAs and tissues in eyes,including cornea,len,retina.Here,we describe our current understanding of the structure,biogenesis and function of MicroRNAs,as well as their potential as novel therapeutic approaches in eye disease.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:280-284)

Tissue engineering has developed rapidly in the last 20 years and has shown a promising future in many aspects of ophthalmology,such as the ocular surface and the retina.But also it has been confronted with some major scientific problems.Tissue engineering conjunctiva and corneal epithelia have been clinically well applied in the reconstruction of the ocular surface;immortalizing corneal endothelia may be the key problem in creating tissue engineering cornea;and the future of tissue engineering retina may be not as good as that of artificial retina.This paper reviews current research and application in some major fields of ocular tissue engineering.(Chin J Ophthalmol,2009,45:285-288)

The main content of this issue is the new progress in basic research of ophthalmology. Li Genlin's review article "Correct understanding of retinitis pigmentosa with a scientific attitude" published in this issue suggests that retinitis pigmentosa is the most common hereditary blinding fundus disease, with high sporadicity and high clinical heterogeneity. 　　

A 23-year-old male patient came to our hospital because of blurred vision after upper respiratory tract infection for 1 week. He had been diagnosed with binocular papillitis in the local hospital because of binocular papilledema. He was given glucocorticoid treatment for 2 weeks, but his condition did not improve.

The patient was a 50-year-old male. He went to the ophthalmology department of our hospital on October 22, 2007 due to sudden painless visual acuity decrease in his right eye for 17 h. The visual acuity was 0.12 in the right eye and 1.0 in the left eye. The movement of both eyes in all directions was normal, the conjunctiva was unfilled, the cornea was transparent, KP (1), the aqueous humor flashed (1), the anterior chamber was deep, the pupil was round, and the iris was neovascularized. Relative pupillary block in the right heel and sensitive optical response in the left eye; The lens cortex of both eyes was mildly opaque, but the vitreous body was not opaque; The boundary and color of the right fundus papilla were normal, the posterior pole retina showed gray-white edema, the macula was cherry red, and the arteries were thin; The left fundus examination was normal, and the diagnosis was: occlusion of the central retinal artery in the right eye.

Frost-branch retinal vasculitis is a severe retinal vasculitis that can be combined with panuveitis. It is characterized by extensive white sheathing of retinal blood vessels like frost on branches, and most of the patients are young adults.This disease was first reported in. 1976 [1], and it is rarely reported in China [2-3].

The main columns of this journal in 2009 include expert reviews, focus forums, academic controversies, treatises, short treatises, technical exchanges, case reports, clinical case discussions, ophthalmology management, picture essence, review, continuing education garden, test questions analysis, historical records of Chinese ophthalmology, conference (discussion) minutes, academic trends, discussion of standards and norms, talent exchanges, book reviews, etc. Among them, the manuscripts of expert reviews and continuing education garden are mainly invited manuscripts, while the manuscripts of other columns are free submissions.

The 13th National Academic Conference on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, organized by the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, will be held in Chengdu, Sichuan Province from June 12 to 16, 2009. This conference will focus on the clinical and basic research of strabismus and amblyopia, childhood refractive error, cataract, glaucoma, ocular trauma, fundus diseases, ocular tumors, hereditary eye diseases and other childhood eye diseases. Now we call for papers on the above academic contents.

This journal requires that the content of the manuscript should be advanced, scientific and practical. Manuscripts should be authentic in information, accurate in data, distinct in arguments, rigorous in structure, refined in writing, neat and standardized in writing, and statistical processing should be carried out when necessary. Treatises, lectures and reviews generally do not exceed 8,000 words (including abstracts, charts and references); Short essays, case reports, etc. generally do not exceed 4,000 words. The manuscript should be reviewed by the author's unit, and a recommendation letter from the unit should be attached. The recommendation letter should indicate the review opinions on the manuscript and the fact that there are no two submissions for one manuscript,

The Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology was founded on October 1, 1950. It was sponsored by the Chinese Medical Association and edited by the Editorial Committee of the Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology. The editorial committee is composed of nearly 100 well-known ophthalmologists in China. The current editor-in-chief Zhao Jialiang and the editorial director Huang Yibin. The main readers of this journal are ophthalmologists across the country, and it is publicly distributed at home and abroad. China Standard Issue Number: ISSN0412-4081, CN11-2142/R;

Medical nouns should use the nouns published by the National Committee for Approval of Scientific and Technological Nouns. For subject terms that have not yet passed the examination and approval, you can choose the subject words in the latest edition of Medical Thesaurus (MeSH), Medical Thesaurus Annotations and Thesaurus of Traditional Chinese Medicine. For nouns and terms without common translation, the original word should be indicated when it appears for the first time in the text. The names of Chinese and Western medicines are subject to the latest versions of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and the Generic Names of Chinese Medicines (both compiled by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission).

In order to implement the policy of combining popularization and improvement, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, while reporting major clinical and basic research results at home and abroad, pays attention to the actual needs of the majority of ophthalmologists and strengthens the practicality of the journal. In 2009, it continued to open the column "Test Questions Analysis". This column invites authoritative ophthalmologists in China to make an accurate and in-depth analysis of all kinds of test questions in the ophthalmology question bank. Readers are welcome to pay attention to this column, actively read, and put forward suggestions and opinions.

In order to better express the central content of the full text, after discussion and approval by the 12th editorial board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, this journal made appropriate adjustments to the writing of Chinese and English abstracts of the treatise. The abstract format is still divided into four parts: purpose, method, result and conclusion, and each part is titled with corresponding titles. However, in "Methods" the author should inform the name of the study design and the main method. I hope the authors will pay attention to the writing standards of Chinese and English abstracts in future submissions.

According to international practice and the actual situation in China, for papers that meet the following conditions, the Chinese Medical Association series journals allow and accept the republication of relevant papers of the same research in different languages.

The statutory unit of measurement of this journal implements the "Statutory Unit of Measurement of the People's Republic of China" promulgated by the State Council in February 1984, and is represented by unit symbols. For specific use, refer to the book "Application of Statutory Unit of Measurement in Medicine" edited by the Editorial and Publishing Department of Chinese Medical Association in 1991.

Since the copyright law of our country was promulgated, it has been paid widespread attention by all circles of society. As a medical scientific and technological journal, the copyright law must be implemented to the letter. Therefore, the relevant requirements of this journal for author's signature and thanks are reiterated as follows.

Professor YasuoTano, President of the Asia-Pacific Ophthalmology Society, Head of the Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, Japan, Vice President of the Affiliated Hospital of Osaka University, and Successor President of the Japan Ophthalmology Society, died of illness on January 31, 2009 at the age of 60.

With the extensive application of excimer laser refractive corneal surgery in clinical practice, more and more ophthalmic medical workers and researchers not only pay attention to the evaluation of its clinical effect, but also focus on the research of its basic theory. In recent years, ophthalmology medical workers have gained good experience in excimer laser treatment of ocular refractive errors. In order to better master the excimer laser technology and make it better developed,

Following the successful "National Academic Symposium on Clinical Rational Drug Use in Ophthalmology" and "National Academic Symposium on Application of New Technologies and New Equipments in Ophthalmology" held by the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association in 2008, at the request of the majority of ophthalmologists, the "First Chinese Ophthalmology Young and Middle-aged Forum (and Organizing Meeting)" sponsored by this journal and co-organized by Ophthalmology Branch of Zhejiang Medical Association will be held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province from June 19 to 23, 2009. The content integrates the rational application of ophthalmology drugs and the promotion of new technologies and new equipment.

With the approval of China Association for Science and Technology, the 9th International Conference on Ophthalmology and Optometry, co-sponsored by Shanghai Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, East China Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Optometry Group of Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, Optometry College of Wenzhou Medical College and China International Science and Technology Conference Center of China Association for Science and Technology, will be held at Jinan International Convention and Exhibition Center in Shandong Province from March 27th to 29th, 2009.

The 1st Chinese Congress of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (CCRVO) and Graduate Tutor Forum jointly sponsored by the Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University was successfully held in the beautiful Yangcheng Guangzhou from February 12 to 15, 2009 (Figure 1). 　　

The 2008 National Glaucoma Conference and the 7th AOGS Conference, co-sponsored by Asia-oceanicglaucoma society (AOGS), Glaucoma Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University, was successfully held in Guangzhou, China from December 5 to 7, 2008. 　　

Sponsored by Xiamen Medical Association and undertaken by Xiamen Ophthalmology Center affiliated to Xiamen University, the 2009 national continuing education project "Workshop on New Progress in Ophthalmology Technology" will be held in Xiamen, Fujian Province from April 24 to 26, 2009. At that time, well-known ophthalmologists from home and abroad will give wonderful lectures, and share with the participants the new academic progress in cataract, optometry, glaucoma, fundus diseases, strabismus and amblyopia, pediatric eye diseases, ocular surface and corneal diseases, ocular plastic surgery and ocular trauma.

The Institute of Orbital Diseases of Armed Police General Hospital will hold a five-day study class on new advances in modern diagnosis and treatment of orbital and intraocular tumors in Wuhan at the end of May 2009. Contents: Orbital diseases often faced by ophthalmic clinicians and related knowledge, including how to correctly analyze ocular CT, ultrasound and MRI pictures; Diagnosis and treatment methods of orbital tumor and intraocular tumor and recent progress; Orbital fracture diagnosis and treatment; Eye plastic surgery associated with orbitopathies;

With the development of society and economy, visual quality has obviously affected the quality of life of patients, which is increasingly concerned by the society. The rapid development of science and technology has laid the foundation for the continuous renewal of ophthalmic equipment and drugs, and improved the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Bausch & Lomb Eye Surgery Products Company of the United States continues to provide professional medical equipment for ophthalmology clinics, among which the excimer laser 2172100 refractive correction system has a relatively umbrella personalized treatment technology, and its clinical effect has been recognized by ophthalmologists and patients;

As a journal with strong academic strength and extensive academic influence in ophthalmology in China, in order to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists in China, strengthen clinicians' cognition of various ophthalmology surgical concepts, surgical standards and surgical effects, and thus promote the development and improvement of clinical surgical skills in China, Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology will hold a series of select activities of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology for ophthalmologists all over the country. The participating materials are surgical videos, and the evaluation committee of the activity is composed of the editorial board of relevant majors of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology.