Volume 42 ·  Issue 10 ·  2006

The refractive correction, amblyopia treatment and binocular visual function training are indispensable ways for children to obtain good surgical results in all kinds of common children's eye diseases, such as strabismus, cataract, glaucoma and retinal detachment. The research progress of binocular visual function development provides a new possibility for the reconstruction of binocular visual function after surgery in children with eye diseases. Only by paying attention to the reconstruction of binocular visual function after surgery and reducing stereoscopic blindness can children obtain good visual function adapted to modern social life while improving visual acuity.

At present, there is no unified recording method for the strabismus degree in different diagnostic eye positions and head position tilt in China. In order to facilitate clinical diagnosis and analysis, it is necessary to unify the graphic recording method. In summarizing the commonly used graphic recording methods at home and abroad, it is suggested to adopt two recording methods: the former is used for homoscopic examination, Worth four-lamp test, Markov rod and double Markov rod test, diplopia test, Hess screen and Lancaster screen test, etc. The latter is used for prism covering test and arranging 9 diagnostic eye position fixation photos.

Objective to compare the similarities and differences between strabismic amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia.Methods the visual evoked potentials and blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals were recorded in 18 cases of strabismic amblyopia and 15 cases of anisometropic amblyopia.The binocular pixel index and the mean activity level of cerebral cortex neurons under different stimulation conditions were compared between strabismic amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia.The correlation between the mean activity level of cerebral cortex neurons and the wave latency of P100 was analyzed.Results the binocular pixel index of strabismic amblyopia patients was significantly lower than that of anisometropic amblyopia patients (P<0.05). The mean activity level of cerebral cortex neurons driven by amblyopic eyes was lower than that of contralateral eyes (P<0.05) when stimulated with any spatial frequency (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00c/d), The mean activity level of cerebral cortex neurons in amblyopic eyes was lower than that in contralateral eyes (P<0.01). The latency of P100 wave was negatively correlated with the mean activity level of cerebral cortex neurons (P<0.05). Conclusion The two different types of amblyopia not only have different degrees of abnormal interaction between the two eyes, but also have different damage to neural pathways at different spatial frequencies of visual system.

Objective to explore the mechanism of stereoscopy from the perspective of electrophysiology and provide parameters for stereoscopy objective.Methods disparity evoked potential (DEP) caused by different sizes of crossover and non-crossover was recorded by dynamic random point stereoscopic stimulation generated by microcomputer in 30 healthy adults with close stereoscopy from 4 'to 150'. Results (1) The DEP of different parallax was wide negative positive wave; (2) 45 'cross-parallax DEP has the longest N-wave latency time and 150' N-wave latency time is the shortest; The N-wave latency time of 4 'and 30' non-cross parallax DEP is the longest, and the N-wave latency time of 124' is the shortest; (3) The P-wave amplitude peaks of cross-parallax DEP appeared at 23 ', 60' and 150 ', and the non-cross-parallax DEP appeared at 15', 45 'and 72'; (4) The non-crossed parallax variation curves of N-wave latent time and P-wave amplitude of each parallax DEP are shifted to the left as a whole compared with the crossed parallax; The evolution rule of N-wave latent time of small parallax crossing parallax is different from that of non-crossing parallax DEP. Conclusion N-wave latent time and P-wave amplitude of DEP can provide parameters for objective stereo vision detection; Stereoscopic vision should be divided into fine intersection and fine non-intersection, rough intersection and rough non-intersection stereoscopic vision.

Methods Twenty-nine patients (58 eyes) with hyperfunction of superior oblique muscle were treated with binocular superior oblique muscle attenuation. Fundus photographs were taken before and 1 week after operation, and the angle between macula and optic papilla was measured by drawing software, and the objective rotation degree of the operated eyes was recorded. The subjective rotation degree and binocular visual function were examined by the same vision machine. Results The objective rotation degree of 58 eyes before operation was 10.48°±6.01° in the right eye and 9.37°±5.88° in the left eye; The objective rotation degree of right eye and left eye decreased by 9.11°±7.09° and 7.94°±4.76°, respectively, 1 week after the operation of superior oblique muscle weakening.The difference of objective rotation degree before and after the operation of both eyes was statistically significant (P<0.01). The change of internal rotation degree after the operation of superior oblique muscle tendinotomy was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of the same-vision machine examination showed that all patients had no normal binocular visual function and rotational strabismus before and after the operation. The effect of superior oblique tendinotomy and superior oblique partial resection on improving internal rotation strabismus is basically the same; There are inconsistencies in the changes of subjective and objective rotation states.

Objective to analyze the accuracy of Holladay Ⅱ formula in calculating the degree of intraocular lens (IOL) implantation after corneal refractive surgery. Methods 15 patients (15 eyes) after corneal refractive surgery were divided into two groups and underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. The first group (8 eyes) was calculated by Holladay Ⅱ formula, and the corneal refractive power was calculated according to the experience of surgeons, which was KS. In the second group (7 eyes), the same formula was applied, but the corneal diopter was calculated by the diopter number of patients, which was KR. The diopter number 1 month after phacoemulsification cataract aspiration was compared with the expected diopter number before operation, and the absolute value of the difference between the two groups was used as the standard for analysis. Results The mean absolute value of the difference between the corneal diopter number 1 month after phacoemulsification cataract aspiration and the expected diopter number before operation was (0.90±0.22) D and (0.99±0.22) D respectively in the two groups. Conclusion The accuracy of calculating the IOL degree in phacoemulsification cataract aspiration after corneal refractive surgery is relatively high using HolladayⅡ formula. The difference between KS and KR in HolladayⅡ formula was not statistically significant.

Objective to investigate the clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, diagnostic methods and treatment principles of orbital Langelhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). Methods The clinical data of 11 patients with orbital LCH were retrospectively analyzed, including 7 patients with eosinophilic granuloma and 4 patients with Han-Schuck syndrome. Results Eosinophilic granuloma occurred in adolescents, mostly in the orbit. Han-Schuck syndrome was more common in male children under 5 years old, characterized by multifocal histiocytic proliferation, and typical patients had triad (exophthalmos, diabetes insipidus and multifocal skull loss). Most patients were treated with exophthalmos and orbital masses. Cranial X-ray showed multifocal skull loss, B-ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound showed intraorbital soft tissue masses, and CT examination showed both orbital bone loss and soft tissue masses. MRI can show intraorbital tumor and intracranial involvement.Conclusion the characteristic imaging findings are helpful for the diagnosis of LCH.Comprehensive therapy should be adopted for the treatment, i.e. local radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the basis of surgery. The prognosis is related to the classification, the prognosis of eosinophilic granuloma is the best, and the prognosis of infantile LCH is the worst.

Objective to investigate the distribution and morphological characteristics of corneal nerves in type 2 diabetic patients under confocal microscope. Methods Confoscan 3.0 confocal microscope was used to observe the distribution and morphological characteristics of central corneal nerves in 59 patients (65 eyes) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 26 patients (26 eyes) with cataract surgery at the same age. According to the results of binocular indirect ophthalmoscope and fluorescein fundus angiography, the diabetic patients were divided into three groups: diabetic without fundus change (NDR) group, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. The images of corneal subepithelial plexus and corneal stromal nerve were recorded and analyzed. Results Compared with the control group, the density of nerve branches and nerve fiber length of corneal subepithelial plexus in type 2 diabetic patients were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the density of nerve fibers was significantly reduced only in PDR group. Conclusion Confocal microscopy is an effective and non-invasive method for corneal nerve examination. The morphological abnormalities of corneal subepithelial plexus and corneal stromal nerve in type 2 diabetic patients were found.

Objective to compare the differentiation potential of human retinal progenitor cells and brain neural stem cells in vitro.Methods Human fetal neural retinal, cerebral cortex and striatum neural stem cells were isolated from 8 to 12 weeks and cultured in vitro without serum. The cell characteristics of neural stem cells were observed by light microscopy and immunocytochemical or fluorescent immunocytochemical staining under serum-free and 10% fetal bovine serum culture.Results the neural stem cells from both sources could proliferate and differentiate in vitro with or without serum culture.Retinal progenitor cells not only expressed retinal progenitor cell marker Pax-6, but also expressed neural stem cell marker Nestin (Nestin), mature neuron marker microtubule associated protein 2 (Map2), astrocyte marker glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), gangliocyte marker Thy-1 and rod marker Rhodopsin (Rhodopsin). Brain neural stem cells can also express these specific cell markers. When serum induced differentiation, retinal progenitor cells are difficult to adhere to the wall, and the adherent cell spheres protrude few and short processes, and the morphology of individual cells is unclear; Conclusion Human fetal retinal progenitor cells and cranial neural stem cells have the ability to differentiate into neurons, glial cells and retinal terminal cells in vitro. During serum-induced differentiation, there were differences in cell adhesion, migration ability and cell morphology after differentiation.

Objective to locate the pathogenic genes of a family of autosomal dominant congenital suture cataract in China.Methods Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood of family members. About 400 genetic markers provided by Applied Biosystems were selected for gene scanning.The data were linked by Linkage software package to determine the chromosome region where the pathogenic genes were located. Higher density fluorescent markers were selected in the positive region for fine scanning, and haplotype analysis was performed by Cyrillic software.Results The maximum log dominance score (LOD) value Zmax =2.32 (θ max =0.00) was obtained by two-point Linkage analysis at D3S1279.The pathogenic genes were located in the region of about 38.6 Cm (Cm) between D3S1267 and D3S1614 by fine scanning and haplotype analysis.Conclusion The pathogenic genes of congenital suture cataract families were located in the region of about 38.6 Cm of chromosome 3 3q21.1-q26.2.

Objective to identify the pathogenic genes of a family of autosomal dominant cataract (ADCC) in northern China. Methods A family of ADCC was collected, and the DNA of blood leukocytes was extracted. Using microsatellite locus polymorphism linkage analysis, the candidate genes in the chromosome region suggesting linkage were sequenced to find mutations. Results The pathogenic genes of this family were located in the region of 2q33.3-34, and the genes of its candidate gene gamma crystallin gene cluster were sequenced. It was found that there was a heterozygous missense mutation (109C→A) in the second exon of Yd crystallin gene, which was co-segregated with patients in the family. This mutation could lead to the substitution of the 36th arginine encoded by serine. Conclusion The mutation of gamma crystallin gene caused nuclear crystalline congenital cataract in this family, which was caused by the mutation of gamma D crystallin gene 109C→A (R36S).

Objective to investigate the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1) in corneal wound healing and their effects on wound healing in rabbits, and to investigate the interaction between them and the related Smad signaling pathway. Methods Twenty-six purebred Albino rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: (1) blank control group: 2 rabbits (4 eyes) without any treatment. (2) simple corneal trauma group: 2 rabbits (4 eyes) in each subgroup at 2, 6 h, 1, 3, 7 and 21 d after surgery. (3) TGF antibody group: 15.5 μ g TGF antibody was injected into the temporal bulb subconjunctiva, and then divided into 3, 7 and 21 d subgroups, 2 rabbits (4 eyes) in each subgroup. (4) Smad4 antibody group: 20 μ g Smad4 antibody was injected into the temporal bulb subconjunctiva, and then divided into 3, 7 and 21 d subgroups, 2 rabbits (4 eyes) in each subgroup. The experimental eyes were first subjected to lamellar keratectomy with a diameter of 3 mm and a parenchyma of about 0.05 mm. Immunohistochemistry and Mrna in situ hybridization were used to detect the expression of CTGF, TGF-β 1, fibronectin (FN) at 2, 6 h, 1, 3, 7 and 21 d after operation, and the expression of collagen I, CTGF Mrna and the activation and proliferation of corneal fibroblasts at 6 h, 3, 7 and 21 d after operation, respectively. Results (1) No expression of CTGF protein and Mrna was found in normal rabbit cornea, but TGF-β 1 protein was expressed in normal corneal epithelium. (2) Corneal fibroblasts started to activate at 6 h after operation, and the expression of TGF-β 1 in epithelium and parenchyma increased significantly after trauma, while the expression of CTGF Mrna was up-regulated; The expression of TGF-β 1 protein, CTGF and type Ⅰ collagen Mrna peaked at 3 days after operation; At 7 days after operation, the expression of TGF-β 1 protein was obvious in the epithelium of 3 patients, and the expression of TGF-β 1 protein was decreased in the parenchyma; At 21 days after surgery, most fibroblasts recovered to the pre-injury state, and CTGF protein and Mrna were occasionally expressed in the epithelium. (3) TGF antibody decreased the expression of TGF-β 1, CTGF and FN in the parenchyma, and downregulated the expression of CTGF Mrna in the epithelium. (4) Smad4 antibody inhibited the expression of TGF in the parenchyma, but had no effect on CTGF expression.Conclusion Wound can increase the expression of TGF-β 1 protein, CTGF protein and Mrna, and increase the synthesis of type I collagen and FN protein.TGF-β 1 promotes the activation of corneal fibroblasts and upregulates the expression of CTGF; CTGF mainly regulates the production of type Ⅰ collagen and FN, which affects corneal wound healing and scar formation; These two regulatory effects may not be transmitted through the Smad pathway.

The research papers in the Science Citation Index (SCI) represent the highest level of basic scientific research in the world, and the Index of a country's scientific papers being included and cited by SCI is an important criterion to evaluate the country's international academic status, basic scientific research level, scientific and technological strength and the quality of scientific and technological papers [1]. Because there are only three kinds of medical journals in China included by SCI, Chinese medical scientists have little knowledge of SCI source journals, and many breakthrough scientific and technological innovations have not been published in SCI source journals, which makes the huge influence that these papers should have produced far from being exerted. In July 2006, we analyzed the data of ophthalmology journals included in SCI, aiming to understand the general situation of ophthalmology journals included in SCI, and provide reference for Chinese ophthalmology researchers to submit articles to SCI source journals.

Formulating the standard of ophthalmic medical service is an important measure to ensure the quality of medical treatment, avoid medical disputes and curb the rising medical price. Ophthalmology medical service guidelines are urgently needed in our country's ophthalmology community. Since 2002, Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, under the leadership of Chinese Medical Association, has gradually completed the compilation of ophthalmology guidelines and operating specifications in China. However, comparing these materials with international similar materials, there is still a considerable gap, which is mainly manifested in the fact that we have not fully followed the principles of evidence-based medicine when formulating service guidelines and operating specifications. Therefore, we need to learn from foreign advanced experience. The International Council of Ophthalmology considers the clinical guidelines prepared by the American Academy of Ophthalmology to be the most appropriate and best guidelines for ophthalmic clinical services at present. Beginning in September 2003, with the support of the World Health Organization, we carried out the introduction of clinical guidelines. This article is the result of careful discussion by experts who participated in the 2nd Clinical Guidelines Working Conference of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association in June 2005 (divided into six special groups: glaucoma, retina, cataract, corneal and external eye disease, pediatric ophthalmology, refractive error and visual rehabilitation) on the basis of summarizing the benchmarks of ophthalmology clinical guidelines of American Ophthalmology Society. Experts have revised some contents according to the actual situation of ophthalmology in China. According to the agreement reached with the American Academy of Ophthalmology, this material is now published as the clinical guideline of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association for several common eye diseases, hoping to get the attention and attention of ophthalmologists all over the country and practice it in medical work.

Clinical Ophthalmology, translated by Professor Xu Guoxing, a doctoral supervisor in ophthalmology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University and Fujian Institute of Ophthalmology, and edited by Professor Jack J Kanski, has been published by Fujian Science and Technology Press. There are 16 chapters in the book, covering all the contents of clinical ophthalmology. At the beginning of each chapter, there is an overview of clinical applied anatomy and physiology, which is convenient for readers to understand the related diseases. The selected color photos of typical signs of ophthalmology and surgical anatomy are particularly wonderful, with pictures and texts, clear and realistic picture colors, and ingenious illustrations. In addition to the detailed description of the morphological characteristics of various eye diseases, the book also makes a comprehensive and focused discussion on the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, clinical evaluation, prevention and treatment principles of eye diseases in each chapter.

The book "Clinical Optical Coherence Tomography of Ophthalmology", edited by Professor Liu Xing, deputy editor by Professor Huang Shizhou and reviewed by Professor Ge Jian, recommended by Guangdong Excellent Science and Technology Monograph Publishing Foundation and funded by Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, has been officially published by Guangdong Science and Technology Press.

The CD-ROM "Ophthalmic Surgery (Part 1 and Part 2)" produced by Beijing Tongren Ophthalmology Center of Capital Medical University and published by China Medical Electronic Audio and Video Press has been published.

The book "Sclerology" edited by Fang Yan, Wei Wenbin and Chen Jizhong has been published by the Science and Technology Literature Publishing House of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. The author of this book comes from many medical schools and scientific research institutions in China. Each chapter of the book is a scholar and researcher who has made research achievements in a certain field of scleral diseases. According to my clinical practice and clinical research achievements, and with reference to a large number of domestic and foreign literature writing. This book introduces the pathology, diagnosis and treatment experience of scleral diseases including infectious scleritis, non-infectious scleritis, scleral trauma, scleral dilation, scleral staphyloma, scleral congenital abnormalities, scleral tumors, scleral degeneration, etc. It fully reflects the domestic level in the field of diagnosis and treatment of scleral diseases. This book is divided into 13 chapters, with about 500,000 words and more than 160 pictures, including more than 80 color pictures, which are rich in pictures and texts, which are convenient for readers to compare and deepen their understanding. They can directly guide and help in diagnosis, and are highly practical. References are attached to the end of each chapter, which can be consulted. Available in Xinhua Bookstores everywhere.

The 10th National Visual Physiology Academic Conference of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association was held in Southwest Eye Hospital of Chongqing Third Military Medical University on June 23-25, 2006. Zhao Jialiang, chairman of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Li Xiaoxin, deputy chairman of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, attended the conference for guidance. Yin Zhengqin, leader of visual physiology group, Zhang Zuoming and Wang Ling, deputy leaders, Duan Junguo, Liu Xiaoling, Teng Yan, Lai Zongbai, Chang Qing, Jiang Libin, Yin Weijing and foreign experts attended the meeting. More than 300 delegates attended the meeting, from 28 provinces and cities across the country. The conference received more than 200 academic papers. Based on the tenet of "visual physiology is the platform of ophthalmic clinical function detection and the growth point of new ophthalmic technologies", this conference achieved great success with the joint efforts of all participants.

The book "Basics and Clinics of Ophthalmology" edited by Professors Yang Peizeng, Chen Jiaqi, Ge Jian and Wu Dezheng of Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University has been published by People's Medical Publishing House. In order to commemorate Chen Yaozhen and Professor Mao Wenshu, the founders of Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center, and to show the main achievements of basic and clinical research in ophthalmology in the past 40 years since its establishment, this book is compiled by 72 experts from Sun Yat-sen Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University who systematically summarized the experience of basic and clinical research in ophthalmology, and combined with the latest research progress at home and abroad. The book features the combination of clinical and basic research, focusing on the common methods and techniques of basic research, clinical diagnostic techniques and surgical methods, the function characteristics of ophthalmic drugs and the latest progress in drug therapy, etc., basically covering important topics in the field of ophthalmic research. This book is suitable for ophthalmologists at all levels, graduate students and scientific researchers engaged in related basic research. It is of certain value to improve the thinking ability of scientific research and the level of ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment. The book has a total of 1.98 million words, divided into 12 chapters and 58 chapters, beautifully printed, illustrated and textual, and priced at 296 yuan.

A 38-year-old female was diagnosed as "upper respiratory tract infection" in a community health center on October 9, 2004 due to headache, dizziness and nausea for 1 week, and was given symptomatic treatment.

A 14-year-old woman was found to have a mass in her right lower eyelid for more than 5 years, without pain, bleeding or ulceration. She went to a local hospital 2 years ago and was diagnosed as "right lower eyelid granuloma". She underwent right lower eyelid mass resection, but the postoperative pathological examination results were unknown. The lower eyelid mass was found in the original position again 3 months after operation, but no systematic diagnosis and treatment was performed. Because the mass gradually increased, she came to our hospital for treatment.

Congenital occult ophthalmia, also known as blepharophagia, is a rare congenital abnormality in which the eyeball is completely covered by skin without eyeball fissure, only ocular remains or no ocular globe at all.

Alphagan is a highly selective α 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, which can reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production and increasing the sclero-uveal outflow pathway [1]. Alphagan is used as the first-line treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension in the United States because of its high selectivity and low lipophilicity, and rarely causes side effects [2, 3]. Recently, two infants and young children in our hospital experienced central nervous system depression after using Alphagan, which is reported below.

The patient was a 14-year-old female with visual acuity decreased for more than 20 days. She came to the ophthalmology department of our hospital on January 15, 2006. No abnormalities were found in the whole body examination. Ocular examination: the naked eye visual acuity of both eyes was 0.1, and the correction did not improve. No abnormalities were found in the anterior segment of both eyes. After mydriasis, the fundus was examined: the temporal side of the optic papilla of both eyes was slightly lighter than the nasal side, with clear boundaries, cup/disc ratio 0.3~0.4, the veins were slightly dilated and tortuous, the ratio of artery to vein was about 2:3, the foveal reflection was visible, and a large number of cotton wool spots and a small amount of small patchy bleeding were scattered in the posterior pole (similar in both eyes) (Figure 1,2). Fluorescein fundus angiography showed that the retinal vein diameter at the posterior pole of the left eye was uneven and slightly dilated, and the small blood vessels were also dilated. Capillary non-perfusion area (about 6 PD) and a small amount of radial hypofluorescence area (bleeding) were visible in all directions 1 PD from the optic papilla. The vascular leakage at the posterior pole was obvious, and the peripheral retinal blood vessels were not obviously abnormal (Figure 3). The small blood vessels in the right eye were not filled at 1pd from the optic papilla, and the rest was roughly the same as that in the left eye (Figure 4).

The treatment of severe ocular thermal burn has always been a difficult problem in ophthalmology, especially when the upper and lower eyelid skin, meibomian plate and eyelid margin are completely destroyed. The defects of meibomian plate and eyelid margin and the ulcer surface make the keratoconjunctival damage more difficult to repair or even aggravate, and the amniotic membrane and cornea grafts are difficult to survive, which easily causes eyeball perforation and eventually loss of vision.

The child was a male, 4 years old and 7 months old, who came to our hospital on March 15, 2005 because of strabismus in his left eye since childhood. The child was born on August 7, 2000, and delivered naturally at full term. The parents were not close relatives, and there was no similar medical history or genetic history in the family. The parents found esotropia in his left eye from 6 months to 1 year old, and went to the local hospital without treatment. It was recommended to follow up after the age of 3. In December, 2003, he went to the local hospital. The naked visual acuity was 0.15 in the right eye and 0.25 in the left eye, and the esotropia in the left eye was 15°. The diopter was examined twice under small pupil computerized optometry and cycloplegia (1% atropine eye fluid in both eyes, twice/day, for 7 consecutive days) (Table 1). Preliminary diagnosis: (1) refractive error in both eyes; (2) Amblyopia in both eyes to be examined. Two times according to the small pupil computer optometry, amblyopia training was carried out after wearing the glasses, and the two eyes were alternately covered by covering therapy (covering the right eye for 2 days, covering the left eye for 3 days, and opening both eyes for 1 day).

With the improvement of cataract surgery technique and people's increasing requirements for quality of life, cataract surgery has gradually shifted from vision restoration surgery to refractive surgery in the past. Traditional monofocal intraocular lens can provide good vision after implantation, but because of its lack of adjustment power, the light can only focus on one focal point after passing through, and patients have to rely on glasses to meet the needs of different working distances, which brings many inconvenience in life and work. Both doctors and patients hope to get good full-course vision after cataract surgery at the same time, so as to get rid of the trouble of glasses, and multifocal intraocular lens comes into being. This paper expounds the classification, principle, indication, surgical technique, target refractive power setting and postoperative visual effect of multifocal intraocular lens.

Infectious endophthalmitis (endophthalmitis) is a very serious ophthalmic emergency. The inflammatory reaction spreads rapidly to intraocular tissues and fluids, including aqueous humor, vitreous body, retina, uvea and even sclera, even corneosclera and orbital tissues, and develops into periophthalmitis (panophthalmitis). Even if a large number of antibiotics are given and surgery is carried out, the loss of vision can still not be avoided. Therefore, it is very important to detect endophthalmitis in time, distinguish the pathogen and give correct treatment for saving the patient's vision or reducing the visual damage.