Volume 50 · Issue 11 · 2014

Ocular fundus disease is an important cause of blindness in China today.It has been a serious threat to people's health and quality of life.After unremitting efforts of generations,we have made remarkable achievements in the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of ocular fundus disease.We have achieved many breakthroughs and progressions in the investigations of diabetic retinopathy,choroidal neovascularization,pediatric fundus disease,and other major diseases.And weare gradually standardizing imaging data management,new drug development procedures,and multi-center clinical trials.In the future,we need to further standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment,to accelerate the basic research of serious and rare diseases,and to improve the overall level in the field of ocular fundus disease in China,so as to enhance our international influence in ophthalmology.

Objective To discuss the clinical significance of the neck vascular ultrasound examination in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).Methods Case-control study.Thirty patients of BRVO and 30 healthy subjects with no ophthalmic and systemic symptoms were recruited from January 2010 to January 2012 in the Department of Ophthalmology of the First People's Hospital of Dali Prefecture.The neck vascular ultrasound examination was performed in two groups.The incidence of carotid atheromatous plaque,the rate of carotid stenosis and the carotid artery resistance index (RI) were compared using chi square test.Logistic regression analysis of the rate of carotid stenosis and carotid artery RI were performed.Results In BRVO group,23 cases had carotid atheromatous plaque with the incidence of 76.7％ Nineteen cases had carotid stenosis with the incidence of 63.3％.The average carotid artery RI was 0.66.In control group,carotid artery atheromatous plaque was found on 6 subjects with incidence of 20.0％.Carotid artery stenosis was detected in 3 subjects with incidence of 10.0％.The average carotid artery RI was 0.61.The incidence of carotid artery atheromatous plaque and carotid stenosis and carotid artery RI in BRVO group were significantly higher than the control group.The difference was statistically significant(P ＜ 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that carotid artery stenosis(partial regression coefficient =2.263,OR =9.611,P =0.004) and carotid artery RI (partial regression coefficient =23.713,OR =669.273,P =0.006) had influence in BRVO patients as risk factors.Conclusion Early detection of carotid scleratheroma and carotid artery stenosis by the carotid artery ultrasound examination played an important role in prevention or treatment of BRVO.

Objective To evaluate epidemiologic features and laboratory findings of fungal endophthalmitis in north China.Methods Eighty-one patients (81 eyes) were diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis at our institution from January 2000 to December 2012.Patient history,etiological agents,direct smear examination,fungal culture and pathogen sensitivity to antifungal drug were evaluated.Results The fungal endophthalmitis was exogenous in 73 cases (90.1％),among which 43 had fungal keratitis in which Fusarium was the first pathogen occupied 88.4％ (38 of 43 cases).Twenty seven of 73 cases (33.3％) occurred after penetrating ocular trauma and Aspergillus was the most common pathogens isolated in these cases (11 of 27 ; 40.7％).The left 3 cases were associated with ocular surgery.Four of the other eight eyes (9.9％) with endogenous infection had association with drug abuse.Aspergillus was the main isolated pathogens from the endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (4 of 8 cases).Hyphae were found in 52 (77.6％) of 67 smear samples by direct microscopic examination.Fungal pathogens cultured from 81 samples were identified as 10 genera and 18 species; Fusarium accounted for 60.5％ (49 eyes),Aspergillus for 21.0％ (17 eyes) and Candida for 6.2％ (5/81).The total sensitive rate of Fusarium and Aspergillus in vitro to voriconazole,amphotericin B,ketconazole,itraconazole and fluconazole was 84.7％(33/39),71.8％ (28/39),43.6％ (17/39),17.9％ (7/39) and 7.7％ (3/39) respectively.Conclusions Fungal endophthalmitis in north China is predominantly exogenous.Fungal keratitis and penetrating trauma are the main common etiological factors.Fusarium ranks first in pathogens,followed by Aspergillus and Candida.Fusarium was the first pathogen of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by fungal keratitis.Aspergillus was the most common isolated pathogens from exogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by penetrating ocular trauma and it also was the first pathogen of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis.Microscopic detection of hyphae from samples is helpful in the diagnosis.Fusarium ranks first in pathogens,followed by Aspergillus.They both are more sensitive to voriconazole and amphotericin B than ketconazole,fluconazole and itraconazole.

Objective To investigate the effect of blue light on human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) α1 D subunit protein expression and its relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion in vitro.Methods The fourth generation cultured human RPE cells in vitro were randomly divided into 4 groups,group A (control),group B (exposure to blue light),group C (exposure to blue light + nifedipine),group D [exposure to blue light + (-) Bay K8644].Cells were exposed to blue light (2 000 ± 500) lx for 6 hours,and cells culture completed 24 hours later.VEGF and bFGF concentration were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Realtime polymerase chain reaction was used to analysis L-type calcium channel α1 D subunit mRNA expression.Western blot was used to examine the protein expression of L-type calcium channel α1D subunit.Analysis of variance was used to compare the difference of α1 D subunit mRNA and protein expression,VEGF and bFGF concentration between groups.Correlation analysis was used to show the relationship between α1 D subunit protein expression and concentration of VEGF and bFGF.Results (1) There is significant statistically difference in the population mean of VEGF and bFGF concentration in four groups (F =99.441,21.310,P =0.000,0.000).VEGF and bFGF concentration in group B(3 281.51 ±251.73,1 346.81 ±62.27) and group D (3 808.01 ± 94.01,1 485.82 ± 108.97)was higher than it was in group A (2 401.09 ± 228.07,1 232.42 ±65.41),which was statistically different (P =0.000,0.000,0.019,0.000).And it was higher in group D(3 808.01 ±94.01,1 485.82 ± 108.97) compared with group B(3 281.51 ±251.73,1 346.81 ± 62.27) (P =0.000,0.006).While,it was lower in group C (1 927.28 ± 143.11,1 149.39 ± 62.99) than it was in group B (3 281.51 ± 251.73,1 346.81 ± 62.27) (P =0.000,0.000).(2) The mean of mRNA expression of α1D subunit between four groups was statistically significant (F =50.320,P =0.000).It was higher in group B(210 ±23),group D (478 ±80) and group C(232 ± 14) than group A (100±20).It was statistically significant different (P =0.023,0.006,0.010).And it was higher in group D(478 ± 80) than group B(210±23) and C(232±14) (P=0.032,0.039).(3) There was statistically significant difference in the expression of L-type calcium channel α1D subunit protein in four groups (F =1 940.363,P =0.000).It was significantly higher (P =0.000,0.000) in group B (0.974 2 ± 0.014 7)and group D(0.654 9 ±0.005 0)than group A (0.503 2 ±0.007 5).And it was higher in group D (0.654 9 ± 0.005 0) than it was in group C (0.413 9 ± 0.008 8) (P =0.000).(4) There was positive correlation between the L-type calcium channel α1D subunit protein expression and VEGF concentration secreted by retinal pigment epithelium cells(r =0.674,F =8.333,P =0.016),but there was no correlation with bFGF concentration (r =0.537,F =4.061,P =0.072).Conclusions L-type calcium channel α1 D subunit may be involved in blue light induced damage on human retinal pigment epithelial cells.Blue light exposure can induce the mRNA and protein expression of α1 D subunit,VEGF and bFGF concentration in retinal pigment epithelium cells Increased.And there was a positive correlation between α1 D subunit protein expression and the VEGF concentration.

Objective To investigate the effect of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) on the retinal repair after experimental retinal detachment (RD) reattached.Methods Experimental study.Forty-eight normal rats were randomly divided into four groups:BDNF group,control group,RD reattached group and normal group.In order to detect the effects of BDNF on retinal degeneration caused by RD,the morphology of retina and the ultrastructure of retinal cells were observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy.The effect of BDNF on the apoptosis of retinal cells after RD reattached was detected by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technique.Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and secondary analysis for significance with independent-samples t-test.Results The average automatically reattached time was (31.3 ± 3.5)days.Compared with control group,there were less damage in out segment and inner segment,more retinal cells in outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL),thicker ONL of retina and better organizational structure of retina in BDNF group.The average thickness of ONL and INL of retina were (21.166 ± 3.087) μm,(23.508 ± 3.679) μm respectively in BDNF group,and (16.084 ± 2.928)μm,(12.885±3.070) μm respectively in control group.The thickness of ONL and INL of retina showed a significant difference in BDNF group compared with control (P ＜ 0.01).There were less TUNEL-positive cells in ONL of retina in BDNF group compared with control.Conclusions This study indicates that the morphology of retina and the ultrastructure of retinal cells have changed,and the apoptosis of retinal cells are present after RD reattached.Exogenous BDNF can reduce retinal cells degeneration and inhibit the apoptosis of retinal cells and have a certain protection effects on the retinal damage caused by RD.

Objective To explore the protective mechanism of simvastatin on retina ischemiareperfusion injury in a rat model.Methods It was a experiment study.One hundred and sixty-five adult male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups using digital table method,normal control group (CON,55 rats),ischemia-reperfusion model group(MOD,55 rats) and the medicine of simvastatin group (SIM,55 rats).Each group was divided into five points in time of 4 hours,8 hours,16 hours,24 hours and 48 hours,and there were 11 rats in each point.The right cephalic artery of each rat was clipped in model group and simvastatin group,but it was exposed in control group.Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax protein were determined by the immunohistochemical method,the number of cell apoptosis in retina were examined by the TUNEL method and express of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA were measured by the real-time PCR method.The expression of proteins and mRNAs of Bcl-2 and Bax and also apoptosis of the rat retinas in each group at corresponding time point are compared using single factor analysis of variance and LSD-t test.Results Expression of Bcl-2 protein in model group began to decline at 4 h,reached the lowest at 24 h,with the data of(0.192 ±0.011),(0.192 ±0.015),(0.189 ±0.015),(0.183 ±0.012)and(0.187 ±0.010).Expression of Bcl-2 protein in simvastatin group were higher than model group at each time point,with the information of (0.208 ± 0.011),(0.220 ± 0.011),(0.221 ± 0.014),(0.228 ± 0.007) and (0.206 ± 0.015).The numbers were statistically significant at corresponding time point in each group (F4,8,16,24,48 =8.079,9.005,9.904,35.563,8.810,P ＜ 0.05).Expression of Bax protein in model group began to increased at 4 h,reached the highest at 24 h,with the data of(0.255 ± 0.010),(0.261 ± 0.033),(0.276 ± 0.025),(0.324 ± 0.037) and (0.234 ± 0.018).Expression of Bax protein in simvastatin group were lower than model group at each time point,with the information of (0.222 ±0.012),(0.219 ±0.017),(0.223 ± 0.008),(0.232 ±0.021)and (0.214 ±0.008).The numbers were statistically significant at corresponding time point in each group (F4,8,16,24,48 =16.601,13.525,10.303,25.849,13.805,P ＜ 0.05).AI of retina in model group began to increased at 4 h,reached the highest at 24 h,with the data of (11.771 ±0.722),(13.705±0.512),(15.533 ± 0.370),(21.210 ± 1.221) and(17.660 ±0.414).AI of retina in simvastatin group were lower than model group at each time point,with the information of (9.061 ±0.289),(11.717 ± 0.565),(13.506 ± 0.541),(16.586 ± 0.488) and (14.428 ± 0.559).The numbers were statistically significant at corresponding time point in each group (F4,8,16,24,48 =87.096,232.245,575.564,389.205,771.658,P ＜0.05).Bcl-2 mRNA in model group were lower than in control group at each time point,with the data of (0.360 ± 0.017),(0.232 ± 0.066),(0.314 ± 0.012),(0.179 ± 0.019) and (0.357 ±0.084).But Bcl-2 mRNA in simvastatin group were higher than those in model group,with the information of (1.718 ± 0.247),(1.981 ± 0.317),(1.309 ± 0.031),(1.289 ± 0.209) and (0.684 ± 0.071).The differences had statistical significance at corresponding time point in each group(F4,8,16,24,48 =112.934,109.750,3534.800,112.428,128.140,P ＜ 0.05).And Bax mRNA in the model group were higher than those in control group at each time point,with the data of (2.140 ±0.288),(3.189 ±0.492),(2.896 ± 0.466),(2.392 ± 0.119) and (1.789 ± 0.169).However,Bax mRNA in simvastatin group were lower than those in model group,with the information of(0.658 ± 0.197),(1.746 ± 0.315),(0.670 ±0.221),(0.952 ± 0.164)and(0.575 ±0.174).The differences had statistical significance at corresponding time point in each group (F4,8,16,24,48 =74.115,54.504,81.271,243.743,97.163,P ＜0.05).Conclusions Simvastatin has protective effects on retinal ischemia reperfusion injury,and the mechanism is closely related to inhibiting retinal cell apoptosis by adjusting the express of Bcl-2 and Bax.

Objective To evaluate the change of corneal epithelial thickness after pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft transplantation by Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (FD-OCT).Methods Twenty-two patients (24 eyes) with the diagnosis of primary pterygium were enrolled.They underwent pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft transplantation.Twenty-five volunteers (25 eyes) served as the normal control group.FD-OCT was performed preoperatively and 1,2,3,5,7 days postoperatively to measure the thickness of corneal epithelium at 1 mm and 2 mm anterior to the nasal or temporal scleral spur.Corneal fluorescein staining was performed simultaneously.Comparisons on the thickness of corneal epithelium were made between preoperative values and postoperative ones.Results The thickness of cornea epithelium at 1 mm anterior to the scleral spur was (43.81 ± 2.55) μm in normal subjects.At day 1 after surgery,corneal epithelial thickness at the same location was (21.28 ± 5.72) μm and then gradually increased to (39.94 ± 5.47) μm at day 7 postoperatively.All the difference on postoperative days had statistically significant(t =-17.69,-14.97,-10.63,-9.86,-3.15,P ＜ 0.05).The thickness of cornea epithelium at 2 mm anterior to the scleral spur was (40.50 ± 3.17) μm in normal subjects.At day 1 after surgery,corneal epithelial thickness at the same location was (24.02 ± 5.92) μm,and then gradually increased to (940.34 ± 5.69) μm at day 7 postoperatively.All the difference on postoperative days except day 7 had statistically significant (t =-12.08,-10.27,-6.18,-2.99,P ＜ 0.05).Cornea epithelium at this location repaired sooner than that at 1 mm anterior to the scleral spur.At day 1 after surgery,corneal epithelium defect area were (39.31 ± 22.77) mm2,and then decreased to (1.01 ± 1.72) mm2 at 7 days (t =6.68,5.55,P ＜ O.05).At day 7 postoperative,66.7％ patients had a complete recovery of corneal epithelium with no fluorescein staining.Conclusions FD-OCT was the effective instrument for observing the change of limbus-peripheral cornea epithelium thickness.Within 7 days postoperatively,cornea epithelium restored almost normal.After pterygium surgery,limbus-peripheral cornea epithelium restoration showed the tendency from the central to peripheral cornea.

Ten research items in the past five years representing the progression of clinical research in fundus diseases in China were voted by specialists from the Ocular Fundus Disease Group of Ophthalmology Society of Chinese Medical Association.Choroidal neovascular disease,pediatric retinal disease,polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,intraocular malignant tumor,and intraocular infection caused by specific pathogens are covered.Novel treatment,like anti-VEGF medication,PDT,minimally invasive vitrectomy,and intraocular injection,establishment of the Clinical Research Center of New Drug Development,and the epidemiologic study of fundus diseases are also included.These landmark research progressions represent the power and influence of Chinese fundus disease scholars in the world.

A 37-year-old female was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital on August 7, 2013 due to blurred vision with irregular dark shadows in front of her eyes. She had suffered from systemic lupus erythematosus for 21 years. Since 1992, she started to take Chloroquine orally, 0.1~0.2g/time, 5 times/d, 5 days a week. She was examined in other hospitals in 1992, 1995, 1997 and 2002, respectively. The visual acuity was 1.0~1.5, and the fundus was normal. In 2005, the visual acuity was 1.2, and typical bullseye-like changes in the macula of both eyes were found, and she was diagnosed as Chloroquine retinopathy. Since then, she changed to hydroxychloroquine sulfate, 0.1 g/d, 5 days a week. In 2006, she came to our hospital for examination, and the corrected visual acuity of both eyes was 1.0. Symmetrical disc-shaped reddish-brown lesions in the macula of both eyes were found with clear boundaries, and she was diagnosed as chloroquine-induced macular degeneration. Six months after she stopped taking hydroxychloroquine sulfate, she resumed taking the drug (0.1 g/d) due to repeated systemic symptoms. The total amount of Chloroquine taken exceeded 2.0 kg.

retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of progressive, genetically dystrophic degenerative lesions characterized by progressive visual field loss, night blindness, retinopathy pigmentosa and abnormal electroretinogram. Fuchs syndrome is also called Fuchs' heterochromic uveitis (FHU), and more than 90% of them occur in one eye. The simultaneous occurrence of both diseases is very rare. So far, a total of 17 cases have been reported abroad, of which only 2 cases occur in both eyes [1-7], which has not been reported in China. In July 2013, we treated a patient with RP with binocular FHU and pathological myopia, and the report is as follows.

The patient was a 12-year-old female who went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Cangzhou Central Hospital because of poor visual acuity in both eyes. The eye examination showed that the visual acuity was 0.8 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye. The fundus examination of both eyes was shown in the essence pictures 1~4. Clinical diagnosis: drusen of the papilla of both eyes.

The patient was a 46-year-old female who had suffered from type 2 diabetes for 6 years. She was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology of Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital. The previous blood glucose was maintained at 6~9 mmol/L, and there was no blurred vision. Ocular examination showed that the corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 0.8, the intraocular pressure in the right eye was 16 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa), and the left eye was 15 mmHg. The cornea of both eyes was transparent, the pupil diameter was about 3 mm, the response to light (+), the lens was transparent, and the vitreous body was transparent.

The patient was a 31-year-old male who went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking University People's Hospital due to 2 years of decreased visual acuity in both eyes and photophobia. He had a history of myopia and was diagnosed as "vitelloid degeneration in both eyes" in another hospital. Ocular examination: the visual acuity of both eyes was 0.6 and the intraocular pressure was normal; The outer eyes, cornea, anterior chamber, iris and pupil of both eyes were normal, the lens was transparent, and the fundus examination was shown in the essence pictures 1~3. Clinical diagnosis: vitelloid macular degeneration in both eyes.

diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the first blinding disease in working-age people. With the rapid growth of China's national economy and the change of people's lifestyle, the number of diabetic patients is increasing rapidly. Data published in 2010 show that there are more than 92 million diabetic patients over 20 years old in China, which is the country with the largest population of diabetic patients in the world [1]. With the prolongation of the course of diabetic patients, the prevalence of DR is increasing year by year, and the blinding rate is also increasing year by year. It is urgent to formulate the screening and treatment guidelines for DR in China.

Ocriplasmin is a recombinant truncated form of human serine protease plasmin with proteolytic activity to induce vitreous liquefaction and weaken vitreomacular adhesion,thereby facilitating posterior vitreous detachment and acting as a potential alternative to replace the more traumatic vitrectomy which can result in incomplete vitreoretinal separation.Intravitreal ocriplasmin for symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion has been systematically evaluated in clinical trials.Ocriplasmin at the recommended dose of a single 125 μg intravitreal injection has recently been approved for the treatment of symptomatic VMA in the USA and EU.This review is aiming to highlight the research update of ocriplasmin.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the common ocular diseases.One of the pathological characteristic of proliferative diabetic retinopathy is retinal neovascularization which caused visual impairment in diabetic patients.With the anti-VEGF drugs applying in the clinic,it has become one of the main medical treatment of diabetic retinopathy.But it has its limitation.Researchers continue to explore new drug targeting for anti-angiogenesis and try combination therapy or customized treatment.There are many drug targets for anti-angiogenesis,such as promoting angiogenesis factor,integrins and matrix proteinases.Some drugs act on the typical tip cells which is much important in the process of angiogenesis differentiation and proliferation.Overall,these studies opened our view of anti-angiogenesis.The purpose of this article is to summarize the possible drug targets of angiogenesis and the key issues in the study of anti-angiogenic drugs.

There are more than 300 million patients with myopia in China, including more than 10 million patients with degenerative myopia [1]. Pathological myopia has a serious influence on the daily life of patients, and is one of the main causes of blindness caused by one eye or both eyes. At present, most scholars believe that the definition of pathological myopia must meet the following requirements [2], namely: (1) myopic refraction exceeds-6.00 D; (2) axial length ≥26.5 mm [3] or ≥26 mm [4]; (3) At the same time, one or more of the following fundus changes should be met, namely, atrophic changes such as leopard print fundus, arc plaque, Fuchs plaque, paint-like crack, CNV, retinoschisis, macular hole, retinal detachment in macular area, macular hemorrhage, macular epiretinal membrane [5], etc. Among them, macular schisis, macular hole, macular hemorrhage and macular CNV are the main causes of central visual damage in pathological myopia. The causes of these pathological changes in pathological myopia are related to the degenerative changes of posterior pole fundus caused by myopic axis lengthening, excessive stretching and expansion of eyeball. Early detection of these fundus lesions is the prerequisite for preventing and treating irreversible visual damage caused by pathological myopia.

The description format of reference documents in this journal basically implements GB/T7714-2005 "Rules for Description of Reference Documents after Text". Sequential encoding is used to make a record, which is marked with Arabic numerals in the order in which it appears in the text, and the serial numbers are placed in square brackets and arranged at the end of the text. Try to avoid citing abstracts as references. Internal publications, unpublished materials, personal correspondence, etc. should not be cited as literature. Quoted documents (including the text and the original meaning expressed) are asked to be checked by the author with the original. Japanese Chinese characters should be written according to Japanese regulations, and should not be confused with Chinese Chinese characters and simplified characters. Not more than 3 authors of the same document will all be recorded; If there are more than 3 people, only the first 3 people can be recorded, and then the words indicating ", etc." can be added according to the language type.

In order to use the terminology and its abbreviations in this field more conveniently and concisely, this journal specifically publishes some foreign language abbreviations which are well-known and recognized. Authors can directly use the following abbreviations in the abstract and text without giving their full names when writing articles. For unpublished terms, please write the full Chinese name when it first appears, and write the full foreign name and its abbreviation in parentheses, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Professor Yuan Jiaqin, a famous ophthalmologist in China, a recipient of government subsidies from the State Council, a professor of Tianjin Medical University, a doctoral supervisor and an honorary dean of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, died on the afternoon of September 15th, 2014 at the age of 95. Yuan Jiaqin, born in 1919 in Tieling, Liaoning Province, is a member of the Communist Party of China. He graduated from Guiyang Medical College in 1943. He has been engaged in clinical, teaching and scientific research of ophthalmology for nearly 70 years, and has trained more than 30 master's degree students and 15 doctoral students. Professor Yuan Jiaqin was elected as a member of the Tianjin Municipal Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1964. From 1969 to 1984, he supported the medical, teaching and research work of ethnic minority areas in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and was elected as a deputy to the Fifth National People's Congress.

It is co-sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Shanghai Medical Association, Ophthalmology Branch of 11 Provincial Medical Associations, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and College of Optometry of Wenzhou Medical University; The 15th International Ophthalmology Conference and the 15th International Optometry Conference hosted by Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University and Shanghai Ruiou Exhibition Service Co., Ltd. will be held in Shanghai Transnational Procurement Exhibition Center (No.35 Zhongjiang Road, Putuo District, Shanghai) from March 26th to 29th, 2015.

The 20th National Symposium on Ocular Trauma, sponsored by the Ocular Trauma Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, undertaken by Shenzhen Eye Hospital and co-organized by Shenzhen Medical Doctors Association, will be held in Shenzhen Qilin Villa Conference Center (No.4599 Qinyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District) from October 30th to November 2nd, 2014.

The 11th National Symposium on Refractive Surgery (CSORS) and the National Optometry Standardized Diagnosis and Treatment Theory and Practice Study Class will be held in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province from November 13th to 16th, 2014. The contents of the conference included the experience and experience of excimer laser and femtosecond laser corneal refractive surgery and intraocular refractive surgery, individualized cutting technology, prevention and management of surgical complications, perioperative medication, etc.

The book "Illustrated Clinical Glaucoma Diagnosis and Treatment", written by Zhang Xiulan and Wang Ningli, reviewed by Ye Tiancai, with a preface by Ge Jian, and recommended by famous domestic glaucomatologists such as Li Meiyu, Jiang Youqin, Zhao Jialiang, Ge Jian, Ye Tiancai, Sun Xinghuai and Chen Xiaoming, has been officially published by People's Medical Publishing House. This monograph is the only book at home and abroad that explains glaucoma completely in the form of pictures. The two authors compiled ten chapters according to glaucoma disease types, primary and secondary diseases, glaucoma drugs, laser and surgical treatment, which not only reflected the narrative mode centered on disease problems, but also integrated the latest progress in glaucoma diagnosis and treatment at home and abroad. Taking the long-term accumulated clinical pictures as the main line, they systematically introduced the signs, diagnosis and treatment process of all kinds of glaucoma, shared the diagnosis and treatment experiences and unique experiences of the two authors, shared the joy of success and the lessons of failure, and it was extremely rare to open the book.

Orbital fracture is the most common orbital trauma at present. The book "Diagnosis and Treatment of Orbital Fracture" written by Professor Xiao Lihua and Professor Wang Yi of the Institute of Orbital Diseases of Armed Police General Hospital was published by People's Medical Publishing House in June 2014. This book has 11 chapters, 470,000 words and more than 1,000 wonderful pictures. It describes in detail the clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, surgical treatment and treatment of postoperative complications of orbital fractures (especially orbital burst fractures). This book summarizes the author's decades of experience and lessons in the diagnosis and treatment of orbital fractures, and is also the accumulation of clinical practice. The content starts from clinical practice, is practical and easy to understand and read.