Volume 50 · Issue 08 · 2014

Blepharophimosis is characterized by the presence of a narrowed horizontal palpebral aperture,ptosis,epicanthus inversus,and telecanthus.Due to patient's eye deformity,both of hisorher appearance and psychological development are affected.In some cases,blepharophimosis not only influence the appearance but also the visual development.Therefore,patients with blepharophimosis require to be evaluated the visual function before the surgery in order to prevent amblyopia.In this article,we conclude that we should pay close attention to patient's visual function before and after the surgery.The timing of surgery must weigh the balance between early surgery to prevent amblyopia and late surgery for more reliable ptosis measurement,which provides a better surgical outcome.

We often consult patients with non-functional eye caused by trauma,intraocular malignancy,absolute stage of glaucoma and other diseases who need to remove the eyeball in our clinical work.Eye removal is an irreversibly destructive procedure,which mainly include enucleation and evisceration.There are various surgical techniques which are still controversial.Both of the two procedures have their own advantages,disadvantages,indications and contraindications.The ophthalmologists should comprehensively consider the disease situations,medical conditions and the requirments of the patients when choosing appropriate surgical approach to remove the eyeball.

External dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) has long been considered as the gold standard treatment for nasolacrimal duct obstruction or chronic dacryocystitis.Recently,however,endoscopic endonasal DCR is becoming increasingly popular with the development of endoscopic surgery technique in naso-orbit related diseases.Endoscopic DCR has the advantages of avoiding an external incision scar and simultaneously handling with nasal conditions.Nevertheless,the new method also has some disadvantages,for example,the lower long-term success rate,the high technical requirement,long learning curves,expensive equipment and the high cost of surgery.The choice of the surgical approaches should be based on the patient's condition,experience of the surgeon and available resources.After nearly a century of proven,external DCR still has incomparable superiority and should receive widespread attention and application.

Objective To summarize the clinical feature of severe orbital complications after endoscopic sinus surgery and to explore the precautions.Methods A retrospective review study.Twentytwo cases of severe orbital complications after endoscopic sinus surgery between January 2002 and December 2012 were included.The main parameters for analyzing were history of paranasal sinuses,clinical manifestation of complications,imaging findings,site of injury,the relationship between injury site and clinical signs.Results Twenty-two cases of patients with serious complications,including:visual loss in 7 cases (32％),ptosis in 5 cases (23％),ocular position deviation in 15 cases (68％),limitation of ocular motility in 17 cases (77％),enophthalmos in 10 cases (45％).Imaging display:medial rectus involvement in 14 cases,inferior rectus involvement in 6 cases.The most common site of entry into the orbit was the medial orbital wall (14 cases,64％),followed by the inferomedial wall (6 cases,27％).Radiological imagings showed the medial displacement of optic nerve in 7 cases (32％) and foreign bodies in the orbit or paranasal sinuses in 8 cases (36％).Medical treatment was given in 1 cases and surgical repair in 9 cases.Removal of foreign bodies was performed in 6 cases.One patient received inferior rectus and orbital wall repair,but no improvement in ocular movement.Orbital reconstruction for endophthalmos was performed in two cases.The improvement was recorded only in one case.Conclusions The most severe complication is vision loss and the most common complication is limitation of ocular motility and ocular position deviation.The most common site of injury was within the rectus muscle,often accompanied by the defect of inner wall.Except foreign bodies,other complications were difficult to treat with poor prognosis.Emphasis should be placed on prevention.

Objective To study the efficacy of endoscopic transcaruncular approach in the repair of isolated medial orbital fracture.Methods It was a retrospective case series study.Retrospective chart was reviewed in 21 patients (21 eyes) receiving endoscopic transcaruncular approach to reconstruct isolated medial orbital fracture at Quzhou People's Hospital from May 2011 to May 2012.Results of visual acuity,diplopia,protrusion degree of both eyes and the movement of eye balls was recorded for analysis.Results All patients were followed up for 8-20 months.There was no extrusion,rejection,infection or other complications of Medpor surgical implant during follow-up.There was no instance of decreased visual acuity at post-operation.The post-operative protrusion degree of both eyes was almost identical at less than 2 mm.The movement of eye balls was satisfactory in all directions.Diplopia disappeared in 13 cases,1 case improved.Conclusion Endoscopic transcaruncular approach is a safe and effective treatment in the repair of isolated medial orbital fracture.

Objective To evaluate surgical outcome of reconstruction of full-thickness lower eyelid defect resulting from tumor excision.Methods A retrospective case series review of patients with lower eyelid malignant tumor who underwent surgical repair of full-thickness eyelid defect from June 2008 to May 2013 was made.The defect ranged from 50％ to 80％ of the lower eyelid after excision of tumor with frozen section control of the surgical margins.Hughes technique was used to reconstruct the posterior lamellar and local flap and free graft were fashioned to repair the anterior defect.The pedicle was divided at 1-3 months postoperatively.Results Of the 157 lower eyelid malignant tumors,the 3 most common types were basal cell carcinoma (107/157,68.2％),sebaceous gland carcinoma (32/157,20.4％),and malignant melanoma (10/157,6.4％).Twenty-one eyelids of 21 patients (aged from 43 to 77 years old) were identified.No tumor recurred during follow-up period (8-60 months).There was only one case with squamous carcinoma metastasized to the parotid gland and then excised.The contour of all lower eyelids was satisfactory.No eyelid margin deformity or upper lid retraction was observed.Revision surgery was performed to treat lower lid entropion (3 patients),while mild lower lid retraction (2 patients) and temporary ectropion (one patient) required no management.Conclusion Hughes flap,which is a posterior lamellar replacement for lower eyelid defect after removal of malignant tumor,achieves favorable functional and cosmetic results.

Objective To evaluate morphological changes of corneal subbasal nerve plexus in patients with ocular blunt trauma using in vivo confocal microscope.Methods A prospective study.Twentythree consec utive zone 2 or zone 3 monoc ular contusion outpatients from the same ophthalmologist in the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College were included in this study from December 2009 to December 2010.The 23 injured eyes divided into trauma group,and the contralateral 23 normal eyes were divided into control group.In vivo confocal microscope (1VCM) was performed in both groups at the first week after injury,and in trauma group at the first and the third month after injury.The main parameters for analyzing were corneal subbasal nerve plexus density,nerve trunks,nerve branching,total nerve number,and nerve tortuosity.Data were analyzed using a paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare the difference of parameters between the control group and each time point of trauma group.A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze data on the three time points in the trauma group.Results All parameters of trauma group were changed significantly over time (F values:16.272,24.138,63.393,68.122,91.463,all P values ＜ 0.01).Corneal subbasal nerve plexus density,nerve trunks,nerve branching,total nerve number were significantly decreased at the first week [(624.0 ±109.9) μm/frame,1.66 line/frame,6.70 line/frame,8.45 line/frame)] compared with control group [(1677.9 ± 87.1) μm/frame,4.80 line/frame,8.98 line/frame,13.80 line/frame) (t =8.998,9.301,9.119,12.969 ; all P ＜ 0.01)],and showed a continued downward trend with time.However,nerve trunk showed no significant changes at the first week (1.66 line/frame) and the first month (2.31 line/frame) (t =-1.518; P =0.143).Nerve tortuosity was significantly increased at the first week (1.66) compared with control group (1.00) (t =-6.879 ; P ＜ 0.01),and then kept increasing gradually.At the first month after injury,the nerve tortuosity (3.20) was more obvious than the first week (P ＜ 0.01),and nerve regeneration could be observed.At the third month,the values of each parameters were gradually approaching levels of control group.Nerve trunks (4.00 line/frame),nerve branching (8.69 line/frame),total nerve number (13.26 line/frame) and nerve tortuosity (1.00) of trauma group showed no significant difference compared with control group (t =3.117,1.703,3.325,-1.837 ; P =0.079,0.792,0.392,0.392),but nerve density [(1064.3 ±93.3) μm/frame] was still less than control group(t =5.736; P ＜0.01).Injury of different zone showed no significant influence on all the parameters in trauma group (F values:0.119,0.032,0.296,0.053,0.143; P values:0.733,0.859,0.592,0.821,0.709).Conclusions IVCM can clearly display the histological features of corneal subbasal nerve plexus in patients with ocular blunt trauma.Corneal subbasal nerve plexus were morphologically abnormal within 3 months after injury,and gradually underwent from atrophy to regeneration over time.

Objective To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography,a noninvasive preoperative diagnosis method,in observing the anterior segment in chemical injured eyes.Methods It was a retrospective study.Sixty-three ocular chemical injury patients (63 eyes),who accepted the keratoplasty or the artificial cornea transplant in PLA General Hospital from May 2011 to May 2013,were included in this study.All the injured eyes were examined by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography,respectively.The images were analyzed and the results were compared with the intraoperative findings.The observation of lens was the main parameter.Results All the 63 patients were examined with the UBM and the immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography before the surgery.The findings of the cornea,anterior chamber angle,iris from UBM were consistent with those from the immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography.As for the lens observation,in 32 eyes in which the lens were not detected by UBM,the lens were not detected in only 16 eyes,while 3 eyes with normal lens and 13 eyes with lens pacifications (1 eye with pyknotic lens) by immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography.In 17 eyes in which the lens were found normal by UBM,there were only 14 eyes with normal lens and the rest 3 eyes' lens were found intumescent by immersion highfrequency B-scan ultrasonography.In 6 eyes in which lens were detected with suspicious by UBM,2 eyes' lens were pyknotic and 4 eyes' lens were intumescent or clouded by immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography.The findings of immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography were highly consistent with the intraoperative findings.Conclusions The lens could be observed accurately by immersion high-frequency B-scan ultrasonography in chemical injured eyes.

Objective To investigate the ocular manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.Methods Retrospective study.372 patients were diagnosed as acquired immune deficiency syndrome from April 1997 to December 2012.The examination included best-corrected visual acuity,slit-lamp biomicroscopy,mydriatic fundus examination and colored fundus photography.Systemic examination including CD4 + T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load test before and after HAART treatment.Results Fifty three eyes (33 patients) were diagnosed as cytomegalovirus retinitis,among which 16 eyes (10 patients) were later presented with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy.There are 9 males and 1 female,aged from 24 to 57 years old,with a mean of (39.0 ± 10.6) years old.The duration of HAART was 2 weeks to 2 years,with a mean of5.3 months.All of the 16 eyes had decreased visual acuity,and 2 eyes had floaters.The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was light perception in 2 eyes,hand move to 0.05 in 5 eyes,0.1 to 0.5 in 6 eyes,0.6 to 1.0 in 3 eyes.8 eyes appeared active iridocyclitis and 5 eyes appeared inactive iridocyclitis,5 eyes had lens opacity,9 eyes had vitreitis,1 eye had pale optic disc,2 eyes had optic disc edema,4 eyes were found retinal detachment.Conclusion The improvement of the understanding of the ocular manifestations of IRIS is essential for diagnosis and treatment.

Objective To investigate the effects of decreased OPTN expression on the morphological alteration of sub-cellular structure and the survival of the rat retinal ganglion cell line RGC5.Methods Experimental study.OPTN specific siRNA was designed,synthesized and transfected into the astrocyte cell by Lipofectemine 2000.The mRNA and the protein of OPTN were assessed by real time-polymerase chain reaction (real time-PCR) and Western Blot.Eukaryotic expressing plasimid of OPTN specific siRNA (siOPTN) was constructed with the most effective RNA interference sequence and transfected into RGC5 by Lipofectemine 2000.The RGC5 was divided into 4 groups:blank control group,pEGFP positive group,siOPTN group,and liposome negative group.Specific fluorescent labeling dyes were used to mark the corresponding cell organelle.The distribution of optineurin and the morphology alteration of sub-cellular structure induced by the abnormal expression of optineurin in RGC5 were observed with confocal fluorescence microscopy.The effect of si-OPTN on cell survival was monitored by morphologic observation and PIHoechst33342 fluorescence staining of cells.One-way ANOVA was used between groups.Results After a 24 h transfection,the expression of OPTN mRNA was significantly inhibited by transfection of si-OPTN-001,si-OPTN-002 and si-OPTN-003 which was (61.71 ±0.84)％,(48.13 ±0.92)％ and (46.22 ±0.73)％ respectively comparing with negative control.Forty-eight hours after transfection,the protein expression of OPTN decreased to (64.44 ± 2.01) ％,(57.78 ± 1.97) ％ and (37.78 ± 1.84) ％ comparing with negative control.When cells were transfected after 24 h and 48 h,the transfecting efficiency of plasmids to RGC5 was (17.43 ± 0.94)％ and (20.13 ± 1.24)％ respectively.The distribution of si-OPTN was similar to EGFP.The green fluorescence distributed evenly in the cytoplasm and the nucleus.Compared with negative control,the morphology of filaments,mitochondria,lysosomes,and Golgi body had no significant alteration in siOPTN group.By using fluorescent double staining of Hoechst33342 and PI and comparing with blank control group (0.74 ±0.34) ％ and negative control group (0.96 ±0.41) ％,increased cell apoptosis was observed in positive control group and si-OPTN group obviously after a 24 h transfection (F =5.457,P ＜0.05),but the apoptosis rate decreased in si-OPTN group comparing with that of positive control group (F =6.541,P ＜ 0.05).As the transfecting time extended,the apoptosis rate of positive control group increased when tranfecteing cultures reached 48 h.The apoptosis rate in si-OPTN group increased slightly with no significance (F =3.212,P ＞0.05).Conclusions Si-OPTN-003 is the most effective siRNA in inhibiting the OPTN expression.The expression of si-OPTN distributed evenly in the whole cell with no obvious injuries in the transfected cell.The down regulation of optineurin induced by si-OPTN could be decreased RGC5 cell death.

In order to showcase the major research advances in ophthalmology of the recent five years (2009-2013) in China,the 11th Committee of the Ophthalmic Division of Chinese Medical Association launched the selection of Top Ten Research Advances of Ophthalmology in China.Each ophthalmic subspecialty group voted its top ten research advances and chose two out of ten to join the selection.The Committee voted top ten out from all candidates and announced the final result with honor.The following research advances were selected as the Top Ten Research Advances of Ophthalmology in China:Innovative theory and its application of fungal keratitis ; Increased gradient pressure between IOP and ICP is the main cause of glaucomatous optic neuropathy; Domestic developed anti-VEGF medicine Conbercept has been applied successfully in the treatment of choriodal neovascularization; IL-23/IL-17 pathway and their regulation in the pathogenesis of uveitis; The creation of myopic animal model and the biochemical mechanism of myopia; Specialists' consensus on diagnosing amblyopia in children; Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human fibroblasts of the Tenon's capsule; The development and application of endoscopic navigation system in orbital surgery ; Studies of pathogenesis on congenital cataract candidate gene mutations; The regulation for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric retinal diseases in China and its extension.

A male child, 1 year old and 7 months old, went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Xiamen Third Hospital on January 30, 2013 because he fell holding two screwdrivers and inserted them into his face. Physical examination after admission: the child was conscious, his limbs moved normally, and his vital signs were stable. Eye examination: a screwdriver was inserted from bottom to top from above the medial canthus of the right eye, exposing 7 cm of the knife handle and 2 cm of the thin cylindrical metal knife body, with a small amount of dry blood in the wound. Another screwdriver was inserted from bottom to top from the left anterior nostril, exposing only 7 cm of the knife handle, and no bleeding was observed (Figure 1). Bilateral pupils were of the same circle and size, about 2.5 mm in diameter, directly and indirectly reflecting light (+). Three-dimensional CT scan showed that a slender metal foreign body entered the right orbit from above the medial canthus of the right eye, entered the cranium along the medial wall of the orbit and above the optic nerve foramen, and another slender metal foreign body entered the left orbit from the left anterior nostril through the nasal cavity, and entered the sellar area through the posterior part of the medial wall of the orbit (Figure 2). In order to determine whether the foreign body passed through the large blood vessels at the base of the skull, CT angiography was performed after general anesthesia There were no obvious abnormalities in the morphology and course of bilateral internal carotid artery, vertebral artery, basilar artery, anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries.

The patient, a 5-year-old male, came to Ningxia Eye Hospital on March 7, 2011 due to night blindness for 3 years. The parents complained that the child had long eyelashes since birth, and at the age of 2, it was found that poor vision in dark environment or at night caused difficulty in movement. The parents and 10-year-old sister of the child had no abnormalities. The parents were not related, and the mother was 34 years old, and she had been exposed to X-ray at 1 month of pregnancy. The child was delivered naturally at 38 weeks. At birth, he weighed 2 950 g, was 50 cm tall, had a biparietal diameter of 9,4 cm, and had a head circumference of 30 cm. Pathological jaundice appeared at 10 days after birth. At the age of 2, he underwent surgical treatment for cryptorchidism, and learned to walk at the age of 2.

The patient was a 61-year-old female. Due to intermittent fever and headache for 4 weeks, the painless vision in both eyes decreased to loss of vision for 1 day. On April 19, 2013, she asked the Department of Ophthalmology of Peking University First Hospital for consultation. The patient had undergone right otomastoiditis surgery 2 months ago, and developed intermittent fever and headache symptoms 4 weeks ago. Because it was considered to be postoperative infection, blood routine examination showed that the white blood cell count was 7.9×109/L, the neutrophils in the white blood cell classification were 0.734, the hemoglobin was 101 g/L, and the platelet count was 410×109/L. X-ray chest radiograph: chronic bronchitis, pleural lesions, no obvious active lesions; Bone marrow puncture examination showed mild anemia and no leukocyte abnormalities.

The patient was a 47-year-old male. He came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University on December 1, 2012 due to itching in his left eye with bloodshot for more than 3 months and swelling in the upper lid of his left eye for more than 2 months. The patient felt discomfort and itching in his left eye 3 months ago, and there was a little bloodshot in the secretion after rubbing. He used ofloxacin eye drops for treatment by himself, but the effect was not good. One month later, the left upper eyelid mass was found, and the blood streaks in the secretion became more obvious after rubbing the eye. He went to another hospital for treatment, considered allergic conjunctivitis, and used local treatment such as olopatadine, tobramycin dexamethasone eye drops, etc. The itch was relieved, but the upper eyelid mass gradually enlarged. The patient had no history of ocular allergy, asthma or drug allergy. He had traveled to Europe before the ocular disease, but there was no obvious cause for the disease. Ocular examination: the visual acuity was 1.0 in the right eye and 1.2 in the left eye. The upper eyelid of the left eye was mildly swollen, and two huge papillary masses were seen on the conjunctival surface of the upper eyelid, showing a tendency to fuse, and the area involved almost the whole upper eyelid area. Thick blood vessels were seen in the center of the lesion, and the surface was obviously congested, easily bleeding when touched. The bulbar conjunctiva was not obviously congested, the eyeball was not obviously prominent, the eye position was right, and the eyeball moved freely (Figure 1A). Our hospital continued to give olopatadine and cyclosporine eye drops to maintain local anti-allergic treatment for 2 weeks, but the upper eyelid conjunctival lesions did not change. Systemic blood routine examination showed that eosinophils in leukocyte classification were 0.314 (normal value 0.005-0.050) and lymphocytes were 0.181 (normal value 0.2-0.4). The eosinophil count was 1.69×109/L [normal (0.02-0.50) ×109/L].

Infantil hemangioma, also known as capillary hemangioma, is more common in infants, especially infants under 1 year old. The lesion progresses rapidly and often occurs in the eyelids, with an incidence rate of 1% ~2% of newborns. Most capillary hemangiomas occurring in other parts of the body can regress spontaneously [1]. At present, the main treatment methods include local injection, laser, cryotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, among which local injection treatment has good curative effect. However, for intraorbital lesions, due to the deep location, there are problems such as difficult location of the injection site, easy to cause intraorbital hemorrhage and high intraocular pressure, which limits the clinical application of this treatment. From May 2012 to March 2013, propranolol was used in our department to treat 5 children with infantile hemangioma, and satisfactory results were achieved. The report is as follows.

The patient was a 46-year-old female who had suffered from diabetes for 6 years. She asked for fundus examination and came to Changchun Aier Eye Hospital for treatment. Ocular examination: the naked eye visual acuity was 1.0 in both eyes, the intraocular pressure was 12 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) in the right eye and 13 mmHg in the left eye; There was no abnormality in the anterior segment of both eyes; The fundus of both eyes is shown in the essence picture 1. FFA examination is shown in the essence picture 2. OCT shows that multiple small protuberances can be seen in the retinal pigment epithelial layer on the temporal side of the macular area of the left eye. Clinical diagnosis: clustered drusen in both eyes.

Congenital glaucoma is a type of disease which may seriously affect children's visual function.Different from adult glaucoma,medical therapy has a limited role and surgery remains the primary therapy.There are several types of surgical treatments for different patient.With the development of technology,more innovation surgeries,such as TrabectomeTM and 360-degree suture trabeculotomy,are used in the treatment of congenital glaucoma with good result.At the same time,endoscopic technique is used in classical surgeries to break through their original limitations.This paper reviews the surgical treatments,their indications and latest developments.

Glaucoma is the second common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide associated with a progressive neurodegenerative disease of retinal ganglion cells (RGC).The major hypothetical mechanisms of the apoptosis of RGCs includes deprivation of neurotrophic factors,excitotoxicity mediated by the interaction of glutamate with NMDAR.This article reviewed current development of three kinds of neuroprotective drugs for glaucoma management such as small-molecule therapeutics,recombinant therapeutic proteins and small-molecule bioactive peptides.Particularly,small peptides,which show high target specificity,high potency and low toxicity compared with small molecules,possession of the advantages of low immunogenicity and high cost-effectiveness over recombinant therapeutics,may become most important choice for neuroprotection against glaucoma of next generation.

Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and progressive loss of the axons is an important feature of glaucoma,its pathogenesis is not exact.Some experimental and clinical study found that oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of glaucoma.Oxidative stress markers were found in glaucoma patient's serum and ocular tissue and anti-oxidative stress therapy also had a role in controlling glaucoma.In this review,we will discuss the oxidative stress pathogenesis and the antioxidant therapy in glaucoma.

The orbit is located in the middle of the face, in the shape of a quadrangular pyramid, and the tip is backward to communicate with the intracranial body. The orbit contains tissues such as eyeball, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve and extraocular muscle. The orbit has important functions such as protecting the eyeball and its function and maintaining the facial appearance. The fractures of the orbit due to external force are clinically divided into two categories: orbital burst fracture (simple orbital wall fracture) and compound orbital fracture. Orbital burst fracture refers to fracture of the orbital wall without involvement of the orbital margin, while compound orbital fracture refers to fracture of the orbital margin and orbital wall simultaneously. Orbital fracture can lead to invagination or displacement of the eyeball, ocular movement disorder, diplopia, visual dysfunction, sensory abnormalities in the infraorbital innervation area, etc.

In order to use the terminology and its abbreviations in this field more conveniently and concisely, this journal specifically publishes some foreign language abbreviations which are well-known and recognized. Authors can directly use the following abbreviations in the abstract and text without giving their full names when writing articles. For unpublished terms, please write the full Chinese name when it first appears, and write the full foreign name and its abbreviation in parentheses, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

1. Statistical symbols: According to the relevant provisions of GB3358-1982 "Statistical Terms and Symbols", all statistical symbols are printed in italics. Commonly used: (1) The arithmetic mean of the sample is lowercase x in English (the median is M); (2) Standard deviation is lowercase s in English;

The description format of reference documents in this journal basically implements GB/T7714-2005 "Rules for Description of Reference Documents after Text". Sequential encoding is used to make a record, which is marked with Arabic numerals in the order in which it appears in the text, and the serial numbers are placed in square brackets and arranged at the end of the text. Try to avoid citing abstracts as references.

Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital will hold the "Fifth Ophthalmology New Technology Forum of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Training Course on Cataract, Glaucoma, Ocular Surface Diseases and Corneal Refractive Surgery" from October 11 to 12, 2014. The meeting venue is Lin Shaoming International Lecture Hall on the third floor of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital. During the period, the 10th anniversary celebration of "Healthy and Bright Walk" cooperated between Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and China Federation of Overseas Chinese will be held.

The 20th National Symposium on Ocular Trauma, sponsored by the Ocular Trauma Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, undertaken by Shenzhen Eye Hospital and co-organized by Shenzhen Medical Doctors Association, will be held in Shenzhen Qilin Villa Conference Center (No.4599 Qinyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District) from October 30th to November 2nd, 2014.