Volume 50 · Issue 04 · 2014

Many clinical data have shown that the femtosecond assisted corneal refractive surgery is a safe and effective method for ammetropia.The perfect visual quality of post-operation must be achieved due to high price and high expectation from patients.Therefore,surgeons should select the indication carefully,pay more attention on procedure carefully and prevent from complications perioperative period.Some strategies on the key points are stated in this article in order to avoiding the complications related to femtosecond assisted corneal refractive surgery,to eliminating the potential medical trap and approaching to the perfect visual quality.

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the most common conditions in the elderly.Most of MGD patients undergoing cataract surgery were found to have significant dry eye symptoms and ocular surface disease.The severe cases with ocular surface disease are also at higher risk of postoperative complications,namely infections and corneal ulcers.To improve the operation effect and achieve the best visual outcome and life quality in cataract patients,it is important to evaluate the ocular surface and meibomian glands in MGD patients preoperatively,pay attention to the intraoperative care and detect the postoperative complications carefully and use medicine properly.

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of clinical examinations in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Methods A prospective case-controlled study.Fifty-two patients with MGD and 32 healthy age-and sex-matched control subjects were included from January to August 2013.All subjects were underwent the examinations sequentially as follows:evaluation of ocular surface disease symptoms using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) ; lid margin and ocular surface examination by slit lamp microscrope; infrared meibomian photography; cornea sensation testing using the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer; tear film break-up time (BUT); corneal and conjunctival staining (Oxford scale); and Schirmer Ⅰ test.One eye of each subject was included in the study.The parameters between MGD group and the control group were compared using the independent-samples T test.Spearman's correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of each parameter of MGD group.Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve)and area under the curve (AUC) were used to describe the accuracy of each parameter to differentiate MGD from normal eyes.Results OSDI score,lid margin abnormality score,miss rate of meibomian glands and corneal and conjunctival staining score were obviously higher in MGD group (36.13 ±14.71,2.37 ±0.937,(52.64 ± 17.23)％,1.06 1.75) than those in control group(5.22 ± 11.97,0.94± 0.564,(23.97 ± 6.36) ％,0.03 ± 0.18) (t =10.019,7.808,8.796,3.293,respectively ; P ＜ 0.01).BUT,schirmer Ⅰ value and corneal sensitivity score were significantly lower in MGD group (4.57 ±2.13,6.04 ± 7.09,5.77 ± 0.38) than those in control group (13.31 ± 2.54,12.56 ± 6.99,5.98 ±0.07) (t=-16.97,-4.119,-3.018,respectively; P＜0.O1).AUC value of BUT was the largest (0.995),and the followings were the miss rate of meibomian (0.944),OSDI (0.925)and lid margin abnormalities(0.811).The sensitivity and the specificity of BUT were 90.4％ and 100.0％ ; the miss rate of meibomian were 76.9％ and 100.0％ ; OSDI were 97.4％ and 87.1％ ; and lid margin abnormalities were 79.5％ and 79.4％.The diagnostic value of these four parameters were better than the rest ones.Conclusion BUT and the miss rate of meibomian have great value in diagnosis of MGD.Patientsconsidered MGD can be performed these examinations to confirm the diagnosis.

Objective To summarize intra and post operation complications and their treatment of Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelium Keratoplasty (DSAEK),and provide our experience for its development in China.Methods Retrospective case study.Forty-seven eyes of 42 patients underwent DSAEK performed by one surgeon.Indications include:Pseudophakic or aphakic Bullous Keratopathy,27 eyes (57.4％); Fuchs Endothelial Dystrophy,7 eyes (14.9％); endothelial decompensation post vitrectomy,3 eyes (6.4％) ; iridocomeal endothelial syndrome (ICE),3 eyes (6.4％) ; congenital glaucoma,3 eyes (6.4％) ; graft failure post endothelial keratoplasty,3 eyes (6.4％) ; endothelial decompensation after open ocular injury and intraocular foreign body,1 eye (2.1％).Nineteen eyes underwent single DSAEK (40.4％) ; eight combined phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation (17.0％) ; eight combined anterior chamber IOL (AC-IOL) removal plus anterior segment vitrectomy and posterior chamber IOL (PC-IOL) implantation (17.0％) ; eight combined anterior segment vitrectomy and PC-IOL suspension (17.0％) ; two combined cataract extraction and anterior segment vitrectomy (4.3％) ;two failed in DSAEK and underwent penetrating keratoplasty (4.3％).Results Dislocation is the most common postoperative complications.Ten eyes underwent dislocation in 47 eyes (21.3％),which was solved by air and viscoelastic agent injection.High intraocular pressure happened in 12 eyes (25.5％),in 11 of which had a history of glaucoma and 1 with ICE.After drug treatment,ten patients had stable intraocular pressure and two patients underwent ciliary body photocoagulation surgery (1 case with anterior chamber intraocular lens,1 case with ICE).Reactions happened in 2 cases (4.3％) patients,including 1 case with anterior chamber IOL (AC-IOL) rehabilitating after drug treatment and the other with Fuch's corneal endothelial dysfunction being regrafted.Conclusion Dislocation is the most common complication after corneal endothelial keratoplasty,and air injection in anterior chamber is a common and effective method ; High intraocular pressure is the second postoperative complication.Preoperative history of glaucoma is closely related to postoperative high intraocular pressure.

Objective To evaluate the demographic characteristics,clinical features,ocular complications,and disease associations of patients who were diagnosed as scleritis and episcleritis in clinic.Methods A retrospective case series study.Ninety patients were diagnosed clinically as scleritis and episcleritis in Beijing Tongren Hospital from Jan 2010 to Jan 2013.Analyzed the general states of health,case history,the clinical manifestation,clinical features,ocular complications (decrease in vision,anterior uveitis,keratitis,ocular hypertension,cataract,and diseases of retina),and disease associations,to summarize the clinical characteristics of scleritis and episcleritis.Results Ninety patients were recorded,from 4 to 83 years old,and the average was (48 ± 15) years old.30 cases (33.3％) were male,and 60 (66.7％) were female.There were no significant difference between male and female (x2 =10.000,P ＜0.01).In the 90 cases,36 (40.0％) were episleritis and 54 cases (60.0％) were scleritis.Children group (0-16 years old) had 2 cases (2.2％),which all were episleritis.Young adult group (17-44 years old) had 39 cases (43.4％),including 13 were episleritis and 26 cases were scleritis.Middle adult group (45-59 years old) had 30 cases,including 9 cases episleritis and 21 cases scleritis.There were 19 cases (21.2％) in aged group (≥60 years),including 12 cases episleritis and 7 scleritis.Young adult group,Middle adult group and Aged group were significantly more than Children and aged group (x2 =33.390,24.500 and 13.762,P ＜0.01).Young group was significantly more than Aged group Children group (x2 =6.889,P ＜ 0.01).Ocular complications were more frequent overall in patients with scleritis versus in those with episcleritis(x2 =30.044,P ＜ 0.01),including decrease in vision,keratitis,and ocular hypertension (x2 =130.200,67.200,54.444,P ＜0.01).Nineteen cases (21.1％) had different types of arthritis,and 10 cases (11.1％) had infection diseases in local.There were difference between episcleritis and scleritis (x2 =145.644,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Scleritis occurs in all ages,but mainly in adults.It is uncommon,and potentially life-threatening diseases.It is needed pay attention to diagnosis and treatment of the patients with systemic disease and ocular complications by Ophthalmologist.

Objective To evaluate the clinical results and safety of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty(DALK) in patients with keratoconus assisted by a femtosecond laser.Methods Six eyes of 5 patients with keratoconus underwent DALK procedures by using a femtosecond laser.The mean thinnest corneal thickness,evaluated with ultrasound and measurement of visual acuity by using the standard logarithm visual chart.A femtosecond laser was used to perform corneal cuts on both donor and recipient corneas.The data were expressed as mean ± SD.Mean follow-up was (8.9 ± 2.3) month (range,5-12 months).Results Corneal pachymetry was (385 ± 48) μm(range,380-460 μm).Mean preoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 0.06 ± 0.06 (range,0.01-0.15)and mean preoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 0.41 ± 0.35 (range,0.12-1.00).The donor corneal lamella diameters were 0.20 mm larger and thicker than the recipient to restore a physiologic corneal thickness and shape.Mean donor diameter was (7.8 ± 0.2) mm (range,7.3-8.0 mm) and mean thickness was (372 ± 40) μm (range,350-400 μm).Early postoperative evaluation showed a clear graft in all cases.Mean corneal thickness was (459 ± 36) μm(range,389-488 μm).At the last postoperative examination mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.32 ± 0.19 (range,0.12-0.60),and the mean best corrected visual acuity was 0.58 ± 0.29 (range,0.20-1.00).The UCVA and BCVA improved significantly after surgery (t =-4.433,-3.348,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Our early results indicate that femtosecond laser-assisted deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty shows promise as a safe and effective surgical choice in the treatment of keratoconus.

Objective To set up an animal model of corneal endothelium deficiency and test the bio-safety and pump function of B4G12 cells with this model.Methods Thirty SD rats were divided into cryo-injury group and cryo-injury with B4G12 cell transplantation group.Models of corneal endothelium deficiency were created by cryo-injury with liquid nitrogen,and then B4G12 cells were transplanted into the eyes by anterior chamber injection.Corneas were checked under slit lamp and confocal microscope observations at some specific time points,pathological staining was also performed.Results The corneal endothelial cells were removed completely from the Descemet's membrane after cryo-injury.Cells transplanted firmly stuck to the Descemet's membrane.The corneas in the cryo-injury group were swelling with haze,while in the transplantation groups,the corneas restored transparence and normal thickness 2 weeks after the surgery.Confocal microscope and HE staining confirmed that in the cryo-injury group,the Descemet's membrane was denuded and the cornea stroma layer was in edema,on the contrary,in the other group,the transplanted cells completely covered the Descemet's membrane.Conclusion Cryo-injury can be used for building the rat model of corneal endothelium deficiency,no neoplasm and inflammation reaction were found during the observation after B4G12 cells transplanted and B4G12 cells had the pump function in vivo.

Objective To observe form and function changes of vascular endothelial cells (VEC) which were transplanted to the posterior surface of rhesus monkey cornea without Descemet's Membrane by anterior chamber injection,explore the feasibility of transplanting VEC to treat corneal endothelial injury,and find new method of corneal endothelial cell transplantation.Methods Cultured VEC to proliferate in vitro.Rhesus monkeys were randomly divided into two groups:Experimental group(6) and control group(6)according to a random number table.The experimental group:transplant the culured VEC to the posterior surface of rhesus monkey cornea without Descemet's membrane by anterior chamber injection.The control group:Tear out the Descemet's membrane by capsulotomy needle without VEC transplantation.A ultrasound apparatus was adopted to measure the postoperative thicknes of the cornea and Goldman intraocular pressure meter measuring intraocular pressure in the postoperative 7 days,14 days,30 days,60 days,90 days,organize the data and entered into the computer,applicated the software of SPSS 11.5 for data independent samples t-test and analysis of variance.The eyes were removed respectively in postoperative 30,60,90 days to do pathological HE dyeing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of VEC in the posterior surface of cornea graft.Results Corneal transpareney:In the experimental observation period (3 months),the experimental group had better transparency than the control group with normal anterior chamber depth and without bullous kerat-opathy.And the corneal neovascularization was exist in the cornea graft in experimental group in the third month.After 3 months,the corneal thickness of experimental group (500 ± 14) μm was significantly lower than the control group (618 ± 11) μm,Corneal thickness values between experimental and control groups were statistically significant differences in changes (all P ＜ 0.05,t-values were-3.256,-4.419,-12.896 postoperative 1,2,3 months).Changes of intraocular pressure difference between the experimental group and the control was not statistically significant (all P ＞ 0.05,t-values were-1.179,-2.166,-2.536 postoperative 1,2,3 months).The pathological:the cell layer was visible in the posterior surface of cornea graft.The control group:can't find the cell sample structure.SEM:Experimental group showed that VEC with irregular shape uniformly distributed on the inner surface of cornea and growing well,a small amount of white blood cells can be seen between VEC,and part of cellular debris exist in the trabecular meshwork.Control group showed a fiber material without VEC.Conclusions Ultrasonic emulsification can established a repeatability and simple model of corneal endothelial injury in Rhesus monkeys.VEC can be transplanted to the corneal surface by Anterior chamber injection and the cells can grow on the surface and play a barrier role in maintaining the state of dehydration and transparency of the cornea to a certain extent.After transplantation,organizational structure and morphology of the anterior chamber angle does not produce pathological effects in the short term.Prompt that transplant the culured VEC to the posterior surface of rhesus monkey cornea without Descemet's Membrane by anterior chamber injection to substitute the function of the corneal endothelial cells may be a new idea for treatment of cornealendothelial damage.

Objective To explore the effect of CCR3 antagonist on the development of experimental corneal neovascularization.Methods Mouse corneas were burned by NaOH to induce corneal neovascularization.Fifty four clean male BABL/c mice aged 7-8 weeks were divided into control group,CCR3 antagonist group and VEGF antibody positive group according to randomized number table.The gene expression of CCR3 and its ligand eotaxin in burned corneas was examined by Real-time PCR.CCR3 antagonist was locally administrated after alkali injury and the formation of corneal neovascular 2 weeks after injury was examined using a digital camera linked to a slit lamp microscope and corneal whole mount staining with CD31.The mRNA and protein expression of chemokines in burned corneas was detected by Real-time PCR and western blot.Results Compared to control group,CCR3 antagonist treated mice resulted in significantly decreased corneal neovascularization.The related CNV area was 0.51 ± 0.03 in the CCR3 antagonist group,and that in the control group was 0.77 ± 0.15,with significant difference between them (t =12.91,P =0.00).Western blot detection did not show significant difference of VEGF protein expression between two groups.Expression level of VEGF in the CCR3 antagonist group was 0.91 ± 0.24,and that in the control group was 1.15 ± 0.30,showing no significant difference (t =1.08,P =0.34).Conclusions Alkali-induced corneal neovascularization was inhibited by CCR3 antagonist.The mechanism that CCR3 pathway plays an important role in corneal neovascularization needs further exploration.

The patient was a 56-year-old male. He came to Cangzhou Eye Hospital in May 2011 due to a 2-month mass in his left eye accompanied by foreign body sensation and red eye. Eye examination showed no abnormalities in the right eye, visual acuity in the left eye was 0.8, intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa), and a gray-white cauliflower-like mass was seen 5 mm behind the nasal limbus, which looked like coral-like eye moss (Figure 1), about 5 mm ×5 mm ×2 mm in size. The conjunctiva at the mass was defective, the basal sclera was partially melted and thinned, the surrounding conjunctiva was thin, and the blood supply was poor. The cornea was transparent, the aqueous humor flashed (-), the pupil was round, directly and indirectly reflected to light (+), the size was about 3 mm, the lens was transparent, and the fundus was not abnormal. Past history: 5 years ago, he underwent pterygium surgery in his left eye (unknown procedure) in the external hospital, and denied other systemic diseases, trauma and surgical history.

The patient was a 48-year-old female who came to the ophthalmology department of Xijing Hospital affiliated to the Fourth Military Medical University on July 5, 2013 due to paroxysmal strange itching at the margins of both eyelids with foreign body sensation for 2 months. The patient was diagnosed with "blepharitis in both eyes" in the ophthalmology department of another hospital and was treated with local antibiotics, but the effect was not good. The patient had no history of traveling, no hobby of keeping domestic pets, and no history of systemic diseases. Eye examination: binocular visual acuity was 1.0, intraocular pressure in the right eye was 12 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa), and that in the left eye was 13 mmHg.

The patient was a 42-year-old female who was admitted to Beijing Tongren Eye Center on May 2, 2013 due to trichiasis in her left eye for 40 years and whiteness in her left eye for half a year. Ocular examination: UCVA was 1.0 in the right eye and 0.5 in the left eye; IOP in the right eye was 16 mmHg (1mmHg =0.133 kPa), the finger measurement of the left eye was normal, the basal tear secretion test of both eyes (after topical anesthesia) was 8 mm, the conjunctiva of the left eye was not congested, a trichiasis was visible in the lower eyelid of the left eye, the epithelial hyperplasia in the lower central cornea of the left eye was cauliflower-shaped, with new blood vessels growing in (Figure 1), the corneal stroma was turbid, greater than 2/3 of the thickness, no retrocorneal deposition was seen, the anterior chamber was middle deep, the aqueous humor was clear, the pupil was round, 3 mm in diameter, there was light reflection, the lens was clear, and the fundus was not examined.

Meibomian gland was first discovered and systematically described by Heinrich Meibom in 1666. It is a specially differentiated sebaceous gland located in the upper and lower meibomian plates. Its main function is to synthesize and secrete lipids, participate in the formation of tear film and maintain its stability, and reduce the evaporation of tear fluid on the ocular surface.

Primary glaucoma is the second most blind eye disease in the world, and about 8% of blind people are caused by glaucoma [1]. Characteristic optic atrophy and visual field defect are the common features, and pathological intraocular pressure is the main sign. At present, research has confirmed that the only effective way to prevent the progression of the disease and preserve visual function is to reduce intraocular pressure [2].

Meibomian gland dysfunction is a common ocular surface disease, and obstruction of meibomian gland opening is the most common cause of meibomian gland dysfunction. Obstruction can directly or indirectly cause the quantity and quality of meibomian gland to change, resulting in tear film instability. The Oculus Keratograph infrared transmission technology can easily capture clear meibomian gland images, and the unique enhanced contrast mode makes the gland more prominent and easy to identify, which can diagnose patients with meibomian gland dysfunction caused by meibomian gland opening obstruction and other reasons (Quintessential Picture 1).

The patient was a 46-year-old female who came to the Department of Ophthalmology of Chengdu Military Region General Hospital because of blurred vision in both eyes for more than 20 years. Ocular examination showed that the corrected visual acuity of both eyes was 1.0, and there were no abnormalities in the cornea, anterior chamber, lens and vitreous body of both eyes. After dilating the pupil, the fundus was photographed with Canon CF-60UD fluorescent fundus camera. The retinal condition of the right eye was shown in the essence picture 1. The OCT examination was performed with Optovue RTVue 100-2 OCT equipment, and the condition of the right eye was shown in the essence picture 2. Clinical diagnosis: peripheral myelinated nerve fibers of the right eye; Refractive error in both eyes.

The patient was a 26-year-old male who came to the Department of Ophthalmology of the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College because of blurred vision in his right eye for 1 month. The patient had poor vision since childhood, and sudden vision decline in his left eye 10 years ago. He went to many hospitals in China and was diagnosed with macular defect. Ocular examination: corrected visual acuity was 0.5 in the right eye and 0.02 in the left eye; intraocular pressure and anterior segment examination were normal, and fundus examination was shown in the essence picture 1; OCT examination was shown in the essence picture 2; FFA examination was shown in the essence picture 3. Clinical diagnosis: vitelloid macular degeneration in both eyes (vitelloid degeneration in the right eye and atrophy in the left eye).

The meibomian gland (MG) in the eyelids,which is the largest sebaceous gland throughout the body,synthesize and secrete lipids to form the superficial tear film layer.It plays a key role in maintaining the ocular surface health.Abnormalities in meibomian gland morphology lead to meibomian gland dysfunction,which is the main cause of evaporative dry eye.Study on meibomian gland morphology will contribute significantly to the diagnosis and treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction.This review is just focusing on the current studies about techniques to visualize the morphology of the MG and changes of meibomian gland morphology related to diseases.

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is the most commonly used preservative in ophthalmic preparations.So far large bodies of clinical and experimental studies have shown that use of topical drugs containing BAC can induce a series of ocular surface diseases,such as apoptosis.However,recently,some clinical studies have shown that ocular toxicity in patients treated with eye drops containing BAC has not apparent correlated with BAC.Some scholars consider that the limitations of the research lead people to recognize the BAC toxicity exaggeratedly.Here we summarize numerous clinical and experimental studies of BAC in the past few years,and focus on reviewing recent researches of the toxic effect of BAC on ocular surfface.

The Boston Keratoprosthesis (KPro) is one of several types of artificial cornea manufactured worldwide that are being implanted in increasing numbers in patients with severe corneal diseases and graft failures.To summerize the advances in design of the Boston type Ⅰ keratoprosthesis and in the treatment strategies to conquer the post operative complications have expanded the indications and application of this technology.Many modifications to the design of the Boston type Ⅰ keratoprosthesis and treatment of the patient in the post operative period have occurred.Also,the technology has been more widely accepted as a primary surgical option for patients with a poor preoperative prognosis for traditional penetrating keratoplasty.The outcomes of visual acuity,retention,and post-operative infection rates have all significantly improved since the technology has been modified and offers patients an alternative for visual rehabilitation.This is implanted into a carrier corneal graft or into the patient's own cornea.The allograft cornea can be the carrier,which may solve the shortage of donor cornea in China.

In order to timely report and publicize domestic innovative research trends, promote the dissemination of new technologies and new achievements, and enhance domestic and foreign exchanges, this journal has opened the "Research Letter" column since 2013. Submission requirements: (1) Contents: cutting-edge innovative research and discoveries that are in the near future and cannot yet form a complete treatise, but have relevant data and scientific significance; (2) Style: Four-paragraph essay format, with Chinese and English titles and narrative Chinese and English abstracts (English abstracts will be available internationally through the Medline database).

In order to comply with the development trend of network and digitalization of journals and provide high-quality services for authors and readers, the Journal of Chinese Medical Association has developed a remote manuscript management system. The system is designed according to the business requirements of manuscript processing process, editing and processing specification, manuscript review system and management specification of Chinese Medical Association series magazines. It adopts advanced database and network technology, and has strong data processing and analysis ability. The remote manuscript management system will assist authors, editors, reviewer experts, editorial board members, finalization meeting experts, editor-in-chief and other related personnel to handle manuscript business in one, solve the needs of editorial department for manuscript networked process management, and realize various functions of inquiry and performance evaluation.

In order to use the terminology and its abbreviations in this field more conveniently and concisely, this journal specifically publishes some foreign language abbreviations which are well-known and recognized. Authors can directly use the following abbreviations in the abstract and text without giving their full names when writing articles. For unpublished terms, please write the full Chinese name when it first appears, and write the full foreign name and its abbreviation in parentheses, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

Clinical Keratology, written by Professor Xie Lixin of Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, has been officially published by People's Medical Publishing House. This book is divided into three chapters and twenty-five chapters, including corneal examination, corneal diseases and common corneal surgery. Corneal diseases are the key content. In the description of the disease, the etiology and pathogenesis only briefly describe the conclusions of modern research on the disease, and give clinicians a basic theoretical hint. The main content is clinical diagnosis and treatment, so as to make clinical application more convenient. This book does not cover related external eye diseases and corneal refractive surgery.

The Atlas of Corneal Diseases edited by Professor Xie Lixin was officially published by People's Medical Publishing House in March 2011. The book systematically reflects the clinical characteristics of corneal diseases in the form of images, characteristically reflects the effects of modern corneal imaging examination and modern scientific treatment, and enables readers to "read pictures".

The 19th National Ophthalmology Conference and the 17th Asian-African Ophthalmology Conference are scheduled to be held in Xi' an from September 17th to 21st, 2014. At that time, more than 1,000 famous international and domestic ophthalmologists will give special reports on new technologies, new knowledge and new experiences in ophthalmology development. Ophthalmologists from all over the country and Asian and African countries will gather at this event to exchange and share the latest research results in ophthalmology and visual science with domestic colleagues. The conference will also hold a large-scale exhibition of ophthalmic medical devices and drugs.

With the approval of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, the 14th National Academic Conference on Corneal and Ocular Surface Diseases and the 6th National Academic Conference on Corneal Refraction will be held in Shanghai from April 24 to 27, 2014. The Keratology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and the organizer of the conference-Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University sincerely invite domestic and foreign ophthalmologists, colleagues and ophthalmology business people to attend.

The first ocular biometry study class sponsored by Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital will be held in Tianjin from July 12 to 13, 2014. The study class is taught by Professor Zhang Hong, a well-known cataract expert in China, Professor Yang Wenli, an ophthalmic ultrasound expert, and Colin Song, director of ophthalmic biometry in our hospital. The study covers the principles of Mode A ultrasound, optical biometry and corneal curvature, instrument use, standard operating procedures and measurement error analysis; Biometric measurement of special eyes such as extra-long eye axis, silicone oil eye and post-corneal refractive surgery;

The 16th National Conference on Cataract and Intraocular Lens will be held on June 19-22, 2014 at Hyatt Regency Beijing-Tianjin New Town, Tianjin (Address: No.8 Zhujiang Avenue, Zhouliangzhuang, Baodi District, Tianjin; Switchboard: 02239211234). This conference was sponsored by Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and jointly organized by Cataract Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Zhejiang Medical Association, Tianjin Medical Association, Ophthalmology Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University and Tianjin Eye Hospital.

The 19th Ophthalmic Imaging Eye Tumor and Orbital Disease Study Class sponsored by Tianjin First Central Hospital and co-organized by Ningxia Eye Hospital will be held in Yinchuan from June 11 to 14, 2014. This workshop aims to improve the application of ophthalmic imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of intraocular diseases, ocular tumors and orbitopathies. The study class is taught by professors such as Song Guoxiang and Sun Fengyuan, famous experts in ophthalmic imaging and orbital diseases in China. The study contents cover new technologies such as ophthalmic ultrasound, X-ray, CT, magnetic resonance imaging and interventional imaging, as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment of intraocular diseases and orbital diseases.

The 2014 National International Summit Forum on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology, sponsored by the Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and hosted by the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, will be held in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from June 13 to 15, 2014. This forum will invite well-known experts at home and abroad to give academic lectures on basic and clinical research on strabismus, amblyopia, childhood optometry, congenital cataract, congenital glaucoma, infantile vitreoretinal diseases, childhood eye trauma, childhood hereditary eye diseases and other childhood eye diseases.