Volume 52 · Issue 04 · 2016

This issue focuses on the clinical and basic research of orbital disease and ocular trauma. The responsible editorial committee responsible for the planning, composition and review of this issue is Professor Ma Zhizhong.

The pleomorphic adenoma was the most common epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland. The 2 major factors determining the prognosis of pleophormic adenoma of lacrimal gland were likelihood of recurrence and evidence of malignant transformation. Management of the recurrent pleomorphic adenoma was difficult. Moreover, the malignant transformation was danger for life. The reason for orbital recurrent involved many factors, but the main reasons may be related to correct preoperative judgment of the nature of the tumor, taking the appropriate surgical approach and operative techniques. Long-term follow-up was available for the patient. It could help doctors detect recurrence of tumor earlier and treat it timely. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 241-243)

The principles of disinfection and sterilization of corneal surgical instruments are the same as the basic principles in the overview. This surgical instrument is divided into two categories: surgical instrument without joint and lumen, surgical instrument with joint or lumen.

Fluconazole is a novel triazole antifungal drug, which can interfere with the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an important component on fungal cell membrane, and inhibit fungal peroxidase. It is one of the best drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal diseases at present.

Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology published our article "Analysis of Common Causes and Pathogenic Strains of Fungal Endophthalmitis" (hereinafter referred to as "the original article") in Volume 51, Issue 11, 2014^[1]Dr. Shi Huidong put forward "About<Analysis of common etiologies and pathogenic bacteria of fungal endophthalmitis>Discussion in one article ", the article raised questions about whether Aspergillus is sensitive to fluconazole. We are very grateful to our readers for their attention to the original article, bringing our attention to the professional questions about antifungals that raise questions in the original article, and pay tribute to our readers for their rigorous and earnest academic attitude. We have carefully searched the information and reviewed the original data, and we hereby reply as follows.

To study the clinicopathologic features of IgG4-related ocular disease and differentiated diagnosis with non-IgG4-related ocular disorders.

Forty-three cases were selected from the Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University from December 2008 to January 2015 with retrospective series case study. The clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, imaging findings, treatment and histopathological characteristics were analyzed. According to the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related ocular disease in 2014 and relevant literatures, our cases were divided into two groups: IgG4-related ocular disease (23 samples from 18patients) and non-IgG4-related ocular disease (31 samples from 25 patients). The male-to-female ratio, the periductal fibrosis and the orbital lesion area was analyzed by Pearson chi-square. The Immunohistochemistry of IgG4+/HPF, IgG+/HPF and IgG4+/IgG+ ratio and age was analyzed by two sample t test. The involved structural tissue and the infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes and plasma cells was analyzed by signed-rank test.

The significant statistic differences were observed between these two groups in immunohistochemical staining of IgG4 (>40个/HPF) (t=12.17, P<0.01), IgG (t=2.91, P<0.01) and IgG4+/IgG+ ratio (≥40%) (t=16.98, P<0.01), the lymphocytic and plasmacytic infiltration (F=3.62, P=0.03),the periductal fibrosis(F=4.71 , P=0.03), the involved region of orbit (t=1.11, P=0.01), but not in the mean age and male-to-female ratio (t=1.09, P=0.58). IgG4 ROD should be distinguished form the non-specific inflammation disorders, lymphoma and so on.

IgG4-related ocular disease often arises from middle-old man, characterized by bilateral orbital painless swelling and abundant IgG4+ plasma cells infiltration. Nearly all orbital tissue could be involved by IgG4-related ocular disease, especially lacrimal gland. But the characteristic obliterating phlebitis were not seen. The immunohistochemical staining of IgG4 and IgG plays an important role in differentiating IgG4-related ocular disease from non-IgG4-related ocular disorders. Combining clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, imaging findings with histopathology is helpful for diagnosis and differential diagnosis. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 256-262)

This study aims to compare the corneal biomechanical properties of patients with Graves'orbitopathy (GO) with normal people and analysis the correlated factors.

Retrospective case series study. 34 eyes of 20 patients (6 eyes are unilateral) diagnosed with inactive Graves' orbitopathy and 25 eyes of 14 patients (3 eyes are unilateral) diagnosed with active Graves' orbitopathy were recruited as study group. 30 eyes of 28 healthy volunteers with age and sex-matched were enrolled as control group in the affiliated eye hospital of Wenzhou medical university from December 2013 to June 2014. Central corneal thickness (CCT) measured with A ultrasound, corneal hysteresis (CH) measured with Ocular Response Analyser (ORA), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldman-corrected IOP value (IOPg) and Cornea-Compensated Intraocular Pressure(IOPcc) were collected. An ANONA and Kruskal-Wallis Test was used to compare the indexes mentioned above.

The mean age of inactive group was (47.3±12.8)y (23 eyes were female, 11 eyes were male), the mean age of active group was (51.9±9.6)y (16 eyes were female, 9 eyes were male) , the mean age of normal group was (47.2±10.4)y (19 eyes were female, 9 eyes were male). CH of inactive group was (9.68±1.45) mmHg, (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), CH of active group was (9.82±1.53) mmHg, lower than the CH of (10.67±1.68) mmHg in control group, which was statistically significant different (t₁=-2.51,P₁=0.014,t₂=-2.01,P2=0.048). IOPcc of inactive group was (17.91±3.67) mmHg, IOPcc of active group was (17.88±5.44) mmHg, which were higher than the IOPcc of (13.90±3.39) mmHg in the control group, which was statistically significant different (t₁=3.76,P₁=0.001;t₂= 3.461,P₂=0.001). There were no significant difference between study and control group in CRF, that was in inactive group (10.19±1.73)mmHg, active group (10.36±1.01)mmHg, normal group (10.08±1.40)mmHg respectively (t₁=0.31,P=0.761;t₂=0.69,P₂=0.491). CCT of inactive group was (531.41±37.60) μm, CCT of active group is (533.52±18.88) μm, which had no statistical significant difference from the CCT of (546.25±28.84) μm in control group ( t₁=-1.91,P=0.059;t₂=-1.52,P₂=0.132). Corneal hysteresis was negatively correlated with exophthalmos, IOPg, IOPcc (Pearson=-0.279,-0.385,-0.663,P<0.05), and positively correlated with corneal central thickness and corneal resistance factor (Pearson=0.246,0.583,P<0.05) in TAO group.

Cornea hysteresis of TAO patients decreased, combined with lower ability of cornea to recover to the primary conditions when upon pressure. CH was negatively correlated with IOPg and IOPcc.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 263-267)

To investigate the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of orbital solitary fibrous tumor.

Clinical data of 4 cases with orbital solitary fibrous tumor from January 2001 to June 2014 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University was retrospectively analyzed and the image, pathologic and immunohistochemical findings were reviewed.

In the 4 cases, 3 were males and 1 was female, aged from 48 to 67 years. The main symptoms were unilateral progressive proptosis, orbital tumor and decreased vision. Two cases involved the left orbit and 2 in right. The locations of the tumor were in the lateral (2 cases) or inferior orbit (2 cases). Encapsulated smooth round shadow was shown in imaging examination and a homogeneous enhancement strengthening was seen by CT scanning. All cases underwent surgical resection and the removed tumors, appeared as round or irregular oval with fibrous capsule, were 1.5—5.0 cm in size. Three cases were pathological benign and 1 was malignant. Microscopically, the tumors were composed of a large number of spindle tumor cells and varying amounts of interstitial collagen deposition and angiogenesis. There was no atypia in benign tumor, while there was atypia in malignant tumor. Moreover, the tumor was invasive, capsuleless and shown hyperplasia area by light microscope in the case with malignant disease. CD34 and Vimentin were positive in 4 cases and Bcl-2 positive in 2 cases by immunohistochemistry staining. One patient with malignant pathology showed strong positive staining of Ki-67 (>70%) and died of tumor recurrence 10 months after he received the second operation. No metastasis or recurrence occurred by a follow-up of 2 months to 5 years in other 3 cases.

Orbital SFT is characteristic of unilateral progressive proptosis in symptom. Imaging examination is an important diagnostic tool and a complete surgical resection of the tumor is the primary treatment method. Diagnosis depends on pathological and immunohistochemical staining. Malignant transformation may be occurred from benign lesion, hence postoperative follow-up is essential for confirmed patients.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 268-272)

To investigate the clinical outcomes following early repair for orbital fracture and soft tissue simultaneously for open orbital fractures.

Retrospective clinical study. This study comprised of 19 patients(20 eyes) with open orbital fracture who underwent surgery within 48 hours in the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University between August 2011 and August 2014. The wounds were evaluated at the same time and the surgical debridement was done. The surgical exposure was achieved through direct approach and auxiliary cosmetic incisions. Titanium mesh and plate was used for orbital reconstruction. Local flaps or island flaps were used for soft tissue repair. With the post-operative CT scan, the condition of the soft tissue which was herniated, the orbital rim and orbital wall were observed. The measurement of the exophthalmos of both eyes was performed using Hertel exophthalmometer. Compared with the intact eye, the globe displacement (upward or downward) of the reconstructed eye was measured. The follow up duration was 12—24 months. The eye movement, diplopia, restriction of mouth opening, depression of midface, the condition of soft tissue and scar as well as post-operative complications were recorded. Comparison of the reconstructed eye's globe displacement before and after operation were analyzed with wilcoxon signed ranks test. Comparison of the exophthalmos of the reconstructed eye relative to the intact eye were analyzed with t-paired test.

In all 19 cases (20 eyes), fractures were anatomically reconstructed, and no cases of infection, titanium mesh and plate migration and rejection occured during the follow-up. Seven cases had eyeball hypoglobus with median 3.0 mm (min 2.0 mm, max 4.0 mm) pre-operatively. The Reconstructed eye globe were corrected in 6 cases and 1 case had residual hypoglobus of 1.0 mm ,median 0.0 mm (min 0.0 mm, max 1.0 mm). The amount of the eye globe displacement between pre-and post-operation was statistically significant(z=-2.40, P<0.05). Enophthalmos was corrected in 16 cases (the mean of posterior globe displacement in reconstructed orbit relative to intact orbit was less than or equal to 2.0mm), but in 2 patients the residual enophthalmos was 3.0 mm. The difference of the exophthalmos of both eyes was not obvious (t=-0.46,P>0.05). Among 20 eyes, 16 patients had restrictive eye movement. After 12 months follow-up, 13 eyes with restrictive eye movement were corrected while the other 3 showed improvement. Eight patients of restriction of mouth opening or midface depression were corrected and no infection complications were noted. There was no flap necrosis in 13 patients of soft tissue defect.

Surgical treatment of open orbital fractures with simultaneous repair of orbital fracture and soft tissue within 48 hours after trauma could correct enophthalmos, hypoglobus and eye movement function effectively and improve periorbital aesthetics. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 273-277)

Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1) is thought to play a key role in the initiation of Smad-independent TGF-β signaling. This study investigated the role of TAK1 in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) lens epithelial cells.

TAK1 was overexpressed in the HLE B-3 cell line by transfecting TAK1-pcDNA3 and TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1)-pcDNA3 plasmids. The expression levels of TAK1, phospho-TAK1, E-cadherin, and fibronectin were detected by Western blot analysis and immunocytofluorescence to analyze the effects of overexpression. The levels of α-SMA and type I collagen were analyzed by real-time PCR. Quantitative data were analyzed by Student's t test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (multiple comparisons using LSD test).

Western blot analysis showed in the TAK1-pcDNA3 plasmids group, expression of TAK1 proteins (1.00±0.03) with a maximum upregulation of approximately 80% at 24 h than it was in the control group (0.19±0.09)(t=8.02, P< 0.01); Western blot analysis showed in the TAB1-pcDNA3 plasmids group, expression of TAB1 proteins (1.00±0.02) with a maximum upregulation of approximately 78% at 24 h than it was in the control group (0.22±0.08)(t=7.63, P<0.01). The levels of E-cadherin/Beta-actin had significant differences among control, overexpression of TAK1 together with TAB1, overexpression of TAK1, and overexpression of TAB1 (1.00±0.02, 0.12±0.03, 0.98±0.09, 0.92±0.08;F=31.03, P<0.01). The levels of fibronectin/Beta-actin had significant differences among control, overexpression of TAK1 together with TAB1, overexpression of TAK1, and overexpression of TAB1 (0.11±0.03, 1.00±0.05, 0.16±0.04, 0.21±0.05;F=35.12, P<0.01). Overexpression of TAK1 with TAB1 resulted in upregulated expression of fibronectin, and downregulated expression of E-cadherin. The expression of E-cadherin was increased and the expression of fibronectin was decreased by TAK1 siRNA and TAK1 chemical inhibitors in the presence of TGF-β2.

These data reveal that TAK1 can induce the EMT of HLE cells, and the inhibition of TAK1 phosphorylation may be a potential novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of posterior capsule opacification. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 278-284)

To investigate the expression of transcription factors snail and slug in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) induced by transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2).

Experimental research. HLEC were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β2 (1.0 and 10.0 μg/L) for different time. The morphological changes were observed under inverted microscope. The expression and cellular localization of snail and slug were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Expressions of snail, slug, E-Cadherin and α-SMA were further determined by Western blot analysis. Single factor analysis of variance, rank sum test and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis.

Cultured HLEC were polygonal monolayer cells with tight intercellular adhesion closely and patchy distribution. After treatment of different doses of TGF-β2 for 24 h, HLEC became isolated, exhibited long spindle-like shape as fibroblastic phenotype. The immunofluorescence staining indicated that snail and slug were localized in the nuclei. The expressions of snail and slug appeared to be positive correlative to TGF-β2 dose (snail protein expression: 0.74±0.16, 1.13±0.03, 1.54±0.18 and slug protein expression: 1.96±0.02, 3.12±0.09, 4.07±0.12 in HLEC treated with 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/L TGF-β2 respectively) (χ²=9.62,P=0.022;F=241.10,P<0.01). In addition, the expression of α-SMA and E-Cadherin showed the similar form (α-SMA protein expression: 0.87±0.04, 1.42±0.11, 2.17±0.36 and E-Cadherin protein expression: 2.50±0.36, 1.65±0.32, 0.41±0.14 in HLEC treated with 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg/L TGF-β2 respectively) (χ²=9.97,P=0.019;F=19.99,P<0.01). All Pearson correlation coefficient were close to 1. The expression of snail and slug in HLEC were also increased with extending duration of TGF-β2 (1.0 μg/L). The expression levels of both proteins were modestly up-regulated at 8 hours, robustly increased at 24 h, reached peak at 48h and began to decline at 72 h (snail protein expression: 0.90±0.13, 1.43±0.14, 1.96±0.27, 1.57±0.16 and slug protein expression: 0.91±0.36, 1.24±0.16, 2.44±0.26, 1.43±0.16 in HLEC treated with 1.0 μg/L TGF-β2 for 8 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively) (F=12.49,P=0.001;F=14.03,P<0.01).

Transcription factors snail and slug might be time and dose-dependently involved in in-vitro TGF-β2-induced EMT of HLEC.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 285-290)

To study the clinical features and treatment of children blepharitis.

Retrospective case series. Participants: 30 children patients less than 15 years old with blepharitis.

The clinical features , past diagnosis, treatment and therapeutic effect of 30 cases of children blepharitis recorded between Janurary 2010 to June 2013 were analyzed. Results: Of all the patients, 9 were male, and 21 were female. 15 cases (50%) were diagnosed as keratitis, among which 13 cases (43.3%) were diagnosed as virus keratitis. The main complications were keratopathy, accounting for 80%. Of all the 30 children blepharitis cases, 5 (16.7%) cases were cured; 21 (70%) cases got better; 2 cases (6.7%) recurred. Of 24 keratopaty associated with blepharitis cases, 17 cases (70.8%) were cured; 5 (20.8%) cases got better; 2 (8.3%) cases recurred.

Blepharitis is the common ocular surface disease, clinicians often ignore the eyelid to misdiagnosis.Children blepharitis usually affects cornea and results in keratopathy associated with blepharitis. Cure rate of Chlidren blepharitis is low. It becauses cure not only needs drug therapy but also demands patients adjust their habits and high obedience with doctors. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2015, 51: 291-294)

The patient was a 26-year-old female. Due to the decrease of visual acuity in his right eye for 10 days, he went to Changchun Aier Eye Hospital on December 12, 2013. The patient was in good health, with no history of eye trauma and surgery, and no refractive error. Ophthalmological examination: visual acuity: 0.5 in the right eye and 0.1 in the left eye, neither of which could be corrected, intraocular pressure: 15 mm Hg in the right eye (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa), 17 mm Hg in the left eye, normal anterior segment of both eyes, clear border of the optical head of the right eye, reddish color, slight tortuosity of the retinal vein, yellow-white lesions with poor borders around the optical head, slight bulge and pigmentation, about 1 PD from the fovea, radial folds in the macular area, fovea reflection disappeared, clear border of the optical head of the left eye, reddish color, slight tortuosity of the retinal vein, yellow-white lesions with poor borders around the optical head, and an unobviously affected area about 2×3 PD below the optical head, slight bulge and pigmentation, fovea involvement and reflection disappeared (Figure 1)。 FFA check (Figure 2): Mottled hyperfluorescence was observed in the lesion area of both eyes, and no obvious fluorescence leakage was observed. OCT examination (Figure 3): The choroid in the foveal nasal lesion area of the right eye was thickened and bulged, obscuring the reflected signal of the underlying tissue. The hyperreflective signal connected to the nasal tumor body was seen under the foveal nerve epithelium, and the reflected signal of the underlying tissue was seen. The choroid in the foveal nasal lesion area of the left eye was thickened and bulged, obscuring the reflected signal of the underlying tissue. The serrated changes were seen on the inner surface of the foveal neuroepithelium. The foveal IS/OS structure was staged, and the reflected signal of the underlying choroid was enhanced. B ultrasound examination (Figure 4): There is a strong echo band in the ball wall near the right eye papilla, followed by obvious sound shadows; There is an arc-shaped strong echo band with strong echoes at both ends and slightly lower echoes in the middle of the ball wall near the optic papilla of the left eye, and obvious M-shaped sound shadow can be seen afterwards. Orbital CT examination (Figure 5): A high-density shadow consistent with the orbital bone was seen at the optic nerve of the right eye, with a CT value of 356 HU, and a high-density shadow consistent with the orbital bone at both ends and slightly lower in the middle was seen at the optic nerve of the left eye, with a CT value of 387 HU. Clinical diagnosis: choroidal osteoma in both eyes. The patient is instructed to review regularly.

The child was a 5-year-old male. Abnormal hair on the upper lid of the right eye was found since birth, which grew at a rate similar to that of eyelashes, without local redness, swelling, pain or discharge. History of trauma, congenital disease, and family genetic medical history were denied. Ocular examination: A cluster of black hair was seen at the center of the upper eyelid of the right eye at a distance of 10 mm from the eyelid margin. The texture and length were similar to those of eyelashes, and the number was about 15. No definite mass was palpable under it (Figure 1)。 Other ophthalmic examinations showed no abnormalities. Preliminary diagnosis: right eyelash ectopia.

The author received a patient with periorbital necrotizing fasciitis during the medical assistance in Morocco from March 2013 to March 2015. The diagnosis and treatment process is summarized as follows.

Primary stromal cysts of the iris are very rare, and even rarer in patients with congenital glaucoma as the first symptom. Of the 14 cases of primary iris stromal cysts admitted to Tianjin Eye Hospital from 1990 to 2012, 2 children were initially diagnosed with congenital glaucoma, and the iris cysts were found at the time of surgery and in the specimens with enucleated eyeballs, respectively. The clinicopathological features are reported as follows.

The patient was a 45-year-old male. He went to Changchun Aier Eye Hospital because of repeated hyphema after ciliary body condensation in his right eye for 4 years. He had a history of neovascular glaucoma in his right eye for 5 years (etiology unknown). Four years ago, he underwent ciliary body condensation in his right eye. Postoperatively, the intraocular pressure dropped significantly, and there was no eye pain. However, the anterior chamber bled repeatedly and repeatedly, and no special treatment was given. Eye examination: visual acuity was 1.0 in the right eye and no light sensation in the left eye; IOP was 15 mmHg (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) in the right eye and 17 mmHg in the left eye; See anterior segment of right eyeQuintessence Picture 1No obvious abnormalities were observed in the left eye. Clinical diagnosis: old hyphema in right eye; Postoperative ciliary body condensation in neovascular glaucoma of the right eye.

The patient was a 10-year-old male. He was admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology of the First Hospital of Jilin University due to hematuria for 10 years, proteinuria for 6 years and edema for 4 months. The patient's mother developed hematuria at the age of 14 and died of renal failure at the age of 30. The patient's sensory deafness progressively aggravated. Biopsy pathological examination of kidney puncture showed mild mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, and biopsy pathological examination of skin showed continuous linear distribution of type IV collagen with staining intensity (+ + +); Type IV collagen a5 chain showed negative distribution, and the staining intensity was (-). Eye examination: the visual acuity of both eyes was 0.8 and the intraocular pressure was normal; Fundus changes in both eyes seeQuintessence Picture 1。 Diagnosis: Alport syndrome (X-linked).

The patient was a 28-year-old male. He went to the Department of Ophthalmology, Dushanzi People's Hospital, Xinjiang, due to shadow in front of his right eye and visual acuity decrease for 1 d due to breath-holding jumping. Previous physical fitness, denying history of hypertension, diabetes, blood diseases, eye trauma, myopia and other eye diseases. General physical examination: normal blood pressure. Eye examination: visual acuity was 30 cm manual in the right eye, which could not be corrected, and 1.2 in the left eye; No abnormalities were observed in the anterior segment of both eyes; Dilated pupil examination of right eye vitreous point flocculate turbid bleeding, no posterior vitreous detachment, fundus condition seeQuintessence Picture 1； No abnormalities were observed in the vitreous body and fundus of the left eye. Three-sided mirror examination: No abnormalities such as vascular white sheath, small spot bleeding and atresia of small blood vessels were found in the peripheral retina of both eyes. FFA examination was performed 4 days later: retinal artery imaging at 14.4 s, retinal vein laminar flow at 17.5 s, occluded fluorescence was seen in the bleeding area, and the morphology of fluorescence filling blood vessels was vaguely seen above and above the temporal anterior retinal bleeding area, but no fluorescence leakage was observed. Laboratory tests: blood routine and urine routine were normal; There were no abnormalities in blood biochemistry, blood coagulation series, inflammation and rheumatism, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram. Clinical diagnosis: Valsalva retinopathy in the right eye. The treatment of bed rest and dressing of both eyes, the use of hemostatic drugs and drugs to promote absorption had no effect, and the vitreous hemorrhage of the right eye was aggravated, and only the nasal retina could be seen clearly. Vitrectomy was performed in the external hospital by himself 45 d later. Follow-up visit 1 month after operation: visual acuity of right eye 1.0, no opacity of vitreous body, fundus condition is shownQuintessence Picture 2。 FFA examination: Intermittent arc-shaped occlusion fluorescence was faintly visible in the boundary contour of the original bleeding area, and no fluorescence leakage was observed. No abnormalities were observed after 10 years of follow-up.

Suppression that is the result of interocular competition is an important machanism of amblyopia. The imbalance of suppression may lead the consequence to amblyopia. In the early study, researchers had raised the theory of II. Quadratic Summation which had revealed the relationship of interocular interaction and suppression. In some basic researches, other studies had showed the most possible anatomic location of suppression. Recently, researchers found a new method to quantify the interocular suppression named the noise model. Further studies found a novel disinhibition therapy to treat amblyopia. We summarized the research advances in suppression and disinhibition treatment in amblyopia. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 305-308)

This review presented an introduction of the visual pathway related circadian rhythm regulation system: the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells-suprachiasmatic nucleus-pineal gland-melatonin axis, and discussed the impact of light with different wave length and irradiation received by retina on circadian rhythm and sleep habit. A hypothesis was proposed consequently that the high morbidity of sleep disorder in elderly might be partially attributable to the long-term blue light blocking status induced by age-related cataract. A number of relative literatures were reviewed and a novel research direction was advanced on improving circadian rhythm and sleep condition in elderly based on the current knowledge. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 309-314)

Demodex blepharitis is an infectious ocular disease which is common, but always to be neglected. There were a few related reports about this disease in China. The pathogenic mechanism of demodex blepharitis is not clear at present. Literatures held different ideas about its diagnosis, therapeutic methods and curative effect. This review will summarize the new development of demodex blepharitis in order to provide references for its basic and clinical researches.(Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 315-320)

On January 8, 2016, the 2015 National Science and Technology Awards Conference was grandly held in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The "Key Technologies and Clinical Applications of Diagnosis and Treatment of Corneal Diseases" declared by Professor Shi Weiyun, Party Secretary of Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology and Dean of Shandong Eye Hospital, and Academician Xie Lixin, Director of Shandong Institute of Ophthalmology, and the "Creation and Application of Key Technology System of Orbital Surgical Repair and Reconstruction" declared by Professor Fan Xianqun of the Ninth People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Youyiji Medical Equipment Co., Ltd. won the second prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2015.