Volume 09 · Issue 01 · 2026

Objective: To evaluate the associations between the CYP2E1 rs2070672, MDM2 rs2279744, and BHMT rs3733890 polymorphisms and clinical parameters in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), including lineage (B-ALL versus T-ALL). Methods: To detect genetic mutations in children with ALL, the tetra-primer ARMS PCR method was used, after which the clinical features and factors were analyzed for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2070672, rs2279744, and rs3733890). We implemented quality control (duplicate genotyping, internal controls) and performed exploratory power assessments. Results: This study revealed a correlation between clinical features and an increased risk of ALL. These findings may have important implications for early diagnosis and treatment. Clinical features, including hemoglobin (Hb, g/l) and platelet count (PLT, 109/l), were significant in B-ALL patients, whereas white blood cell count (WBC, 109/l) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, U/l) were significant in T-ALL patients. ALL is more prevalent in males than in females. However, age and serum ferritin concentration (ng/ml) did not significantly differ between ALL patients and controls. The increased prevalence of both G and A alleles (rs2070672 A/G) and the mutant A allele (rs3733890 G/A) may have influenced the increased deviation of clinical feature means in B-ALL patients. Conclusion: CYP2E1, MDM2, and BHMT polymorphisms were associated with pediatric ALL in this cohort and aligned with distinct lineage-specific clinical profiles. These hypothesis-generating results warrant confirmation in larger, multicenter cohorts with formal control for population structure and functional follow-up.

One of the primary obstacles to treating lung cancer is chemoresistance, which substantially impacts patient survival and quality of life. This review delves into the complex biological mechanisms underlying chemoresistance, including cellular adaptations such as drug efflux, enhanced DNA repair, metabolic alterations, and evasion of apoptosis. The importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial, with hypoxia, stromal interactions, and immune evasion fostering resistance. Additionally, tumor heterogeneity is influenced by epigenetic changes, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and resistance persistence. To address these challenges, innovative therapeutic strategies have been developed. Approaches that target drug efflux pumps, modulate the TME, and employ epigenetic therapies show promise in overcoming resistance. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems are emerging as effective means to enhance drug targeting while minimizing systemic toxicity. Furthermore, combination therapies integrating chemotherapy with targeted agents or immunotherapy are gaining traction, offering synergistic effects to combat resistance. This review highlights recent advancements in preclinical and clinical research, emphasizing the need for personalized treatment strategies and biomarker-driven approaches to predict and overcome resistance. Future directions call for the integration of novel technologies such as single-cell sequencing and AI-driven drug discovery to elucidate the dynamic nature of resistance mechanisms and improve therapeutic outcomes. By advancing our understanding of chemoresistance biology and therapeutic interventions, this review aims to inspire innovative solutions to one of the most urgent issues in the treatment of lung cancer.

Metabolic disorders, especially diabetes mellitus and obesity, are now major health problems worldwide and are characterized by problems with glucose and lipid processing, insulin resistance, persistent inflammation, and oxidative stress. Commonly used treatments for these diseases can be limited by the low water solubility of drugs and their decreased bioavailability, general distribution throughout the body, and side effects. Using solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) in drug delivery systems is a promising way to increase drug solubility, stability, and availability in the body and control the location of the drug. SLNs formed from biocompatible and biodegradable lipids and surfactants have special features, including a solid lipid matrix, controlled drug release, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, making them suitable for managing chronic metabolic diseases. First, this review explains the underlying causes of diabetes and obesity and then covers the design, properties, and mechanisms of SLN-based drug delivery. It also highlights recent findings from experiments and clinical studies that have shown that SLNs help control blood sugar levels, improve lipid levels, improve insulin activity, and reduce inflammation in fat tissue.This article also covers new methods for modifying surfaces, linking ligands, and producing SLNs targeted to pancreatic β cells, adipose tissue, and the liver. Moreover, this paper examines how regulations, translation issues in industry, and the outlook for clinical applications are handled. Overall, SLNs make metabolic therapy more effective, safer, and easier for patients to follow by enhancing the actions and absorption of drugs used in diabetes and obesity.

Cancer is a disorder characterized by the abnormal growth of cells that increases uncontrollably over an extended period of time. Treating cancerous brain tumors remains among the most challenging tasks for researchers, as brain tumors are among the hardest cancers to treat. Additionally, the condition often worsens because of the delayed diagnosis caused by the absence of early symptoms. The use of conventional treatment methods, such as radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery, continues to be highly limited. The low solubility, narrow therapeutic index, and limited ability to traverse the blood–brain barrier of most anticancer drugs result in limited therapeutic efficacy. In an attempt to overcome these predicaments, formulation scientists have been considering nanotechnology-based therapeutic solutions, particularly given the increasing rates of brain cancers that have low survivability and the drawbacks of the existing treatment methods. Different nanoplatforms, such as polymeric nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles, have been explored. Research has indicated that such nanocarriers can increase the delivery of drugs to cells in brain tumors with a minimal off-target distribution, resulting in minimal adverse effects and optimal treatment. This review presents a summary of nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems that have been reported in recent years for the treatment of brain tumors. In addition, it explains the existing difficulties with the clinical implementation of nanodrug carriers and the perspectives of this field.

Neonatal neurological disorders include periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), neonatal seizures, and genetic brain malformations, among many other conditions that impact the developing brain. Since these conditions can cause severe long-term neurodevelopmental deficits, early detection and treatment are essential for enhancing the results. The focus of this review is on the developments and difficulties in the diagnosis and management of neurological disorders in neonates, with particular attention given to neuroimaging methods, genetic testing, neuroprotective treatments, and newer strategies such as artificial intelligence and stem cell therapy. There are also issues with the accessibility, sensitivity, and interpretability of diagnostic techniques such as genetic screening and sophisticated neuroimaging, especially in newborns, despite their notable advancements. Erythropoietin and magnesium sulfate are 2 neuroprotective therapies that have shown safety and promise; however, optimization of dosage and improvement in the consistency of outcomes remain necessary. The necessity for multicenter trials to address these issues and the absence of defined treatment regimens is highlighted. This review also addresses how crucial it is to manage infant neurological diseases using a multidisciplinary approach, with early and well-coordinated care being essential to enhancing neurodevelopmental outcomes. There are still many unanswered questions; therefore, to enhance the care of newborns with neurological disorders, future research should concentrate on improving diagnostic techniques, creating safer treatments, and performing large-scale clinical trials.

Next-generation medical devices in bioelectronic medicine integrate neurotechnology with precision therapy to modulate physiological functions in real time. Bioelectronic medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that combines biology, electronics, and medicine to provide novel therapeutic solutions for various chronic and acute diseases. With advancements in neurotechnology and biomedical engineering, bioelectronic devices are increasingly being considered alternatives or adjuncts to traditional pharmacological therapies. This paper explores the urgent need for bioelectronic medicine, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize modern health care by reducing drug dependency, minimizing side effects, and addressing economic challenges. Key research goals include the development of a visceral nerve atlas, early validation of therapeutic possibilities, and advancements in neural interfacing technologies. Technical milestones such as the discovery of the inflammatory reflex, innovations in electric implants, and modulation of the vagus nerve have further enhanced therapeutic applications. The clinical relevance of a wide range of bioelectronic devices—including artificial pacemakers, bioelectronic noses, biosensors, and visual prostheses—is discussed. The integration of bioelectronics in health care has shown promising results in treating conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, central nervous system disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, blindness, and spinal cord injuries. Technological advancements continue to refine signal decoding and device miniaturization, broadening the scope of bioelectronic interventions. However, challenges such as biocompatibility, long-term safety, accessibility, and ethical concerns must be addressed for successful widespread adoption. The article concludes with future directives focused on personalized bioelectronic therapies, regulatory frameworks, and collaborative research, highlighting the potential of bioelectronic medicine to become a cornerstone of precision medicine along with its ethical implications.

The autoimmune illness known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or simply lupus, occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. Women who are fertile are 9 times more likely than men to be affected by SLE, whose incidence is 20 to 70 cases per 100,000 people. The disease known as SLE is often misdiagnosed as other disorders because of its varied symptoms. Fever, malaise, joint and muscle soreness, and exhaustion are common initial and persistent symptoms. The condition is more common among women than among men, and symptoms vary depending on sex. Genetic testing in rare cases of SLE/childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) has revealed many genes that promote the development of SLE, particularly cSLE. Clearance deficiency may lead to the development of SLE and other systemic autoimmune diseases. Two possible treatments are available: corticosteroids and antimalarial drugs. Certain types of lupus nephritis require the intermittent use of cytotoxic drugs, such as cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate. Applying genetically engineered immune cells to patients with critical illness has resulted in positive outcomes.

In cancer treatment, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a potent and targeted method for gene silencing. However, because of their instability, rapid disintegration, and low cellular absorption, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are still difficult to administer effectively. Recently, microsponges, which are porous, polymeric microspheres, have attracted interest as potential delivery systems for RNAi-based treatments. With an emphasis on their structural benefits, biocompatibility, and controlled release capabilities, this paper investigates the potential of microsponges to affect RNAi silencing. The currently available cancer treatments, their limitations, the silencing function of RNAi in cancer, current clinical trials with siRNAs, the difficulties in delivering RNAi therapy, the advantages of siRNAs in cancer, the mechanisms of microsponge-based delivery, the advantages of microsponges over other formulations, and recent developments in loading and releasing siRNAs within tumor microenvironments are covered in this review article. This paper emphasizes how microsponges can revolutionize RNAi-based cancer treatments by providing a new paradigm with improved therapeutic efficacy, stability, and accuracy.