Volume 06 · Issue 02 · 2023

近几十年来，单细胞（SC）技术和应用一直是生物学和医学领域非常热门的课题。事实上，涉及单个细胞的早期研究是在20世纪80年代关于急性非淋巴细胞白血病和遗传性或散发性遗传病的恶性过程。并且由于在20世纪90年代通过基于荧光的聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测到来自母体血浆的单个细胞中的RhD基因，“SC活检”^[1]在2000年代被广泛用于临床实践的早期诊断。先前的研究表明，SC RNA测序（scRNA-seq）用于在等位基因特异性mRNA水平评估等位基因基因表达模式，SC基因组分析可用于基因诊断。

In this dispensation of the fourth industrial revolution, protein engineering has become a popular approach for increasing enzymatic activity, stability, and titer in the biosynthesis of natural products. This is attributed to its numerous advantages (over direct isolation from plants or via chemical synthesis), including decreasing or eliminating reaction byproducts, high precision, moderate handling of intricate and chemically unstable chemicals, overall reusability, and cost efficiency. Recently, protein engineering tools have advanced to redesign and enhance natural product biosynthesis. These methods include direct evolution, substrate engineering, medium engineering, enzyme engineering and immobilization, structure-assisted protein engineering, and advanced computational. Recent successes in implementing these emerging protein engineering technologies were critically discussed in this article. Also, the advantages, limitations, and applications in industrial and medical biotechnology were discussed. Last, future research directions and potential were also highlighted.

Cancer is a terrifying disease that has become one of the world’s most challenging health concerns, necessitating a proactive approach to its treatment. Nature is a rich source of new chemical entities and a promising avenue for cancer research. Because of their different modes of action on target events in many ways, nature-derived chemicals are considered good possibilities for anticancer drug development. The current review article highlights recent breakthroughs in cancer therapeutics, including natural therapeutic molecules and their mechanisms of action against cancer treatment, as well as their limits, challenges, and prospect. For the review, article data have been collected from previously studied and published research reports, clinical evaluations, case studies, and clinical statistical data generated by scientific research organizations of repute. The chemical structures have been drawn using computational software (chemsketch). The development of promising candidates that can prevent or reduce the proliferation of cancer cells without causing adverse effects from these therapeutics is now underway. Further, nature-derived products are a game-changer because they are simple, safer, environmentally friendly, low-cost, quick, and less toxic than traditional treatment techniques. However, many bioactive chemicals and their analogs have been discovered as possible anticancer treatment options. In the review, the potent therapeutics phytochemicals derived from nature with their tremendous anticancer effects with limitations and prospects have been studied and analyzed based on previously published articles and reports.

The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has highlighted the inadequacy of our ability to respond to newly emerging viruses. Antiviral medications are the most effective means of combating the pandemic, yet their diminishing efficacy and a large population of unvaccinated individuals will create a fertile environment for the virus’s propagation and the emergence of novel variants, posing an ongoing risk of infection for vulnerable populations with compromised immune systems. To treat those infected, effective treatments must be developed. In this review, we discuss a breakthrough in engineered antibody fragments that could provide a protective barrier against the onslaught of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants as well as future other viral infections.