Volume 06 · Issue 04 · 2023

In the dynamic progression of root canal infections, the resultant change in environmental conditions directs the adaptation of the microbiome in terms of richness, evenness, and diversity.

The goal of this study is to contrast the interradicular bacterial community structures of teeth in acute and chronic stages and investigate potential microorganisms associated with persistent apical periapical infections.

Interradicular samples were collected from 10 teeth in the apical periodontitis group and 10 teeth in the chronic apical periodontitis group. High-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based microbial identification through the Illumina platform was used to characterize the complex intraradicular microbial communities in acute and chronic root canal infections. Results: Bacteria were the major domain, with a prevalence of > 97% (acute cases: 98.11 % and chronic cases: 97.6%) compared to eukaryotes and archaea. Bacterial diversity was relatively higher in acute compared to chronic conditions under 10 and 9 phyla, 79 and 64 genera, and 172 and 135 species, respectively. These endodontically infecting bacteria belonged to Firmicutes (47.21 %), Bacteroidetes (20.07%), and Proteobacteria (10.72%) in acute conditions, while in the chronic stage, Firmicutes (40.85%), Proteobacteria (27.80%), and Actinobacteria (14.79%) were abundant. The phylum Candidatus Saccharibacteria was exclusively found in acute samples. Spirochaetes and Synergistetes were found predominantly in acute infections compared to chronic infections. Bacillus and Lactobacillus were found in equal and highest abundance under the phylum Firmicutes in both conditions. Conclusion: This study provides information on the differential microbial community present in the apical root canal system of teeth with acute and chronic apical periodontitis and contributes to new approaches or channels for future research on preventive measures and therapeutic protocols during disease progression and treatment. However, functional characterization and detection of antimicrobial resistance in these two clinical conditions can supplement these findings for deciding routine drug treatment for periodontal infections.

In recent era, advancement of research involves computational management of large-scale genomic and post-genomic datasets in an obvious way. Rapidly emerging field of bioinformatics, fueled by high-throughput technologies and genomic scale database, is believed to reshape our approach of research to a new level. Genomics has shifted the paradigm of biological perspectives exploring many scopes. Old initiatives paved the path for the newer and more advantageous one. The present review focuses on present initiatives that are implemented till now like the famous Human Genome Project and its influence on digital biology, as well as the projects that followed in its footsteps. Additionally, the authors delve into the future potential of personalized medicine and the use of genetic engineering methods like CRISPR/Cas9 in gene editing, which are thought to have the potential to revolutionize the current treatment strategy.

Alternative splicing allows a gene to produce multiple proteins and is the main source of human proteome diversity. Aberrant regulation of alternative splicing produces proteins with different structures and can lead to altered protein function, inactivation, or deleterious variants, which can have severe effects on normal cellular function, leading to many diseases, including cancer. Alternative splicing abnormalities are often found in diseases, so alternative splicing is highly correlated with diseases and treatment. According to relevant statistics, breast cancer is an important factor that threatens women’s lives and health. A common sign of tumors in humans is abnormal alternative splicing. An increasing amount of evidence shows that abnormal alternative splicing plays an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. At the same time, in the related treatment of breast cancer, alternative splicing can lead to the failure of existing treatment methods and induce drug resistance. Currently, targeted therapy is still the key strategy for breast cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the five classifications of alternative splicing and aberrant alternative splicing in breast cancer. The role of alternative splicing in the drug resistance of breast cancer is also discussed. Evidence has shown that aberrant alternative splicing can lead to drug resistance to current therapies. Because splicing factors are involved in many aspects of cancer, splicing factors may provide a new strategy for cancer treatment and a powerful tool for progress in the fight against breast cancer. Antisense oligonucleotides form a double-stranded structure by complementary pairing with mRNA, which prevents the binding of mRNA and ribosomes, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. Therefore, after finding effective targets, antisense oligonucleotides can be applied in gene therapy, drug research and development, biological research, and other fields to improve therapeutic effects.

Acquired pure red cell aplasia (aPRCA) is a rare hematological disorder characterized by normochromic, normocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia, and the absence of erythroblasts. The pathogenesis of aPRCA has remained elusive. This review delves into the intricate web of immune mechanisms underlying the development of this enigmatic condition. By exploring immune responses, cytotoxic effects, and antibody-mediated processes, we dissect the immune-driven assault on erythroid progenitors. The classification of aPRCA, including its primary and secondary forms, is elucidated, with a particular emphasis on etiological factors such as viruses, drugs, thymoma, and large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of cytogenetic changes in erythroid progenitors and immune cells in the pathophysiology of aPRCA. This comprehensive overview aims to shed light on the complex interplay between immune dysregulation and erythroid failure in aPRCA, offering insights that will be crucial for better understanding and treating this disease.