Volume 47 · Issue 09 · 2011

At present, the prevention of blindness in China is in the favorable period and got some important progress. Recent five years, Chinese government conducted a series of the program for prevention of blindness, cataract surgical rate is increasing. The reform of the medical system conducted by the government is favorable to the prevention of blindness. There have been better situation and enough technique and personnel to conduct cataract surgery. However, prevention of blindness is still a big challenge to Chinese ophthalmological society. Blindness and visual impairment is still a major public health problem in China. The cataract surgical rate is still quite low. Thus, Chinese ophthalmologists should further promote “Vision 2020” Initiative and prevention of blindness in China. They should further recognize the significance for prevention of blindness, strength the construction of the system for prevention of blindness and eye care, actively prevent and control the eye diseases and conduct the research work in the prevention of blindness.

Vision check is the first step of mass screening works of most blinding diseases. In recent China, the primary childhood vision check is mainly conducted by hygiene teachers in educational institutions, following the Chinese traditional poor vision classification system, which is based on uncorrected distance visual acuity. However, this classification system does not meet childhood vision developmental mechanism, and may lead to massive unnecessary repetitive screening, diagnosis and treatment of corrected ametropia. In some Chinese communities and villages, the vision check is still based on uncorrected distance visual acuity during eye diseases mass screening procedures in adults. The critical point of preschool children vision impairment screening is then suggested to follow novel Chinese amblyopia diagnostic criteria.Combination of uncorrected, presenting and corrected visual acuity indexes may be used for children' vision check. Collaboration of children health care workers, pediatric ophthalmologists and optometrists in children eye diseases screening projects should be realized as soon as possible. In the adult population, presenting vision is suggested to be used in vision impairment screening works, and appropriate vision check scheme should be adopted in specific eye diseases screening works.

In recent years, during the review of manuscripts, the defense of graduate degree theses and literature reading, the author noticed that some basic research works involving the evaluation of retinal neuronal cell damage using apoptosis and apoptosis index as indicators, especially the in situ observation of apoptosis and the calculation of apoptosis index based on TDT-mediated biotinylated-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) technology, there are some obvious and principled problems. The main manifestation is that the picture quality of color development results of TUNEL technology is low, which cannot reflect the basic performance described in the concept of apoptosis, and the apoptosis index calculated thereby lacks accuracy and repeatability.

Objective To design the protocol of the China nine-province survey for blindness,visual impairment and cataract surgery to evaluate the prevalence and main causes of blindness and visual impairment, and the prevalence and outcomes of the cataract surgery. Methods The protocol design was began after accepting the task for the national survey for blindness, visual impairment and cataract surgery from the Department of Medicine, Ministry of Health, China,in November, 2005. The protocol in Beijing Shunyi Eye Study in 1996 and Guangdong Doumen County Eye Study in 1997, both supported by World Health Organization, was taken as the basis for the protocol design. The relative experts were invited to discuss and prove the draft protocol. An international advisor committee was established to examine and approve the draft protocol. Finally, the survey protocol was checked and approved by the Department of Medicine, Ministry of Health, China and Prevention Program of Blindness and Deafness, WHO. Results The survey protocol was designed according to the characteristics and the scale of the survey. The contents of the protocol included determination of target population and survey sites, calculation of the sample size,design of the random sampling, composition and organization of the survey teams, determination of the examinee, the flowchart of the field work, survey items and methods, diagnostic criteria of blindness and moderate and sever visual impairment, the measures of the quality control, the methods of the data management. Conclusion The designed protocol became the standard and practical protocol for the survey to evaluate the prevalence and main causes of blindness and visual impairment, and the prevalence and outcomes of the cataract surgery.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of blindness and low vision and the leading causes of blindness in residents aged ≥ 60 years in Dachang Blocks of Baoshan District, Shanghai,China. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out by Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention & Treatment Center and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Baoshan District of Shanghai from October to December in 2009. Randomly cluster sampling was used to identify the adults aged ≥60 years who had lived in Dachang Blocks of Baoshan District, Shanghai for more than 10 years. Presenting visual acuity (PVA)and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) based on autorefraction and subjective refraction were measured separately in each eye. External eye, anterior segment and ocular fundus were examined by the ophthalmologist using slit lamp-microscopes direct ophthalmoscopy and non-mydriatic digital camera. And the leading causes of visual impairment were assured. The Chi square test was used between the groups of rate comparison. Results Of 5199 enumerated subjects ≥60 years of age, 87.42％ (4545/5199) were examined. All subjects were urban population who were originally changed from the rural population in nearly 10 years. In this population,with best-corrected visual acuity, 30 persons were diagnosed as blindness, 145persons were diagnosed as low vision. The prevalence of blindness and low vision were 0. 67％, 3. 19％,respectively. Low vision was associated with female gender. It was statistically significant difference (x2 =4. 88 ,P ＜0. 05 ). The leading causes of blindness were cataract, macular degeneration, ocular absence or atrophy, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy or corneal diseases. With presenting visual acuity,39 persons were diagnosed as blindness,401 persons were diagnosed as low vision. The prevalence of blindness and low vision were 0. 86％, 8. 82％ , respectively. Blindness and low vision were associated with older age. The prevalence of blindness and low vision increased rapidly in aged 75 years or older people. The leading causes of blindness were cataract, uncorrected refractive error, macular degeneration, ocular absence or atrophy,glaucoma. Low vision was associated with female gender. It had statistically significant difference (x2 =13.345,P ＜0.01). ConclusionsIn rapidly urbanized and aging community of Shanghai, cataract,uncorrected refractive error, macular degeneration were the leading causes of blindness with presenting visual acuity. The prevalence of low vision in females was higher than that of males which had statistically significant difference. These kinds of residents needed more targeted eye health education and services.

Objective To estimate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment by a populationbased survey conducted in Gongshan County of Yunnan Province. Methods Cluster sampling method was used for sample selection. In person interriew, pilot study, visual acuity (VA) check, intraocular pressure,slit lamp microscopy and fundus examination were performed. The diagnoses of blindness ( VA ＜ 0. 05 ) and visual impairment ( VA ＜0. 3 to ≥0. 05) were based on best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye. The prevalence of visual impairment was calculated as to age, gender, education, ethnic group and altitude of living area. The dominant causes of blindness and visual impairment were then identified. The comparison of prevalence among different group examined by four-fold table Chi-square test, R x 2 Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test. Results Among 3070 eligible residents, 2460 (80. 1％ ) were finally enrolled in the present study. The total prevalence of visual impairment was 6. 46％. The bilateral blindness and unilateral blindness was 19 and 46 respectively. The bilateral and unilateral low vision was 49 and 45 respectively.There was no statistical significant difference of prevalence of visual impairment among different ethnic groups ( x2 =0. 75, P =0. 388 ). There was significantly statistical difference of prevalence of visual impairment among groups who lives in different altitude area (x2 =18.34, P =0.000). High prevalence were also observed in the elder ( ≥ 70 years), illiterate and outdoor-workers, which was 2. 24％, 4. 19％, 5. 65％respectively. The leading causes of bilateral blindness was cataract (42. 1％, 8/19), corneal opacity (26. 3％, 5/19), and retinal abnormality (21.1％, 4/19). The leading cause of bilateral low vision was also cataract (42. 9％, 21/49). Conclusions Cataract was the dominant cause of visual impairment in Gongshan County of Yunman Province. The study highlights an urgent need of visual impairment prevention program conducted by local public heath intervention, especially focusing on cataract treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate cyclotorsion changes after strabismus surgery in superior oblique palsy patients. Methods Forty patients (50 eyes) underwent myotomy of inferior oblique ( 15patients, 15 eyes), partial myectomy of inferior oblique ( 15 patients, 15 eyes) or myotomy of inferior oblique combined with inferior rectus recession on the other eye ( 10 patients, 20 eyes) for treatment of monocular superior obique palsy. Objective cyclotorsion were examined pre-operation, as well as 1, 7, 30,and 90 d post-operation with fundus photograph and quatitive measurement. Vertical deviation and ocular movement were also assessed before and after surgery. Fundus photograph were also examined in 30 normal persons (60 eyes) without strabismus. Results The fovea-to-disc angle of normal people was 6. 7° ±2. 5°in the right eye, 5.9° ±2. 3° in the left eye, and 12. 6° ±4. 3° when combined. The cyclotorsion angle was not statistically significant between two eyes(t =1.29,P =0. 20). For the monocular superior oblique palsy patients, preoperative fovea-to-disc angle was 14. 3° +6. 6° in the affected eyes, 12. 2° +4. 8° in the fellow eyes, and 26. 5° + 10. 3° when combined. The objective cyclotorsion was also not statistically significant between two eyes(t =1.64, P =0. 11 ). The comparision of total cyclotorsion angle of both eyes showed significant difference between normal people and patients. The fovea-to-disc angle of 1,7, 30 and 90 d after operation were 11.7 ° ± 4. 3°, 11.9° ± 4. 9°, 13. 5 ° ± 5.2 ° and 15.9° ± 3.6° respectively. The comparision of objective ocular cyclotorsion for both eyes showed significant difference pre-and post-operation (F =40. 13, P ＜ 0. 01 ). There is a gradual increasing trend of postoperative excyclotorsion angle with the prolonged time. There were statistically significant difference between 90 d and 1 d, 7 d after surgery. The two inferior oblique weakening procedures, myotomy of inferior oblique and partial myectomy of inferior oblique produced equitable amount of incyclotorsion shift with no statistical difference. The difference between the cyclotorsion change induced by myotomy of inferior oblique and inferior rectus recession in counter side was also not statistically significant. Conclusions Monocular superior oblique palsy patients had fundus excyclotorsion change that was nearly equally distributed between two eyes. Weakening the inferior oblique and inferior rectus could correct ocular excyclotorsion, the regression trend was observed 90 d after surgery. Both myotomy and partial myectomy of inferior oblique were equally effective in the correct of ocular cvclotorsion and vertical deviation.

Objective To identify the pathogenic mutation underlying Lowe syndrome in a Chinese family. Methods After obtaining written informed consent of all participating individuals, peripheral blood samples were collected from 11 family members, including one affected male and three obligate female carriers, and an amniotic fluid sample was obtained from a pregnant carrier female in the family. Genomic DNA was extracted using the standard SDS-proteinase K-phenoL/chloroform method. Linkage analysis was carried out using microsatellite markers flanking the OCRL gene. All OCRL exons and their flanking intronic sequences were PCR-amplified and sequenced for the proband. Restriction analysis was performed to confirm the pathogenic mutation. Prenatal genetic testing was carried out by combining haplotype analysis, DNA sequencing and restriction analysis. ResultsLinkage analysis showed that the affected male and three obligate carrier females shared a same haplotype. Sequence analysis in the proband revealed a nonsence mutation c. 2032C→T (p. R678X) in exon 18 of the OCRL gene. Restriction analysis showed that the mutation was present in the proband and three obligate carriers, but not in the other 7 available family members. This nonsense mutation was not found in the amniotic fluid sample. Conclusion A recurrent OCRL nonsence mutation was found to be the pathogenic mutation in the Chinese family and the fetus didn't carry the mutation.

Objective To analyze the clinical features of lateral orbital wall blow-in fracture and summarize the points of treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis of 12 patients with lateral orbital wall blow-in fracture treated in the Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2007 to January 2010 was investigated. Clinical records and results of follow-up were analyzed. Results Twelve cases of the lateral orbital wall blow-in fracture with the frontal process of the zygoma impacted into the orbit were confirmed. Globe rupture occurred in 1 case,4 cases had traumatic optic neuropathy. 1 case suffered exophthalmos, 8 cases had enophthalmos. Diplopia was found in 5 cases and eyeball movement disturbance in 5 cases. 3 cases had upper eyelid deformity,1 case had ptosis, 3 cases had telecanthus accompanied with lacrimal ducts obstruction. 11 cases suffered orbital floor fracture, 9 cases had zygomatic arc fracture, 6 cases had orbital medial wall fracture, and 3 cases had naso-orbito-ethmoid fracture. Surgical treatnent was performed by different combination of approaches according to the extents of injury; Osteotomy was performed in patients whose blow-in fracture was malformation. Orbital reconstructive surgery was performed in 11 patients and fractures were completely restored. Conclusions The Iateral orbital wall blow-in fracture could cause serious impairment to the ocular components, better outcomes could be achieved by timely and proper treatment with improving recognition of this type of fracture.

Objective To analyze and summarize the clinical aspects, diagnostic methods and treatment principle of the orbit chloroma. Methods It was a retrospective case series study. The clinical aspects of 17 orbital chloroma cases were analyzed, which included symptoms, signs, imageology,diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. ResultsOrbit chlorona was more prevalent in males, and usually occurred in children and individuals under 14 years old. The main symptoms were exophthalmos and orbit masses. B ultrasonic examination was performed in 16 cases, which found that the mass was located in the temporal side of the orbit, with irregular shape and clear edge. Color doppler imaging was performed in 5 cases, which found that the sufficient blood supply signal was the main manifestation. CT scan was performed in 11 cases, which revealed that the mass was located in temporal side of the orbit, with irregular shape, regular density, a clear edge and seldom destruction of the orbital bone. Blood examination was performed in 17 cases, which revealed the increase of white blood cells and the presence of numerous immature blood cells. Sixteen cases were referred to the department of hematology for treatment. In 4 following cases, 2 cases were died within 3 months. ConclusionsOrbital chlorona can be easily misdiagnosed as other types of malignant orbital tumor in children. The diagnosis of orbital chloroma can be established by radiology and hematological examinations. This tumor can be treated by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

ObjectiveThe objective is to study the safety and effectiveness of implantation of posterior chamber phakic intraocular contact lens (ICL) by observing the changes in anterior segment using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Methods It was a perspective study. The study sampled 30 high myopia patients (30 eyes) who were treated with posterior chamber phakic ICL implant. Central anterior chamber depth (ACD), trabecular-iris angle (TIA), angle opening distance (AOD500), trabecular-ciliary processes distance (TCPD) and iris-ciliary processes distance (ICPD) were measured using UBM preoperatively,3 months and 1 year postoperatively. The distance from ICL to the central surface of lens and peripheral lens and intra-ocular pressure were measured postoperatively and examined using slit-lamp biomicroscope. Oneway ANOVA was used to analyze the distance between peripheral surface of ICL and the lens. One-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni were conducted. Results Preoperatively, 3 months and 1 year postoperatively, ACD were(3. 16 ± 0. 08 ) mm, ( 2. 76 ± 0. 13 ) mm, (2. 74 ± 0. 14) mm; AOD500 were (0.45 + 0.04) mm, (0.41 ± 0.04) mm, (0.41 ±0.03) mm; TIA were (35.00 ±3. 24)°, (32.47 ±3.56) °, (32. 40 ± 3. 23 ) °, respectively. There were significant difference in TIA, ACD and AOD ( P ＜0. 05) between preoperative and postoperative data. There was no significant difference between the two postoperative periods tested. TCPD and ICPD showed no significant difference between various time points ( F =0. 49, F =0. 57 ; P ＞ 0. 05 ). Conclusions The decrease in ACD depth and correction in TIA and AOD were the noticeable changes observed in morphological structure of the ocular anterior segment after the ICL treatment. The incidence of complication did not increase as the result of the minor changes in morph structure during the course of the study. However, the long-term effects would require further long-term observation.

Objective To report the clinical features of occult macular dystrophy(OMD). Methods It was a retrospective case series study. 9 cases ( 14 eyes)with 3 males, 6 females, mean age 36(7 to 53)years, were examined with vision acuity, fundus ophthalmoscope, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA),electroretinogram ( ERG), visual evoked potential ( VEP), multifocal electroretinogram ( mfERG ) and optical coherence tomography(OCT). In mf ERG, the amplitude density and implicit time of P1 ring1 and ring2 of the affected eyes were compared with the normal control eyes. The correlation between the implicit time & amplitude density of P1 ring1 & ring2 of the affected eyes and visual acuity were examined. Results 9 eyes VA were 0.05 to 0.2, 4 eyes were 0.3 to 0.6 and 1 eye it was ≥0.7. All of the 9 cases possessed their unique clinical features, including progressive visual decline, normal fundus, FFA, and F-ERG. Macular function impairment was showed only by mfERG. In mfERG, the results of comparison between the affected eyes and normal control eyes were as follows:On implicit time of PI ring1, average figure of the affected eye group was ( 27.67 ± 1.07 ) ms, the control group was ( 26. 28 ± 1.88 ) ms. The parameters were significant difference between 2 groups ( t =-2. 308, P ＜ 0. 05 ). On ring1 amplitude density, average figure of the affected eye group was (42. 71 ± 15. 48 ) nv/deg2, average figure of the control group was ( 66. 79 ±14.87)nv/deg2, there was also a significant difference between two groups(t =5.259, P ＜0.05). On implicit time of ring2, average figure of the affected eye group was(27.80 ± 1.20) ms, average figure of the control group was (26. 91 ± O. 82) ms, the results from the 2 groups showed significant difference (t=-2.275,P ＜0. 05). On ring2 amplitude density, average figure of the affected eye group was (24.99 ± 8.49 ) nv/deg2, average figure of the control group was ( 39.20 ± 6.47 ) nv/deg2, there was significant difference between two groups ( t =4. 943, P ＜ 0. 05 ). No correlation was found between the implicit time(r =-0. 329,-0. 369) & amplitude density ( r =0. 053, 0. 057) of P1 ring1 & ring2 of the affected eyes and visual acuity ( P ＞ 0.05 ). Conclusions The major signs of OMD are visual acuity decline with normal fundus, FFA and F-ERG, macular function impairment manifested only by mfERG. It's probably a type of cone dystrophy.

Objective This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of ginkgo biloba extract (EGb)761 on human retinal ganglion cells(RGC). Methods It was an experimental study.Cultured human retinal cells were separated for four groups: control group, glutamate group, EGb761 group and EGb761 + glutamate group. RGC survival rate was determined by immune Flow cytometry using Thy-1 as a special fluorescent antibody of RGC. RGC survival rate in Multi groups were analysed by repetitive measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the differences between groups were analysed by LSD t test. Results The effects of EGb761 on cultured human RGC were different under different interfere factors. The RGC survival rate was (61.94 + 7. 75 ) ％ in control group, (44. 59 + 4. 19 ) ％ in glutamate group, ( 75.05 ±3.90) ％ in EGb761 group, and ( 63. 19 + 9. 44 ) ％ in EGb761 + glutamate group. There were significant difference in different groups on survival rates of RG C ( F =13. 329, P ＜ 0. 01 ). Compared with the control group, the survival rate of RGC in glutamate group was significantly decreased (P =0.010), while the EGb761 group was significantly increased (P =0. 019 ), and the EGb761 + glutamate group had no significant difference ( P =0. 801 ). Compared with the glutamate group, the survival rate of RGC in the EGb761 group and the EGb761 + glutamate group was significantly increased( P =0. 000,0. 020). There was no significant difference in the percentage of the large RGC in all groups. But compared with the control group( 36. 69 + 2. 92 ) ％, the percentage of large RGC in dead RGC in the EGb761 group(24. 63 ± 7. 21 ) ％and the EGb761 + glutamate group (25. 99 ± 5.05)％ was significantly decreased (P =0.001,0.002).Compared with the glutamate group(40. 78 ±3.34)％, the death rate of the large RGC in the EGb761 group and the EGb761 + glutamate group was also significantly decreased ( P =0. 000, 0. 000). Conclusion EGb761 can protect RGC against glutamate induced neurotoxicity, and it has significant protective effect on cultured human RGC.

infectious crystalline keratopathy (ICK) is a relatively rare corneal infection. It was first reported by Gorovoy et al. [1] in 1983, and named by Meisler et al. [2] in 1984. So far, there have been more than 70 related articles worldwide, but no case has been reported in China. A patient with ICK was diagnosed and treated in Wuhan Aier Eye Hospital in 2010.

Oculocerebro-renal syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. The disease is characterized by severe congenital ocular abnormalities, mental retardation, and renal tubular dysfunction [1], and it is more common in men. We admitted 2 siblings from 2009 to 2010, which are relatively rare in clinical practice. The analysis report is as follows.

Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome is a group of developmental diseases characterized by developmental defects in both eyes and systemic developmental abnormalities. It is not uncommon in clinic, but the missed diagnosis rate is relatively high. The analysis of 2 patients with Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome admitted to our hospital is presented as follows.

malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a highly invasive malignant tumor that tends to occur in infants and young children. It is relatively rare in clinic. In recent years, the reports of malignant rhabdoid tumor are increasing, but the malignant rhabdoid tumor of orbital and cranial communication in children is rarely reported. A case was reported, and its clinicopathological features, diagnosis and prognosis were discussed in combination with light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

The patient was a 25-year-old male. Due to the decrease of vision in his right eye for 2 months, he went to the Department of Ophthalmology, Nanjing General Hospital, Nanjing Military Region on March 11, 2009. After examination, he was diagnosed with keratoconus in his right eye. The patient's right eye was examined with HRTII-RCM laser confocal microscope, and the nerve changes of keratoconus were observed. The images were stitched with image processing software. The scanning area of each picture was 384 μ m ×384 μ m, and the minimum resolution was 1 μ m (Essence Picture 1).

The patient was a 74-year-old female. On April 22, 2010, he went to the Department of Ophthalmology of Southwest Hospital affiliated to the Third Military Medical University due to 4 years of visual loss in his right eye. Past physical fitness. Eye examination: The best corrected visual acuity of the right eye was 0.05, and there was no obvious abnormality in the anterior segment examination; A large area of shallow and deep bleeding in the posterior pole of the fundus, and multiple orange-red lesions can be seen in the weak area of temporal hemorrhage in the paramacular fovea. Fluorescein fundus angiography: A deep abnormal vascular network was seen in the macular area of the right eye, during which the vascular morphology was blurred, and the surrounding deep bleeding was occluded.

In the 1960s, it had been observed that physical exercises could reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with glaucoma. However, the effect of IOP reduction varied with exercise type and intensity, as well as the duration after exercise. Difference of lowering the IOP in glaucoma patients and healthy people were also observed. The mechanisms of reducing the IOP by exercise were very complicated and believed to be associated with the lower concentration of norepinephrine, the rising of colloid osmotic pressure, the co-action of nitric oxide and endothelin after exercise, and also related to the gene polymorphism of β2-adrenergic receptor. Physical exercise, such as jogging, walking and bicycle riding,could be suggested as a complimentary therapy in addition to the pharmaceutical and surgical therapies available for glaucoma patients, even though the mechanism for lowering IOP is not clear enough.

Cornea senses thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli via various nociceptors. In the early years, knowledge of the mechanism of corneal nociception was merely restricted to neurophysiology,which classifies nociceptors according to the clusters of nerve fibers which transmit identical stimulation signals. During the past decade, benefiting from the promptly developing molecular biology and technology,classification of the nociceptors has been modified into the level of cell sensors, among which, transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily weighs the most. Researches have shown that there are a couple of TRP superfamily members expressed in cornea, which play major roles in the process of corneal pain, neurotrophic keratopathy, epithelial wound healing and immuno-inflammation. Some TRPs have even been recognized as targets of management of keratopathy.

The book "Wavefront Aberration and Clinical Vision Correction", co-written by famous experts and scholars in the field of vision at home and abroad, has been officially published by People's Medical Publishing House, and its editors are Professor Wang Yan and Professor Zhao Kanxing.

Conjunctivalochalasis is a common age-related ocular surface disease in the elderly. With the accelerating aging of the population, the number of people with conjunctiva relaxation will increase day by day. Severe conjunctival relaxation requires surgical treatment. In order to standardize the surgical treatment plan and prevent iatrogenic ocular surface damage, Professor Zhang Xingru combined his more than 10 years' research results on surgical treatment of this disease (including key technologies such as indications for surgical treatment, standardized surgical operation, prevention and treatment of surgical complications) with literature and materials to make a CD. After auditing by authoritative domestic experts such as Chen Jiaqi, Chu Renyuan, Xie Lixin, Liu Guoguo and Yao Ke, it was listed as the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" key audio-visual publication planning project No.150. The video material (DVD) of "Surgical Treatment of Conjunctival Relaxation" was edited and published by China Medical Electronic Audio-visual Publishing House.

In order to strengthen the academic exchange of ophthalmology at home and abroad, expand the international vision of domestic ophthalmologists, and promote the integration of domestic ophthalmology with international standards as soon as possible, the Health Express Training Network (www.lxleam.com) has been specially established. The training network will serve all domestic ophthalmologists in the form of public welfare.

Ocular Surface Live Confocal Microscope (edited by Professor Xu Jianjiang), one of the Application Series of New Ophthalmology Technologies edited by Professor Sun Xinghuai of Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, has been officially published by Fudan University Press. In vivo confocal microscope of ocular surface is a new type of high precision and high magnification microscope which has appeared in recent years. As an auxiliary diagnostic device with strong clinical practice, ocular surface confocal microscope can observe the corneal and conjunctival tissues in vivo in non-invasive, real-time dynamic and four-dimensional (three-dimensional + time), and can observe the relationship between various layers of tissues. Therefore, it has been widely paid attention by clinicians and scientific researchers.

In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of scientific research, which confirms that dry eye is a multi-factor disease, among which inflammatory reaction plays an important role in the occurrence and development of dry eye, but traditional artificial tears can't fundamentally solve the problem of inflammatory reaction of dry eye. In 2010, important domestic academic institutions successively carried out basic research on the inflammatory reaction related to dry eye and the application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of dry eye, and looked forward to clinical large sample evidence-based medical evidence.

Corneal Disease Atlas, written by Professor Xie Lixin, academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering, leader of keratology group of Chinese Medical Association Ophthalmology Branch, and deputy editor-in-chief of Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology, was officially published by People's Medical Publishing House in March 2011. The book systematically reflects the clinical characteristics of corneal diseases in the form of images, characteristically reflects the effects of modern corneal imaging examination and modern scientific treatment, and enables readers to "read pictures".

Clinical Pharmacology of Ophthalmology (2nd Edition), edited by researcher Chen Zuji of Henan Institute of Ophthalmology, has been published by Chemical Industry Press. This book is a comprehensive and systematic reference book on ophthalmic pharmacology and ophthalmic pharmacotherapeutics.

The latest edition of the Wills Handbook of Ophthalmology, 5th edition, is published. The book is comprehensive and novel, using colour printing for the first time; Featuring a concise outline format, it is easy for readers to find diagnoses and treatments for hundreds of eye diseases. From symptoms to treatment, it covers all eye diseases that may be encountered in ophthalmic clinics, emergency rooms and wards. This book has the following characteristics: (1) comprehensively discusses the differential diagnosis of ophthalmic symptoms and signs; (2) Detailed drug manuals provide information on ophthalmology-related drugs, including contraindications and side effects; (3) Recent research results and recent advances in ophthalmology are included.

With the development and improvement of clinical diagnosis technology, the role of all kinds of ophthalmology clinical pictures in disease diagnosis has been paid more and more attention. In order to encourage clinical accumulation of relevant data, promote experience exchange, improve clinical diagnosis and treatment technology, provide a new platform for academic exchange for readers, and at the same time enrich the content and form of this journal, so as to better serve the majority of ophthalmologists, this journal continued to open the "Picture Essence" column in 2011. The submitted pictures can be arranged according to the types of cases or diagnostic techniques, and related instructions can be attached to clarify the arrangement method of the pictures, the purpose, environment, method, technique and significance of shooting, etc. Pictures should highlight the characteristics of essence, and each picture should have a detailed text description. Ophthalmologists across the country are welcome to contribute enthusiastically.

According to international practice and the actual situation in China, for papers that meet the following conditions, the Chinese Medical Association series journals allow and accept the republication of relevant papers of the same research in different languages.

If the topic involved in the thesis is a national or ministerial or provincial fund or key project, the name of the fund project should be indicated with "Fund Project:" as the logo at the beginning of the article, and the project number should be indicated in parentheses. The name of the fund project shall be filled in according to the official name stipulated by the relevant departments of the state, and a number of funds shall be listed in turn, separated by ";". All fund projects must be accompanied by copies of certificates.

The "13th National Conference on Ophthalmic Pathology and Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology" co-sponsored by the Ophthalmic Pathology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association and Chinese Journal of Ophthalmology of Chinese Medical Association will be held in Qingdao, Shandong Province from November 4 to 6, 2011. This conference will invite famous domestic ophthalmic pathologists to give special lectures and discuss difficult cases. Through academic discussions and experience exchanges on ophthalmic basic pathology and clinical pathology with participants, the latest progress in ophthalmic pathological diagnosis and the latest achievements in basic research will be demonstrated. It is believed that through communication and communication, the clinical level of pathology of ophthalmologists will be improved and the basic research of ophthalmology will be promoted. The following topics will be set up in this conference: (1) basic knowledge training of ocular pathology; (2) Clinical application and case discussion of ophthalmic pathology; (3) Clinical basic research of ocular pathology; (4) Technical exchange of clinical diagnosis and treatment of ocular pathology.

The National First New Progress Study Class on Micro-incision Cataract Phacoemulsification and Refractive Intraocular Lens (National Continuing Education Project, Project No.: 2011-07-02-046), organized by Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, will be held in Shanghai from November 3 to 6, 2011.

The 2nd Symposium on Ophthalmology and Vision Science of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, the 11th National Ophthalmology and Cosmetic Surgery Progress Study Class (National Continuing Education Project, Project No.: 20110702141) and the First National Lacrimal Duct Disease Study Class (National Continuing Education Project, Project No.: 20110702051) will be held in Shanghai from October 12 to 16, 2011. The conference will be sponsored by the Institute of Ophthalmology and Vision Science of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and hosted by the Ninth People's Hospital, Ruijin Hospital, Xinhua Hospital, Renji Hospital, Sixth People's Hospital and Third People's Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine.

The 3rd International Symposium on Uveitis will be held in Chongqing from December 1st to 3rd, 2011. This conference is sponsored by Chongqing Medical Pyrology and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, co-organized by Ocular Immunology Group of Ophthalmology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, and undertaken by Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Chongqing Institute of Ophthalmology. Renowned international and domestic uveitis experts will be invited to give special lectures. Ophthalmology colleagues are welcome to actively contribute and actively participate in the conference.

The 3rd Peking University Ophthalmologist Forum will be held in Beijing from October 8 to 10Et, 2011. Venue: Science Lecture Hall on the first floor of Peking University Ophthalmology Center.

Professor Qian Yijian, a famous expert in cardiovascular diseases and geriatrics in China, honorary president of Beijing Hospital, outstanding member of the Communist Party of China, and outstanding editor-in-chief of Chinese Medical Association series magazines, died in Beijing on July 6, 2011 at the age of 86. In the early morning of July 12th, representatives from all walks of life and editors of Chinese Medical Association series magazines went to Beijing Hospital to bid farewell to Mr. Qian. In the farewell room, wreaths sent by Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Medical Association magazines and many Chinese Medical Association series magazines were placed.