Volume 131 · Issue 04 · 2018

Obesity induces dyslipidemia, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and inflammatory state, which results in atherogenic processes, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We usually use body composition indices, such as body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference-height ratio (WHtR), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) to reflect the obesity. The aim of this large population-based cross-sectional study was to investigate the associations between body composition indices and metabolic parameters in Chinese adults.

A total of 12,018 Chinese adults were included. Body composition indices, such as BMI, BFP, WHtR, and WHR, and metabolic parameters, such as systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose (2h PBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin (FINS), insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and white blood cell count (WBC), were measured and analyzed. All analyses were stratified by gender.

All body composition indices and metabolic parameters except 2h PBG differed significantly between males and females (all P < 0.001). BMI was positively associated with SBP, DBP, LDL-C, TC, TG, FBG, 2h PBG, HbA1c, FINS, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and WBC, and inversely associated with HDL-C; similar relationships were identified between the metabolic parameters and BFP, WHtR, and WHR. In the multivariate analysis, the odds of impaired glucose regulation, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and increased hs-CRP were 1.36, 1.92, 3.44, and 1.27 times greater in the overweight group than those in the normal weight group, respectively, and 1.66, 3.26, 7.53, and 1.70 times greater in the obese group than those in the normal weight group, respectively. The odds of dyslipidemia and hs-CRP were 1.29 and 1.38 times greater in the BFP ≥28.0% group than in the BFP <28.0% group, respectively. The odds of dyslipidemia, HOMA-IR, and hs-CRP were 1.55, 1.26, and 1.48 times greater in the WHtR ≥0.96 group than in the WHtR <0.96 group, respectively. Among males, the odds of HOMA-IR were 1.46 times greater in the WHR ≥0.54 group than in the WHR <0.54 group. Similar results were observed in females.

This study identified positive associations between all evaluated body composition indices and metabolic parameters in Chinese adults. Among the body composition indices, BMI predicted four of the five evaluated metabolic disorders in both gender groups.

Cervical cancer shows a growing incidence and medical cost in recent years that has increased severe financial pressure on patients and medical insurance institutions. This study aimed to investigate the medical economic characteristics of cervical cancer patients with different payment modes within a Grade A tertiary hospital to provide evidence and suggestions for inpatient cost control and to verify the application of Gamma model in medical cost analysis.

The basic and cost information of cervical cancer cases within a Grade A tertiary hospital in the year 2011–2016 were collected. The Gamma model was adopted to analyze the differences in each cost item between medical insured patient and uninsured patients. Meanwhile, the marginal means of different cost items were calculated to estimate the influence of payment modes toward different medical cost items among cervical cancer patients in the study.

A total of 1321 inpatients with cervical cancer between the 2011 and 2016 were collected through the medical records system. Of the 1321 cases, 65.9% accounted for medical insured patients and 34.1% were uninsured patients. The total inpatient medical expenditure of insured patients was RMB 29,509.1 Yuan and uninsured patients was RMB 22,114.3 Yuan, respectively. Payment modes, therapeutic options as well as the recurrence and metastasis of tumor toward the inpatient medical expenditures between the two groups were statistically significant. To the specifics, drug costs accounted for 37.7% and 33.8% of the total, surgery costs accounted for 21.5% and 25.5%, treatment costs accounted for 18.7% and 16.4%, whereas the costs of imaging and laboratory examinations accounted for 16.4% and 15.2% for the insured patient and uninsured patients, respectively. As the effects of covariates were controlled, the total hospitalization costs, drug costs, treatment costs as well as imaging and laboratory examination costs showed statistical significance. The total hospitalization costs, drug costs, treatment costs as well as imaging and laboratory examination costs of insured patient were 1.33, 1.42, 1.52, and 1.44 times of uninsured patients.

The analysis of different payment modes toward the medical economic characteristics based on Gamma model is basically rational. Medical payment modes are having certain influence toward the hospitalization expenses of cervical cancer patients in an extent, as drug costs, treatment costs, and examination costs appear to be the main causes.

The first and most important step in characterizing familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC) is to distinguish the true familial patients, which is the prerequisite for all accurate analyses. This study aimed to investigate whether patients from families with ≥3 first-degree relatives affected with NMTC have different characteristics than patients from families with only two affected members, and to compare these patients with those with sporadic disease.

We analyzed the clinicopathological features and prognosis of 209 familial and 1120 sporadic cases of NMTC. Familial patients were further divided into two subgroups: families with two affected members and families with ≥3 affected members.

The familial group had a significantly higher risk of bilateral growth, multifocality, extrathyroidal extension, and lateral lymph node metastasis than the sporadic group (P < 0.05). These main features were also different between the group with ≥3 affected members and the sporadic group. The only difference between the two affected members’ group and the sporadic group was incidence of multifocality (P < 0.05). The probability of disease recurrence in patients from families with ≥3 affected members was significantly higher than that in sporadic cases (14.46% vs. 5.27%; P = 0.001), while the probability in patients from families with two affected members was similar to that in sporadic patients (6.35% vs. 5.27%; P = 0.610). The Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed a statistically significant difference in disease-free survival between the two subgroups (85.54% vs. 93.65%; P = 0.045).

Patients from families with ≥3 members affected by NMTC have more aggressive features and a worse prognosis than those from families with only two affected members. Patients from families with ≥3 affected first-degree relatives may be considered to have true familial NMTC.

The worsening of semen quality, due to the application of Wi-Fi, can be ameliorated by Vitamin E. This study aimed to demonstrate whether a moderate dose of trolox, a new Vitamin E, inhibits oxidative damage on sperms in vitro after exposure to Wi-Fi radiation.

Each of the twenty qualified semen, gathered from June to October 2014 in eugenics clinic, was separated into four aliquots, including sham, Wi-Fi-exposed, Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox, and Wi-Fi plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups. At 0 min, all baseline parameters of the 20 samples were measured in sequence. Reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were evaluated in the four aliquots at 45 and 90 min, as were sperm DNA fragments, sperm mitochondrial potential, relative amplification of sperm mitochondrial DNA, sperm vitality, and progressive and immotility sperm. The parameters were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s posttest.

Among Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox, Wi-Fi-exposed and Wi-Fi plus 10 mmol/L trolox groups, reactive oxygen species levels (45 min: 3.80 ± 0.41 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹ vs. 7.50 ± 0.35 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹ vs. 6.70 ± 0.47 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹, P < 0.001; 90 min: 5.40 ± 0.21 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹ vs. 10.10 ± 0.31 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹ vs. 7.00 ± 0.42 RLU·10⁻⁶·ml⁻¹, P < 0.001, respectively), percentages of tail DNA (45 min: 16.8 ± 2.0% vs. 31.9 ± 2.5% vs. 61.3 ± 1.6%, P < 0.001; 90 min: 19.7 ± 1.5% vs. 73.7 ± 1.3% vs. 73.1 ± 1.1%, P < 0.001, respectively), 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (45 min: 51.89 ± 1.46 pg/ml vs. 104.89 ± 2.19 pg/ml vs. 106.11 ± 1.81 pg/ml, P = 0.012; 90 min: 79.96 ± 1.73 pg/ml vs. 141.73 ± 2.90 pg/ml vs. 139.06 ± 2.79 pg/ml; P < 0.001), and percentages of immotility sperm (45 min: 27.7 ± 2.7% vs. 41.7 ± 2.2% vs. 41.7 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 29.9 ± 3.3% vs. 58.9 ± 4.0% vs. 63.1 ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were lowest, and glutathione peroxidase (45 min: 60.50 ± 1.54 U/ml vs. 37.09 ± 1.77 U/ml vs. 28.18 ± 1.06 U/ml; 90 min: 44.61 ± 1.23 U/ml vs. 16.86 ± 0.93 U/ml vs. 29.94 ± 1.56 U/ml; all P < 0.001), percentages of head DNA (45 min: 83.2 ± 2.0% vs. 68.2 ± 2.5% vs. 38.8 ± 1.6%; 90 min: 80.3 ± 1.5% vs. 26.3 ± 1.3% vs. 26.9 ± 1.1%; all P < 0.001), percentages of sperm vitality (45 min: 89.5 ± 1.6% vs. 70.7 ± 3.1% vs. 57.7 ± 2.4%; 90 min: 80.8 ± 2.2% vs. 40.4 ± 4.0% vs. 34.7 ± 3.9%; all P < 0.001), and progressive sperm (45 min: 69.3 ± 2.7% vs. 55.8 ± 2.2% vs. 55.4 ± 2.5%; 90 min: 67.2 ± 3.3% vs. 38.2 ± 4.0% vs. 33.9 ± 4.0%; all P < 0.001) were highest in Wi-Fi plus 5 mmol/L trolox group at 45 and 90 min, respectively. Other parameters were not affected, while the sham group maintained the baseline.

This study found that 5 mmol/L trolox protected the Wi-Fi-exposed semen in vitro from the damage of electromagnetic radiation-induced oxidative stress.

Most studies on enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for gastric cancer exclude patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be enrolled into the ERAS program for locally advanced gastric cancer.

From April 2015 to July 2017, 114 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced gastric cancer were randomized into ERAS and standard care (SC) groups. Postoperative length of stay, complications, bowel function, and nutritional status were recorded.

The postoperative length of stay of the ERAS group was shorter compared with that of the SC group (5.9 ± 5.6 vs. 8.1 ± 5.3 days, P = 0.037). The postoperative complication rate was 9.3% in the ERAS group and 11.5% in the SC group (P = 0.700). The time to first flatus (2.7 ± 2.0 vs. 4.5 ± 4.6 days, P = 0.010) and time to a semi-liquid diet (3.2 ± 2.1 vs. 6.3 ± 4.9 days, P < 0.001) in the ERAS group were shorter compared with those in the SC group. On the 10^th day after surgery, the values of weight, total protein, albumin, and prealbumin of the ERAS group were lower compared with those of the SC group.

Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy could be enrolled into ERAS programs for locally advanced gastric cancer. The nutritional status of these patients was not adversely affected.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of the Trabectome for Chinese glaucoma patients.

This was a multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Glaucoma patients, except those with neovascular glaucoma, with/without a visually significant cataract were enrolled. The patients received Trabectome or a combined surgery with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. The primary outcome evaluation was a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP), and the secondary outcomes were a reduction in glaucoma medication, the 2-year success percentages, and complications. Success was defined as an IOP <21 mmHg and at least a 20% IOP reduction from baseline after 3 months for any two consecutive visits, without additional glaucoma surgery. The data were processed using the R Stats Package version 3.0.0. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare the postoperative IOP and the number of glaucoma medications with baselines. The Kaplan–Meier test was used to calculate the 2-year success percentage. The risk factors related to Trabectome failure were determined by logistic regression.

A total of 120 glaucoma patients were enrolled. The Trabectome efficiently reduced the IOP from a baseline of 22.8 ± 1.34 mmHg to 17.6 ± 0.96 mmHg, and the use of glaucoma medications from 2.2 ± 0.17 mmHg to 1.4 ± 0.21 in a 2-year follow-up (both, P < 0.01). The overall success percentage was 80%. No risk factor related to Trabectome failure was identified. No vision-threatening complication was observed. Ten patients, who required secondary glaucoma surgery, all reached the target IOP.

In a 2-year follow-up, Trabectome was an efficient and safe procedure for Chinese glaucoma patients.

Although many previous studies have confirmed that perioperative blood transfusion is associated with poor outcomes after liver transplantation (LT), few studies described the influence of single-donor platelet apheresis transfusion in living donor LT (LDLT). This study aimed to assess the effect of blood products on outcomes for LDLT recipients, focusing on apheresis platelets.

This retrospective study included 126 recipients who underwent their first adult-to-adult LDLT. Twenty-four variables including consumption of blood products of 126 LDLT recipients were assessed for their link to short-term outcomes and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the log-rank test were used for recipient survival analysis. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazard model and a propensity score analysis were applied to adjust confounders after potential risk factors were identified by a univariate Cox analysis.

Patients who received apheresis platelet transfusion had a lower 90-day cumulative survival (78.9% vs. 94.2%, P = 0.009), but had no significant difference in overall survival in the Cox model, compared with those without apheresis platelet transfusion. Units of apheresis platelet transfusion (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.103, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.720–5.600, P < 0.001) and preoperative platelet count (HR = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.040–0.730, P = 0.017) impacted 90-day survival independently. Multivariate Cox regression analysis also found that units of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion (HR = 1.036, 95% CI: 1.006–1.067, P = 0.018), recipient’s age (HR = 1.045, 95% CI: 1.005–1.086, P = 0.025), and ABO blood group comparison (HR = 2.990, 95% CI: 1.341–6.669, P = 0.007) were independent risk factors for overall survival after LDLT.

This study suggested that apheresis platelets were only associated with early mortality but had no impact on overall survival in LDLT. Units of RBC, recipient’s age, and ABO group comparison were independent predictors of long-term outcomes.

The pathogenesis of postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the changes and significance of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in patients with POTS.

The study included 31 children with POTS and 27 healthy children from Peking University First Hospital between December 2013 and October 2015. A detailed medical history, physical examination results, and demographic characteristics were collected. Hemodynamics was recorded and the plasma SO₂ was determined.

The plasma SO₂ was significantly higher in POTS children compared to healthy children (64.0 ± 20.8 μmol/L vs. 27.2 ± 9.6 μmol/L, respectively, P < 0.05). The symptom scores in POTS were positively correlated with plasma SO₂ levels (r = 0.398, P < 0.05). In all the study participants, the maximum heart rate (HR) was positively correlated with plasma levels of SO₂ (r = 0.679, P < 0.01). The change in systolic blood pressure from the supine to upright (ΔSBP) in POTS group was smaller than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The ΔSBP was negatively correlated with baseline plasma SO₂ levels in all participants (r = −0.28, P < 0.05). In the control group, ΔSBP was positively correlated with the plasma levels of SO₂ (r = 0.487, P < 0.01). The change in HR from the supine to upright in POTS was obvious compared to that of the control group. The area under curve was 0.967 (95% confidence interval: 0.928–1.000), and the cutoff value of plasma SO₂ level >38.17 μmol/L yielded a sensitivity of 90.3% and a specificity of 92.6% for predicting the diagnosis of POTS.

Increased endogenous SO₂ levels might be involved in the pathogenesis of POTS.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is typically characterized by painless bilateral and symmetrical cervical lymphadenopathy, with associated fever and leukocytosis. The aim of the current study was to summarize the clinical features and imaging characteristics of RDD, in an effort to improve its diagnostic accuracy.

The study was analyzed from 32 patients between January 2011 and December 2017; of these, 16 patients had pathologically diagnosed RDD, eight had pathologically diagnosed meningioma, and eight pathologically diagnosed lymphoma. All patients underwent computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical features and imaging characteristics of RDD were analyzed retrospectively. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of lesions at different sites were measured, and one-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference t-test were used to compare the differences between groups and draw receiver operating characteristic curves. The tumors were excised for biopsy and analyzed using immunohistochemistry.

The mean ADCs were (0.81 ± 0.10) × 10⁻³ mm²/s for intercranial RDD, (0.73 ± 0.05) × 10⁻³ mm²/s for nasopharyngeal RDD, (0.74 ± 0.11) × 10⁻³ mm²/s for bone RDD, and (0.71 ± 0.04) × 10⁻³ mm²/s for soft-tissue RDD. The optimum ADC to distinguish intracranial RDD from lymphoma was 0.79 × 10⁻³ mm²/s (62.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity) and to distinguish meningioma from intracranial RDD was 0.92 × 10⁻³ mm²/s (62.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sediment rate and D-dimer were significantly elevated (81%, 87%, and 75%, respectively). On immunohistochemistry, RDD was positive for both S-100 and CD68 proteins but negative for CD1a.

Conventional MRI, combined with diffusion-weighted imaging and ADC mapping, is an important diagnostic tool in evaluating RDD patients. An accurate diagnosis of RDD should consider the clinical features, imaging characteristics, and the pathological findings.

Pompe disease is a rare lysosomal glycogen storage disorder linked to the acid alpha-glucosidase gene (GAA). A wide clinical and genetic variability exists between patients from different ethnic populations, and the genotype-phenotype correlations are still not well understood. The aim of this study was to report the clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of five Chinese patients with late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) who carried novel GAA gene mutations.

Clinical and pathological data of patients diagnosed with glycogen storage disease at our institution from April 1986 to August 2017 were collected, and next-generation sequencing of frozen muscle specimens was conducted.

Of the five patients included in the study, the median disease onset age was 13 years, with a median 5 years delay in diagnosis. The patients mainly manifested as progressive weakness in the proximal and axial muscles, while one patient developed respiratory insufficiency that required artificial ventilation. In muscle biopsies, vacuoles with variable sizes and shapes appeared inside muscle fibers, and they stained positive for both periodic acid-Schiff and acid phosphatase staining. Ten GAA gene mutations, including seven novel ones (c.796C>A, c.1057C>T, c.1201C>A, c.1780C>T, c.1799G>C, c.2051C>A, c.2235dupG), were identified by genetic tests.

The seven novel GAA gene mutations revealed in this study broaden the genetic spectrum of LOPD and highlight the genetic heterogeneity in Chinese LOPD patients.

Dementia is the fourth most common cause of death in developed countries. The relationship between plasma lipids and cognitive function is complex and controversial. Due to the increasing life expectancy of the population, there is an urgent need to control vascular risk factors and to identify therapies to prevent and treat both cognitive impairment and dementia. Here, we reviewed the effects of plasma lipids and statins on cognitive function.

We searched the PubMed database for research articles published through November 2017 with key words including "plasma lipids," "hyperlipidemia," "hypercholesterolemia," "statins," and "cognition function."

Articles were retrieved and reviewed to analyze the effects of plasma lipids and statins on cognitive function and the mechanisms underlying these effects.

Many studies have examined the relationship between plasma lipids and cognitive function, but no definitive conclusions can be drawn. The mechanisms involved may include blood-brain barrier injury, the influence on small blood vessels in the brain, the influence on amyloid deposition, and a neuroprotective effect. To date, most studies of statins and cognition have been observational, with few randomized controlled trials. Therefore, firm conclusions regarding whether mid- or long-term statin use affects cognition function and dementia remain elusive. However, increasing concern exists that statins may be a causative factor for cognitive problems. These adverse effects appear to be rare and likely represent a yet-to-be-defined vulnerability in susceptible individuals.

The association between plasma lipids and cognition, the mechanism of the influence of plasma lipids on cognitive function, and the association between statins and cognitive function are complex issues and currently not fully understood. Future research aimed at identifying the mechanisms that underlie the effects of plasma lipids and statins on cognition will not only provide important insight into the causes and interdependencies of cognitive impairment and dementia, but also inspire novel strategies for treating and preventing these cognitive disorders.

先天性肌强直（MC）是一组遗传和临床异质性的先天性神经肌肉通道病，典型特征为随意收缩后肌肉的延迟松弛、僵硬、肥大、短暂无力和痉挛。MC是由骨骼肌氯离子通道基因突变引起的（CLCN1[OMIM 118425]）和骨骼肌钠通道基因（SCN4A[OMIM 603967]）。Nav1.4电压门控钠通道由SCN4A是一种跨膜复合物，由与肌肉中的辅助β亚基相关的α亚基组成。α亚基由四个同源结构域(I-IV)组成，每个结构域包含六个α-螺旋跨膜区段(S1-S6)。聚集在Nav1.4通道特定区域的突变根据它们在蛋白质中的位置与不同的表型相关。

致小编：白癜风不是致命的疾病；然而，它会对患者产生强烈的社会和心理影响。遗传易感性、自身免疫、神经失调、黑色素自毁和氧化应激可能参与白癜风的发病机制。根据其临床发展，白癜风可分为进行性白癜风(PV)和稳定性白癜风(SV)。迄今为止，已在白癜风中发现了至少50个易感基因。^[1]然而，只有少数基因与白癜风的高固有风险有明确的关联，并且这些基因的蛋白质水平很少。最近，为了获得更好的结果，引入了组合方法。然而，没有经过验证的工具可以确认白癜风的阶段。蛋白质组学是大规模筛选疾病相关蛋白的有用工具。它可以更好地理解这种疾病的生物学和分子事件。相对和绝对定量等压标签（iTRAQ）是一种系统的蛋白质定量分析方法。通量最高，系统误差最小，诊断、治疗、预后功能最强大。在这项研究中，我们使用基于iTRAQ的蛋白质组学技术鉴定了差异表达的蛋白质，并构建了SV和PV的相互作用网络，旨在鉴定潜在的组蛋白作为区分SV和PV的标记。

编辑：导管经常被用作诊断和治疗设备，经常被放置在危重患者中。此外，随着放射技术的优势，微创血管内手术的数量增加，因此血管内异物（IFBs）的报告也随之增加^[1,2]以及许多描述的IFBs检索技术。^[3]尽管该主题很重要，但墨西哥缺乏医源性IFB的报告；因此，我们报告了治疗患有这种并发症的成年患者的经验，并描述了一种新的IFBs去除技术。

致编辑：衣原体生物体属于细胞内细菌病原体，其引起一系列人类疾病，包括沙眼、性传播疾病、肺炎和其他疾病。^[1,2,3,4,5]一些衣原体传染病由来已久，对中国乃至世界人民健康的影响由来已久，但在局部地区人们对它的重视程度还不够。^[6]例如，虽然我国已在2015年达到消除致盲性沙眼的目标，但在农村县城也存在一些散发病例。此外，很少有关于由衣原体在中国，由于目前患病率低和检测方法有限。性传播沙眼衣原体众所周知，感染对生殖也有影响，通常无症状且反复发作；因此，衣原体感染疾病的预防和控制仍然是重要的公共卫生问题。本文重点介绍了关心的重要性衣原体spp.并讨论了分类学、患病率和实验室诊断方法衣原体中国的疾病。

编辑：局限性淋巴管瘤（LC）不是肿瘤，而是浅表淋巴管的先天性畸形。在出生时或出生后不久，它表现为一组根深蒂固的囊泡样丘疹，类似青蛙卵。此外，优选的部位是腹部、腋窝、生殖器和口腔，特别是舌头。^[1]Klippel-Trenaunay综合征（KTS）是一种相对罕见的先天性血管异常，经典定义为血管染色、静脉曲张、软组织和/或骨肥大的三联征。许多KTS病例是具有毛细血管、淋巴和静脉成分的混合畸形。^[2]在这里，我们报告了一名中国女性外阴LC与KTS共存于身体同侧。

致编辑：生命早期肠道微生物群的发展对于人类的免疫功能和抵御病原体至关重要。^[1,2]粪便样本通常是肠道微生物群分析的首选。在粪便样本中观察到的主要五个门厚壁菌门,拟杆菌,变形菌,放线菌，和梭杆菌，按丰度排序。然而，可能很难从婴儿和幼儿获得新鲜粪便样本，尤其是当他们生病时。在这项研究中，我们旨在评估从手足口病（HFMD）儿童收集的直肠拭子样本是否可以作为使用16S rRNA基因测序技术进行微生物组研究的替代方法。

编者：套细胞淋巴瘤（MCL）是一种非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）亚型，被认为是最具侵袭性的淋巴瘤之一，预后比NHL的其他亚型更差。^[1]尽管在过去的几十年里取得了巨大的进步，但MCL的治疗仍然存在生存、复发和耐药性方面的问题。因此，在开发用于MCL的新试剂方面仍然需要广泛的努力。近年来，汉黄芩素作为黄芩的主要活性成分，因其抗肿瘤特性和低毒而引起了相当大的关注。^[2]先前的研究表明汉黄芩素对几种癌细胞系具有细胞毒性作用。但汉黄芩素对MCL细胞的抗肿瘤作用至今鲜见报道。在这项研究中，我们报道了MCL细胞，包括宋旻浩、JeKo-1和REC-1细胞，对汉黄芩素敏感，并探讨了可能涉及的机制。

致编者：接受维持性血液透析（MHD）的患者更容易发生医院感染，抵抗感染的能力较差，对透析环境中的污染物更敏感。感染是住院的常见原因，仅次于心血管疾病（CVD）是透析患者死亡的主要原因。来自美国肾脏数据系统的数据表明，27.9%的MHD患者在1年内被诊断为肺炎^圣血液透析（HD）年份。^[1]目前，在中国，以医院为基础的HD设施已被充分占用，HD患者占透析人群的86%。^[2]令人惊讶的是，MHD患者中肺炎相关发病率和死亡率的增加很少受到关注，我们的PubMed搜索结果证实了这一点（45次引用，2017年8月31日）。

编辑：子宫内膜异位症是一种常见的妇科疾病，影响大约10%的育龄妇女。^[1]它是一种慢性炎症性疾病，定义为子宫腔外存在子宫内膜样组织。子宫内膜异位症通常发生在腹膜、卵巢和直肠阴道隔，但也可以在其他腹部或腹外部位发现。临床上，子宫内膜异位症的症状包括痛经、骨盆疼痛、深度性交困难，尤其是不孕。众所周知，怀孕可以缓解子宫内膜异位症相关症状，并可能导致子宫内膜异位症的治愈。因此，妊娠被认为是本病的治疗选择之一。尽管子宫内膜异位症和不孕之间的关系已经被广泛研究，但子宫内膜异位症对妊娠并发症的影响仍然难以捉摸，这需要探索。