Volume 42 · Issue 07 · 2026

Brain-computer interface (BCI) can directly collect and decode brain activity signals, and build a bidirectional information interaction pathway between the brain and external devices, which provides a brand-new technical path for functional reconstruction after nervous system injury. With the rapid development of high-density electrodes, flexible implant materials, intelligent decoding algorithms and intelligent rehabilitation equipment, BCI has made breakthroughs in the reconstruction of motor, communication, sensory and cognitive functions of patients with stroke, spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, severe craniocerebral trauma and consciousness disorders. Evidence-based studies have confirmed that BCI rehabilitation intervention can significantly improve upper limb motor function and daily activities of patients with stroke and spinal cord injury, and the overall safety is controllable; Implantable language BCI has been able to help patients with aphasia and severe paralysis achieve real-time communication at near-natural speech speed. China has formed a characteristic development layout in the fields of BCI clinical center construction, domestic high-channel implant system, "brain-spinal interface" and "tumor-machine interface". At present, BCI still has problems such as insufficient long-term signal stability, high implantation safety risk, limited popularization accessibility, lack of ethical norms and poor adaptability to complex battlefield environment. This paper combines the latest research progress of BCI at home and abroad, focuses on movement, communication and advanced brain function reconstruction, sorts out its clinical application status and key scientific issues, and discusses the future development prospect of BCI integration with neuromodulation, intelligent prosthesis and digital twin brain science from the perspective of craniocerebral war trauma and battlefield treatment.

Endoscopic skull base surgery began in 1992, Jankowski et al^[1]The surgical technique of neuroendoscopic resection of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors through nasosphenoidal approach is reported. In the past 30 years, the technique of endoscopic skull base surgery has become increasingly mature, and the scope of application has gradually expanded. Besides the traditional endoscopic transnasal approach, the oral approach^[2]Transorbital^[3]Transmaxillary sinus^[4]The isoscopic approach is widely used in the treatment of skull base lesions. These approaches through the natural space of the ventral skull base are collectively referred to as neuroendoscopic approach through the ventral skull base, which can give full play to the advantages of endoscopic close observation and direct resection of the lesions in the deep part, and have achieved good clinical results.

acute traumatic spinal cord injury (ATSCI) is a kind of highly disabling and catastrophic nervous system injury, which has the characteristics of high incidence, high treatment cost and heavy social burden. The clinical treatment of ATSCI emphasizes early comprehensive intervention, including pre-hospital emergency, hemodynamic and respiratory support, imaging evaluation, and comprehensive measures such as drugs and surgery, aiming at maximizing the preservation of neurological function, preventing complications and improving the long-term quality of life of patients. However, despite the continuous improvement of the treatment system, how to effectively block the pathophysiological process after injury and promote the recovery of neurological function is still a major clinical challenge.

To explore the safety and effectiveness of the resistance-overcoming therapy (ROT)—vebreltinib (VEB)-based combination therapy in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas (HGG).

A retrospective analysis was conducted according to the clinical data of eight patients received the ROT at Neurosurgery Center, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from August 2024 to July 2025. The ROT centers on VEB, sequentially combined with temozolomide (TMZ) and(or) bevacizumab (BEV). The study was evaluated by adverse reactions, time to tumor response (TTR), progression-free survival (PFS), and other indicators during the patient′s course of ROT.

A total of eight patients was included, including three males and five females. The median age was 42.5 (35.5, 49.3) years old. One case was treated with VEB combined with TMZ, and the other seven were treated with VEB combined with TMZ and BEV. Only five patients showed adverse reaction and included one case of grade 3 transaminitis alleviated by liver protection therapy. The other four patients had tolerable grade 1-2 adverse events. The TTR [M(Q₁, Q₃)] of all patients was 2.2 (1.3, 2.4) months. The median (Q₁, Q₃) PFS of five patients was 11.8 (8.2, 13.9) months, and 3 cases achieved stable or sustained remission, among whom one had complete response and the other two had partial response with PFS of 13.1, 15.4, and 15.9 months, respectively.

The VEB-centered ROT has shown initial efficacy and tolerable adverse events in patients with recurrent HGG, providing a new approach for post-resistance treatment.

To investigate the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) in children.

Twenty-three pediatric patients with AT/RT who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Children′s Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University, between January 2014 and December 2024 were included in the study; all cases were confirmed via histological and molecular pathological analysis. The clinical and pathological characteristics of the patients were retrospectively analyzed, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate survival outcomes and factors influencing survival.

Among the 23 pediatric patients, there were 3 females and 20 males (ratio 1 ∶6.7); the median age was 1 year and 7 months (range: 3 months to 6 years and 5 months), with 17 cases (73.9%) were under 3 years old. Lesions were located in the posterior cranial fossa in 14 cases, supratentorial region in 6 cases, spinal cord in 1 case, and disseminated sites in 2 cases. Among the 23 pediatric patients, 16 were initially diagnosed with AT/RT, while 7 cases were initially misdiagnosed based on pathology. Definitive diagnosis required a combination of histomorphological evaluation and immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemistry revealed a loss of SMARCB1 expression in 21 cases(91.3%) and a loss of SMARCA4 expression in 2 cases(8.1%); fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with Sanger sequencing or targeted DNA sequencing identified SMARCB1 or SMARCA4 mutations in 19 cases(82.6%). Regarding surgical outcomes, 12 patients underwent gross total resection, 7 underwent near-total resection, 2 underwent subtotal resection, and 2 underwent partial resection. Thirteen patients received postoperative adjuvant therapy: 9 received chemotherapy alone, 1 received radiotherapy alone, and 3 received combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The median follow-up period was 37 months (range: 2–70 months). During follow-up, tumor recurrence or dissemination/metastasis occurred in 19 cases (82.6%); by the last follow-up, 16 patients (69.6%) had died, and 7(30.4%) were alive. The median survival time was 18 months (range: 2-49 months), with survival rates of 69.6% (16/23) at 1 year and 30.4% (7/23) at 2 years post-surgery. Survival analysis indicated that patients with disseminated tumors or those who underwent only partial tumor resection had the shortest survival times; both chemotherapy alone and combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy prolonged survival, with statistically significant differences observed in both instances (both P<0.05).

Pediatric AT/RT is characterized by a male predominance and a high proportion of very young children. Definitive diagnosis requires a combination of histopathological and molecular analyses. The extent of tumor resection, along with postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, are key factors influencing patient survival.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of hybrid surgery in the treatment of solid posterior cranial fossa hemangioblastomas.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 11 patients with solid posterior cranial fossa hemangioblastomas who underwent surgery in the hybrid operating room at the Department of Neurosurgery, First Division Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps from October 2017 to August 2025. The extent of tumor resection was assessed using postoperative contrast-enhanced MRI. At six months post-surgery, follow-up was conducted via telephone or outpatient visit, and cranial contrast-enhanced MRI was reperformed to assess tumor progression or recurrence. Neurological recovery was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS).

Among the 11 patients, 7 underwent complete embolization of the dominant blood supply arteries with Onyx glue, and 4 underwent partial embolization of the blood supply arteries. Postoperative cranial MRI showed that 10 cases had total resection of tumor and 1 case had near-total resection. The average intraoperative blood loss was 270 (50-500) ml. Postoperatively, 1 case of cerebrospinal fluid leakage, 2 cases of intracranial infection, 2 cases of dizziness accompanied by gait instability, and 1 case of mild facial paralysis occurred. On the third day after surgery, 1 case of cerebellar mutism occurred and gradually improved on the seventh day. At 6 months after surgery, cranial MRI showed no tumor recurrence in the patients. Ten patients had good outcome, with GOS of Ⅴ; one patient with near-total tumor resection still had mild dizziness and gait instability, with a GOS of Ⅳ.

For solid posterior fossa hemangioblastomas, hybrid surgery could significantly reduce intraoperative blood loss, improve the rate of total resection, and enhance surgical safety.

To investigate the surgical strategies for cavernous sinus meningiomas and to analyze the clinical therapeutic effects.

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 19 patients with cavernous sinus meningioma admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine from January 2014 to July 2025. Among them, 10 cases were primary cavernous sinus meningiomas, and 9 cases were sphenopetroclival tumors invading the cavernous sinus. Tumor resection was performed via zygomatic osteotomy Dolenc approach, combined zygomatic osteotomy Dolenc and Kawase approach, and other combined approaches. Follow-up was conducted by telephone, WeChat and hospital online medical platform at 3 and 6 months postoperatively, and every six months thereafter. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was used to evaluate the improvement of neurological function, and cranial plain and contrast-enhanced MRI was applied to monitor tumor recurrence and progression.

Among the 19 patients, 6 cases received epidural tumor resection via single zygomatic osteotomy Dolenc approach, 12 cases via combined zygomatic osteotomy Dolenc and Kawase approach, and 1 case via combined Dolenc, Kawase and retrosigmoid approach. Total tumor resection was achieved in 9 cases, subtotal resection in 5 cases, and partial resection in 5 cases. In terms of postoperative complications, newly occurred or aggravated oculomotor nerve palsy was found in 7 cases, all of which were relieved within 1 month after surgery; newly developed abducens nerve dysfunction occurred in 3 cases, and 2 cases recovered within 1 month; newly appeared or aggravated trigeminal nerve-related symptoms were observed in 10 cases, among whom 9 cases achieved varying degrees of relief within 1 month. No perioperative death, coma, intracranial hemorrhage or cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred. All 19 patients were successfully followed up with a median follow-up duration of 21 (3-103) months. At the last follow-up, mRS scores were 0 in 8 cases, 1 in 9 cases, 3 in 1 case and 6 in 1 case. Among the 9 patients with total resection, 8 cases had no tumor recurrence. In the 5 patients with subtotal resection, no obvious tumor progression was observed in 4 cases. Tumor progression of varying degrees occurred in all 5 patients with partial resection, among whom 1 patient had tumor recurrence at 26 months after surgery and eventually died of pulmonary infection.

Application of zygomatic osteotomy Dolenc approach, combined Dolenc-Kawase approach and multi-combined approaches for resection of cavernous sinus meningiomas could achieve satisfactory tumor resection rate and favorable clinical efficacy.

To assess the application value of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and preoperative simulation based on Mimics software in guiding the selection of surgical approaches for cervical dumbbell-shaped tumors.

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 22 patients with cervical dumbbell-shaped tumors treated in the Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from January 2017 to July 2025. Preoperatively, the Mimics software was used to conduct 3D reconstruction of tumors, vertebral arteries and adjacent osseous structures in all patients. The anatomical relationships between tumors and intervertebral foramina, vertebral arteries and other structures were visually analyzed, and the tumor resection scope was preoperatively simulated. Different surgical procedures including anterior resection combined with fusion, anterolateral approach, simple posterior midline resection and posterior resection combined with fusion were selected accordingly. Postoperative follow-up was conducted via outpatient visits and telephone interviews at 3, 6 and 12 months, and annually thereafter. Tumor recurrence and cervical spinal stability were evaluated by MRI.

All surgical procedures in the 22 patients were highly consistent with preoperative simulation. Intraoperatively, the anatomical relationships of tumors with vertebral arteries and intervertebral foramina showed high coincidence with preoperative simulation. Individualized surgical approaches were selected accordingly: 2 cases underwent anterior tumor resection+ fusion internal fixation, 3 cases underwent lateral anterior approach resection, 8 cases underwent posterior midline laminectomy, 9 cases underwent posterior resection+ internal fixation. All 22 patients successfully completed the surgery. The operation time was (175±35) minutes (60-245 minutes), and the intraoperative blood loss was (126±54) ml (50-600 ml). During the perioperative period, only 1 patient experienced cerebrospinal fluid leakage combined with poor incision healing, and recovered after symptomatic treatment. None of the patients developed new neurological dysfunction, deep infection in the surgical area, or internal fixation-related complications after surgery. All 22 patients were followed up, with a median follow-up time of 7.6 months (3 months to 2 years). At the last follow-up, no patient had tumor recurrence, and all clinical symptoms were effectively improved.

Preoperative 3D reconstruction and simulation using Mimics software facilitates individualized selection of surgical approaches, enables safe resection of cervical dumbbell-shaped tumors, and yields satisfactory clinical outcomes.

To investigate the influencing factors of visual prognosis in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) and the factors affecting the clinical efficacy of endoscopic transnasal optic canal decompression (ETOCD).

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 106 TON patients admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from June 2014 to June 2024. Among them, 31 patients (non-surgical group) received conservative treatment, and 75 patients (ETOCD group) underwent ETOCD. Surgical outcomes were evaluated based on postoperative visual improvement. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors influencing visual prognosis in all patients, and further to explore factors affecting surgical outcomes in patients who underwent ETOCD.

The visual improvement rate in the ETOCD group was 66.7% (50/75), significantly higher than that in the non-surgical group (32.3%, 10/31)(χ²=10.58, P=0.001). Univariate logistic analysis showed that age, disease duration, treatment modality, pre-treatment visual acuity, and hypertension were all associated with visual prognosis in TON patients (all P<0.05); optic nerve sheath fenestration, optic canal fracture, and age were all influencing factors for visual improvement in the ETOCD group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that age≤50 years (OR=5.525, 95%CI: 2.041-14.925, P=0.001), pre-treatment visual acuity of light perception or better (OR=6.329, 95%CI: 1.592-25.000, P=0.009), and receiving ETOCD(OR=4.628, 95%CI: 1.324-16.183, P=0.016) were all associated with visual improvement in TON patients (all P<0.05). Age≤50 years (OR=4.651, 95%CI: 1.443-14.925, P=0.010), optic nerve sheath fenestration (OR=5.060, 95%CI: 1.436-17.833, P=0.012) and optic canal fracture (OR=3.816, 95%CI: 1.190-12.233, P=0.024) were independent protective factors for visual improvement after ETOCD.

TON patients with age≤50 years, pre-treatment visual acuity of light perception or better, and those who received ETOCD had better visual improvement. Among patients receiving ETOCD, those aged ≤50 years, with optic canal fracture and intraoperative optic nerve sheath fenestration show significantly greater visual improvement.

To observe the clinical characteristics, treatment strategies and therapeutic efficacy of ventriculitis.

A total of 351 patients with ventriculitis admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Jingcheng Boai Hospital from February 2022 to October 2025 were retrospectively enrolled. All patients had their pathogen types confirmed by etiological testing and were divided into mild, moderate and severe groups according to their disease severity on admission. All patients received ventricular puncture and drainage combined with pharmacological treatment, and were individually treated with additional modalities including Ommaya reservoir implantation/neuroendoscopic surgery, craniotomy/abscess debridement, and lumbar cistern drainage based on their conditions. The clinical characteristics, treatment strategies and therapeutic efficacy of the patients were observed. Favorable outcome was defined as normal body temperature and absence of intracranial infection symptoms.

Among the 351 patients, the median age was 49 years (range: 1-86 years). Intracranial infection after neurosurgery accounted for 75.8% (266 cases) of the etiologies. There were 157 cases in the mild group, 135 in the moderate group, and 59 in the severe group. Single-pathogen infection was found in 347 cases (98.9%), and dual-pathogen infection in 4 cases (1.1%, all of which were Acinetobacter baumannii plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Among them, 172 cases (49.0%) were infected with Gram-positive bacteria, with Staphylococcus epidermidis being the most common (37.8%, 65 cases); 170 cases (48.4%) were infected with Gram-negative bacteria, with Acinetobacter baumannii being the most common (26.5%, 45 isolates); and 9 cases (2.6%) were infected with fungi or viruses. Among the 351 patients, 42 patients (12.0%) died in hospital, and 55 patients (15.7%) were discharged against medical advice and abandoned treatment; 56 patients (16.0%) had successful removal of ventricular drain at discharge; 198 patients (56.4%) required ventriculoperitoneal shunt due to hydrocephalus. At 3-month follow-up after discharge, 241 patients (68.7%) had a favorable outcome, 13 patients (3.7%) received re-treatment due to infection recurrence, and all 55 patients (15.7%) who were discharged against medical advice died. The overall mortality rate was 27.6% (97 cases); the mean length of hospital stay for surviving patients was 82.20±12.16 days.

Ventriculitis is commonly caused by intracranial infection after neurosurgery, with an overall poor prognosis. Aggressive intervention is crucial for improving outcomes.

CT imaging data and invasive intracranial pressure monitoring data of 20 patients with cerebral hemorrhage who underwent surgical treatment in the neurosurgery department of Lhasa People's Hospital from January 2024 to December 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the results of intracranial pressure monitoring, they were divided into group with elevated intracranial pressure (intracranial pressure ≥15 mmHg) (1 mmHg =0.133 kPa) and group with normal intracranial pressure (intracranial pressure<15 mmHg). Whole brain delineation was used to determine the region of interest, 93 imagomics features were extracted, and the optimal features were screened by recursive feature elimination method. A random forest algorithm was used to construct a prediction model of intracranial pressure increase, and the performance of the model was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and area under the curve (AUC) of the subject's operating characteristic curve. After feature screening, two radiomics features were finally included, namely 90Percentile and Large Area Low Gray Level Emphasis. Verified by the 5-fold crossover method, the constructed prediction model has an accuracy of 0.875, an accuracy of 1.000, a recall of 0.750, an F1 score of 0.860, and an AUC of 0.812 (95%CI：0.620~0.940)。 CT imagomics features have a significant correlation with intracranial pressure of patients with cerebral hemorrhage in high altitude areas. The prediction model constructed based on CT imagomics features can realize non-invasive intracranial pressure prediction, which can provide support for clinical diagnosis and treatment decision-making in high altitude areas.

To investigate the expression pattern and molecular mechanism of DNA cross-link repair 1B protein (DCLRE1B) in gliomas.

Transcriptomic data and clinical information from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) datasets mRNAseq_325 (dataset 1, n=325) and mRNAseq_693 (dataset 2, n=693) were retrospectively analyzed. Differences in DCLRE1B expression among distinct histological subtypes, World Health Organization (WHO) grades, and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation statuses were compared. DCLRE1B expression in glioblastoma (GBM, n=166), low-grade glioma (LGG, n=523), and normal brain tissues was further analyzed using the GEPIA3 database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic value of DCLRE1B for overall survival (OS). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses with Log-rank tests were conducted in subgroups stratified by O⁶-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, radiotherapy status, and chemotherapy status. Genes positively correlated with DCLRE1B expression (r>0.5, P<0.05) in datasets 1 and 2 were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) biological process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Western blotting (WB) was used to assess the effects of temozolomide (TMZ) treatment on DCLRE1B protein expression. LN229 and U251 cells transfected with DCLRE1B siRNA1, 2, and 3, were defined as knockdown groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine DCLRE1 mRNA expression. Cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of TMZ was calculated.

In both datasets, DCLRE1B expression progressively decreased from GBM to astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma (both P<0.001), while it increased with higher WHO grade (both P<0.001). DCLRE1B expression was significantly higher in IDH wild-type gliomas than in IDH-mutant gliomas (both P<0.05). GEPIA3 analysis showed that DCLRE1B expression was elevated in both GBM and LGG compared with normal brain tissues. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses in both datasets identified high DCLRE1B expression as an independent risk factor for poor OS (all P<0.05). In patients receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy, as well as in MGMT promoter-methylated and unmethylated subgroups, high DCLRE1B expression was associated with shorter OS (all P<0.05). GO and KEGG analyses indicated that DCLRE1B was involved in multiple DNA damage pathways, including DNA damage response, mismatch repair, base excision repair, and the Fanconi anaemia pathway. WB analysis demonstrated that TMZ treatment increased the protein expression levels of both DCLRE1B and γH2AX in U251 and LN229 cells. RT-qPCR confirmed significant downregulation of DCLRE1B mRNA in knockdown groups 2 and 3 in both cell lines (all P<0.001). In U251 cells, the TMZ IC₅₀ values in knockdown group 2 and the control group were 298.6±69.1 μmol/L and 912.3±16.8 μmol/L, respectively, with a significant difference between groups (t=14.93, P<0.001), indicating enhanced TMZ sensitivity after DCLRE1B knockdown. In LN229 cells, the IC₅₀ values in knockdown group 2 and the control group were 635.6±19.2 μmol/L and 657.4±60.0 μmol/L, respectively, with no significant difference (t=0.60, P=0.581).

DCLRE1B is highly expressed in gliomas with higher malignancy and elevated DCLRE1B expression is associated with poorer overall survival. DCLRE1B may modulate TMZ sensitivity in glioma by participating DNA damage repair responses.

To investigate the imaging role of the robotic optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system in intraoperative imaging of murine spinal vessels.

Based on swept-source optical coherence tomography with a large field of view, an OCTA robotic system was constructed by integrating a multifunctional robotic manipulator and dedicated control software. Three healthy female C57BL/6J mice and three Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were enrolled to establish spinal cord surgical models. The OCTA robotic system was used for non-contact scanning of selected spinal cord regions to evaluate imaging performance. The T9-T12 and T5-L2 spinal segments were selected in mice, while the T8 and T10 segments were selected in rats. Quantitative analysis of spinal cord vascular density and vessel diameter was performed. Repeated OCTA scanning was conducted 7 days postoperatively to assess changes in vascular density and vessel diameter, as well as abnormal vascular signals in the identical scanning regions. Spinal cord tissues from the scanned areas were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe histomorphological changes.

The OCTA robotic system enabled large field of view scanning of targeted spinal cord segments and surrounding regions within 2 minutes, generating high-resolution three-dimensional vascular images. The minimum detectable vessel diameter in the scanning regions was 0.02 mm. In mice (n=3), the vascular density and vessel diameter were (47.71±1.85)% and 0.064±0.007 mm in the T9-T12 segments, and (55.92±2.13)% and 0.077±0.009 mm in the T5-L2 segments, respectively. In rats (n=3), the vascular density and vessel diameter were (42.68±1.67)% and 0.081±0.011 mm in the T8 segment, and (53.30±2.27)% and 0.074±0.008 mm in the T10 segment, respectively. At 7 days postoperatively, repeated OCTA imaging revealed no abnormal vascular signals compared with baseline findings. HE staining showed no significant pathological alterations in the spinal cord structure of the scanned regions.

The OCTA robotic system enables rapid intraoperative scanning of targeted spinal regions, allowing real-time, micrometer-resolution visualization of microvasculature with quantitative assessment of vascular parameters. Preliminary evidence indicates that OCTA imaging does not induce detectable spinal cord tissue injury.

To explore the mechanism of neuronal repair after traumatic brain injury by regulating the expression of microRNA-124(miR-124) in cortical neurons.

Primary cerebral cortical neurons from C57BL/6 fetal mice were cultured in vitro. After 5 days of culture, the neurons were transfected with nonsense control sequence, miR-124 mimic, or miR-124 inhibitor, respectively. An oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model was then established. The neurons were divided into four groups: CON+ NC group (only transfected with nonsense sequence without OGD), OGD+ NC group (OGD+ transfected with nonsense sequence), OGD+ mimic group (OGD+ transfected with miR-124 mimic), and OGD+ inhibitor group (OGD+ transfected with miR-124 inhibitor). Cell viability was determined by CCK8 assay and PI/Hoechst double staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-124 in the four groups of cortical neurons at different time points after OGD treatment. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect the expression of growth associated protein 43(GAP43), Neuropilin(Nrp1), RE1-silencing transcription factor(REST) and Co-repressor of REST(CoREST) in the four groups of cortical neurons.

Both CCK8 assay and PI/Hoechst double staining showed that the survival rate of cortical neurons was significantly decreased and the cell death rate was increased from 0 to 72 hours after OGD injury (all P<0.01). Transfection of miR-124 mimic into OGD-injured cortical neurons significantly increased the cell survival rate, whereas miR-124 inhibitor significantly decreased the survival rate (all P<0.05). The qRT-PCR results showed that, after transfection with miR-124 mimic, the expression of miR-124 in cortical neurons was significantly increased within 72 hours after OGD injury, while the mRNA expression of GAP43 and CoREST was significantly decreased, and the mRNA expression of Nrp1 and REST was significantly increased (all P<0.05). Transfection with miR-124 inhibitor produced the opposite effects (all P<0.05). Western blot results showed that the expression of GAP43 in cortical neurons was significantly increased within 72 hours after OGD injury (P<0.05). After transfection with miR-124 mimic, the expression of GAP43 in cortical neurons at 72 hours after OGD injury was significantly decreased, while the expression of Nrp1 and REST was significantly increased (all P<0.05). Transfection with miR-124 inhibitor produced the opposite effects. The immunofluorescence staining results were consistent with the Western blot results.

The miR-124 can increase the survival rate of neurons in the OGD cell model and affect the expression of GAP43, Nrp1, REST, and CoREST. It may be a key factor promoting neuronal axon regeneration and repair after traumatic brain injury. REST/CoREST may be a key pathway in the process of miR-124 regulating neuronal regeneration and repair.

Meningeal hemangiomatosis is a rare benign proliferative neoplastic lesion of the intracranial nervous system, which is often divided into sporadic type and type 2 neurofibromatosis with onset. In May 2025, a child with sporadic meningeal hemangiomatosis with grand mal seizure was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Guizhou Hospital, Shanghai Children's Medical Center. The lesion was resected under the guidance of neuronavigation during the operation, and the postoperative MRI of the head showed that the lesion reached total resection. After 3 months of follow-up, the child had no recurrence of epilepsy, and no recurrence of lesion was found on reexamination of skull MRI.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor in adults, and traditional treatments have limited effects. This article reviews the major changes in the treatment strategy of GBM in recent years, and gradually validates the feasible strategy of "long-term control". Systematically review GBM clinical trials to explore breakthroughs in the fields of combination therapy, immunotherapy, physical therapy, and individualized treatment strategies, and point out that through multi-mechanism synergy, resistance management, biomarker guidance, and treatment sequence optimization. Looking ahead to a new generation of treatment strategies aimed at achieving long-term stable control of the disease, improving the quality of life of patients, and ultimately driving the transition of GBM to a manageable chronic disease.

Decompressive craniectomy is a common treatment for traumatic brain injury, and cranioplasty is a follow-up operation. The core purpose is to restore the anatomical shape of cranial cavity, prevent secondary brain tissue injury and promote neurological repair. Studies have confirmed that this operation can not only directly protect the brain tissue in the bone window area, but also improve the cerebral blood perfusion, cerebrospinal fluid circulation and brain metabolic process by regulating intracranial pressure, thus playing a role in improving nerve function. This article reviews the effect of cranioplasty on neurological recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury and the corresponding timing of operation.