Volume 137 · Issue 07 · 2024

1955年，中国运动医学奠基人瞿勉玉教授与老一辈运动医学从业者应民族体育卫生事业发展的需要，创办了中国运动医学。在运动医学创立的前30年，他们在学术发展、人才培养、国际交流、学会和组织建设、国家奥运争光、全民健身等方面发挥了重要作用。他们的贡献为此后30年中国运动医学的快速发展奠定了坚实的基础。

The efficacy of adaptive immune responses in cancer treatment relies heavily on the state of the T cells. Upon antigen exposure, T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, leading to the development of functional effectors or memory populations. However, within the tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic stress impairs CD8⁺ T cell anti-tumor immunity, resulting in exhausted differentiation. Recent studies suggested that targeting T cell metabolism could offer promising therapeutic opportunities to enhance T cell immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors necessary for metabolic reprogramming during the development of effector and memory T cells in response to acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we delved into the different metabolic switches that occur during T cell exhaustion, exploring how prolonged metabolic stress within the TME triggers alterations in cellular metabolism and the epigenetic landscape that contribute to T cell exhaustion, ultimately leading to a persistently exhausted state. Understanding the intricate relationship between T cell metabolism and cancer immunotherapy can lead to the development of novel approaches to improve the efficacy of T cell-based treatments against cancer.

B-cell lymphoma is a group of hematological malignancies characterized by variable genetic and biological features and clinical behaviors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex network in tumors, which consists of surrounding blood vessels, extracellular matrix, immune and non-immune cells, and signaling molecules. Increasing evidence has shown that the TME, especially immune cells within, is a double-edged sword, acting either as a tumor killer or as a promoter of tumor progression. These pro-tumor activities are driven by subpopulations of immune cells that express typical markers but have unique transcriptional characteristics, making tumor-associated immune cells good targets for human anti-cancer therapy by ablating immunosuppressive cells or enhancing immune-activated cells. Thus, exploring the role of immune cells in the TME provides distinct insights for immunotherapy in B-cell lymphoma. In this review, we elucidated the interaction between immune cells and tumor cells and their function in the initiation, progression, and prognosis of B-cell lymphoma, from preclinical experiments to clinical trials. Furthermore, we outlined potential therapeutic approaches and discussed the potential clinical value and future perspectives of targeting immune cells in patients with B-cell lymphoma.

Pancreatic β-cell failure due to a reduction in function and mass has been defined as a primary contributor to the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Reserving insulin-producing β-cells and hence restoring insulin production are gaining attention in translational diabetes research, and β-cell replenishment has been the main focus for diabetes treatment. Significant findings in β-cell proliferation, transdifferentiation, pluripotent stem cell differentiation, and associated small molecules have served as promising strategies to regenerate β-cells. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the mechanisms implicated in β-cell dynamic processes under physiological and diabetic conditions, in which genetic factors, age-related alterations, metabolic stresses, and compromised identity are critical factors contributing to β-cell failure in T2D. The article also focuses on recent advances in therapeutic strategies for diabetes treatment by promoting β-cell proliferation, inducing non-β-cell transdifferentiation, and reprograming stem cell differentiation. Although a significant challenge remains for each of these strategies, the recognition of the mechanisms responsible for β-cell development and mature endocrine cell plasticity and remarkable advances in the generation of exogenous β-cells from stem cells and single-cell studies pave the way for developing potential approaches to cure diabetes.

Fibrosis, which is a manifestation of the physiological response to injury characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, is a ubiquitous outcome of the repair process. However, in cases of repetitive or severe injury, fibrosis may become dysregulated, leading to a pathological state and organ failure. In recent years, a novel form of regulated cell death, referred to as ferroptosis, has been identified as a possible contributor to fibrosis; it is characterized by iron-mediated lipid peroxidation. It has garnered attention due to the growing body of evidence linking ferroptosis and fibrogenesis, which is believed to be driven by underlying inflammation and immune responses. Despite the increasing interest in the relationship between ferroptosis and fibrosis, a comprehensive understanding of the precise role that ferroptosis plays in the formation of fibrotic tissue remains limited. This review seeks to synthesize previous research related to the topic. We categorized the different direct and indirect mechanisms by which ferroptosis may contribute to fibrosis into three categories: (1) iron overload toxicity; (2) ferroptosis-evoked necroinflammation, with a focus on ferroptosis and macrophage interplay; and (3) ferroptosis-associated pro-fibrotic factors and pathways. Furthermore, the review considers the potential implications of these findings and highlights the utilization of ferroptosis-targeted therapies as a promising strategy for mitigating the progression of fibrosis. In conclusion, novel anti-fibrotic treatments targeting ferroptosis could be an effective treatment for fibrosis.

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies and has the highest number of deaths among all cancers. Despite continuous advances in medical strategies, the overall survival of lung cancer patients is still low, probably due to disease progression or drug resistance. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death triggered by the lethal accumulation of lipid peroxides, and its dysregulation is implicated in cancer development. Preclinical evidence has shown that targeting the ferroptosis pathway could be a potential strategy for improving lung cancer treatment outcomes. In this review, we summarize the underlying mechanisms and regulatory networks of ferroptosis in lung cancer and highlight ferroptosis-targeting preclinical attempts to provide new insights for lung cancer treatment.

In the clinic, practitioners encounter many patients with an abnormal pattern of dense punctate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal in the basal ganglia, a phenomenon known as "cheese sign". This sign is reported as common in cerebrovascular diseases, dementia, and old age. Recently, cheese sign has been speculated to consist of dense perivascular space (PVS). This study aimed to assess the lesion types of cheese sign and analyze the correlation between this sign and vascular disease risk factors.

A total of 812 patients from Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) dementia cohort were enrolled. We analyzed the relationship between cheese sign and vascular risk. For assessing cheese sign and defining its degree, the abnormal punctate signals were classified into basal ganglia hyperintensity (BGH), PVS, lacunae/infarctions and microbleeds, and counted separately. Each type of lesion was rated on a four-level scale, and then the sum was calculated; this total was defined as the cheese sign score. Fazekas and Age-Related White Matter Changes (ARWMC) scores were used to evaluate the paraventricular, deep, and subcortical gray/white matter hyperintensities.

A total of 118 patients (14.5%) in this dementia cohort were found to have cheese sign. Age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.090, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.064-1.120, P <0.001), hypertension (OR: 1.828, 95% CI: 1.123-2.983, P = 0.014), and stroke (OR: 1.901, 95% CI: 1.092-3.259, P = 0.025) were risk factors for cheese sign. There was no significant relationship between diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cheese sign. The main components of cheese sign were BGH, PVS, and lacunae/infarction. The proportion of PVS increased with cheese sign severity.

The risk factors for cheese sign were hypertension, age, and stroke. Cheese sign consists of BGH, PVS, and lacunae/infarction.

High body mass index (BMI) results in decreased fecundity, and women with high BMI have reduced rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth in in vitro fertilization/intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI). Meanwhile, ovarian responses show great heterogeneity in patients with a high BMI. This study aimed to analyze the effects of a high BMI on IVF/ICSI outcomes in the Chinese female with normal ovarian response.

We performed a retrospective cohort study comprising 15,124 patients from the medical record system of the Reproductive Center of Peking University Third Hospital, with 3530 (23.3%) in the overweight group and 1380 (9.1%) in the obese group, who had a normal ovarian response (5-15 oocytes retrieved) and underwent fresh embryo transfer (ET) cycles from January 2017 to December 2018, followed by linked frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles from January 2017 to December 2020. Cumulative live birth rate (CLBR) was used as the primary outcome. Furthermore, a generalized additive model was applied to visually illustrate the curvilinear relationship between BMI and the outcomes. We used a decision tree to identify the specific population where high BMI had the greatest effect on IVF/ICSI outcomes.

High BMI was associated with poor IVF/ICSI outcomes, both in cumulative cycles and in separate fresh ET or FET cycles. In cumulative cycles, compared with the normal weight group, obesity was correlated with a lower positive pregnancy test rate (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.809, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.682-0.960), lower clinical pregnancy rate (aOR: 0.766, 95% CI: 0.646-0.907), lower live birth rate (aOR: 0.706, 95% CI: 0.595-0.838), higher cesarean section rate (aOR: 2.066, 95% CI: 1.533-2.785), and higher rate of large for gestational age (aOR: 2.273, 95% CI: 1.547-3.341). In the generalized additive model, we found that CLBR declined with increasing BMI, with 24 kg/m² as an inflection point. In the decision tree, BMI only made a difference in the population aged ≤34.5 years, with anti-Mullerian hormone >1.395 ng/mL, and the first time for IVF.

High BMI was related to poor IVF/ICSI outcomes in women with a normal ovarian response, and CLBR declined with increasing BMI, partly due to suppressed endometrial receptivity. A high BMI had the most negative effect on young women with anticipated positive prognoses.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by excessive proliferation of small pulmonary arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), endothelial dysfunction, and extracellular matrix remodeling. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays an important role in the maintenance of vascular tone and blood flow. However, the role of GRK2 in the pathogenesis of PAH is unknown.

GRK2 levels were detected in lung tissues from healthy people and PAH patients. C57BL/6 mice, vascular smooth muscle cell-specific Grk2-knockout mice (Grk2^∆SM22), and littermate controls (Grk2^flox/flox) were grouped into control and hypoxia mice (n = 8). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced by exposure to chronic hypoxia (10%) combined with injection of the SU5416 (cHx/SU). The expression levels of GRK2 and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in pulmonary arteries and PASMCs were detected by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA expression levels of Grk2 and Yes-associated protein (YAP) in PASMCs were quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Wound-healing assay, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, and 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining were performed to evaluate the proliferation and migration of PASMCs. Meanwhile, the interaction among proteins was detected by immunoprecipitation assays.

The expression levels of GRK2 were upregulated in the pulmonary arteries of patients with PAH and the lungs of PH mice. Moreover, cHx/SU-induced PH was attenuated in Grk2^∆SM22 mice compared with littermate controls. The amelioration of PH in Grk2^∆SM22 mice was accompanied by reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling. In vitro study further confirmed that GRK2 knock-down significantly altered hypoxia-induced PASMCs proliferation and migration, whereas this effect was severely intensified by overexpression of GRK2. We also identified that GRK2 promoted YAP expression and nuclear translocation in PASMCs, resulting in excessive PASMCs proliferation and migration. Furthermore, GRK2 is stabilized by inhibiting phosphorylating GRK2 on Tyr86 and subsequently activating ubiquitylation under hypoxic conditions.

Our findings suggest that GRK2 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PAH, via regulating YAP expression and nuclear translocation. Therefore, GRK2 serves as a novel therapeutic target for PAH treatment.

Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) is the commonest pediatric sellar tumor. No effective drug is available and interpatient heterogeneity is prominent. This study aimed to identify distinct molecular subgroups of ACP based on the multi-omics profiles, imaging findings, and histological features, in order to predict the response to anti-inflammatory treatment and immunotherapies.

Totally 142 Chinese cases diagnosed with craniopharyngiomas were profiled, including 119 ACPs and 23 papillary craniopharyngiomas. Whole-exome sequencing (151 tumors, including recurrent ones), RNA sequencing (84 tumors), and DNA methylome profiling (95 tumors) were performed. Consensus clustering and non-negative matrix factorization were used for subgrouping, and Cox regression were utilized for prognostic evaluation, respectively.

Three distinct molecular subgroups were identified: WNT, ImA, and ImB. The WNT subgroup showed higher Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity, with a greater number of epithelial cells and more predominantly solid tumors. The ImA and ImB subgroups had activated inflammatory and interferon response pathways, with enhanced immune cell infiltration and more predominantly cystic tumors. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MEK/MAPK) signaling was activated only in ImA samples, while IL-6 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition biomarkers were highly expressed in the ImB group, mostly consisting of children. The degree of astrogliosis was significantly elevated in the ImA group, with severe finger-like protrusions at the invasive front of the tumor. The molecular subgrouping was an independent prognostic factor, with the WNT group having longer event-free survival than ImB (Cox, P = 0.04). ImA/ImB cases were more likely to respond to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy than the WNT group (P <0.01). In the preliminary screening of subtyping markers, CD38 was significantly downregulated in WNT compared with ImA and ImB (P = 0.01).

ACP comprises three molecular subtypes with distinct imaging and histological features. The prognosis of the WNT type is better than that of the ImB group, which is more likely to benefit from the ICB treatment.

气道管理与麻醉的安全性和质量密切相关。2015年，困难气道学会建议气管插管应在纤维支气管镜（FOB）引导下进行，避免盲目插管。声门上气道装置（SAD）重磅炸弹^TM配有配套气管导管（Block-Buster^TM气管导管，BTT中国河南长垣驼人医疗器械有限公司）是一种具有插管功能的改进型第二代SAD。^[1,2]SAD BlockBuster的纤维镜监测插管^TM可以让整个过程可见。因此，我们在一个定位良好的SAD大片中研究了新插管技术的可行性、成功率和并发症^TM通过连续病例观察。

致编辑：直到今天，炎症性肠病（IBD）的病因和发病机制仍未阐明。尽管近年来IBD治疗取得了显著进展，但一些患者仍然对现有治疗不敏感或无反应。因此，进一步探索IBD发病机制以开发新的治疗药物或药物组合是非常必要的。最近的研究已经证明了调节IBD细胞死亡的治疗潜力。铁下垂是一种新的细胞死亡形式，也参与IBD的病理过程。^[1]

致编辑：特发性正常压力脑积水（iNPH）患者表现为步态、认知和/或排尿控制障碍，神经影像学表现为脑室增大。通常，iNPH患者的步态障碍是最初和最突出的症状，但运动障碍也可以延伸到上肢。

致编辑：随着免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）在临床实践中的广泛应用，晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）对程序性死亡-1（PD-1）/程序性死亡配体1（PD-L1）轴抑制剂的获得性耐药性（AR）发展并限制了免疫治疗的持久性。AR是一种临床病症，其中患者最初对ICI有反应，但在一段时间后复发和进展。肺癌中AR的发生率尚未常规报道，但通常在12.9%至64%的范围内。^[1]然而，关于肺癌中AR对PD-1/PD-L1轴抑制剂的后续管理策略和机制的研究有限。主要的探索性策略是免疫治疗再激发和ICIs与其他疗法的组合，包括局部治疗、化疗、抗血管生成治疗和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原4（CTLA-4）抑制剂。^[2]本研究的目的是描述AR的临床模式，并比较AR治疗后非小细胞肺癌患者与PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂的不同后续治疗和结局。此外，我们通过分析AR前后下一代测序（NGS）数据的变化来探索AR的潜在机制。

作者在通信中声明“预先存在的低频耐药突变增加了HIV-1初治患者抗逆转录病毒治疗失败的风险”^[1]发表于《中华医学杂志》第136卷第22期第2756-2758页，作者张红英的隶属关系应更正为“²南京医科大学附属南京市疾病预防控制中心，江苏南京211103”。作者对由此造成的任何不便深表歉意。