Volume 21 · Issue 02 · 2018

Ocular trauma is one of the most common causes of acquired blindness in children. It measures about 8%-14% of total childhood injuries. This study aims to determine the epidemiological profile of ocular trauma in the pediatric age group attending a tertiary hospital in northern India.

A retrospective study was conducted in our hospital between June 2014 to July 2015 and all the children aged 0-16 years presenting with ocular trauma in eye outpatient department and emergency were enrolled in the study. Various epidemiological parameters like age, sex distribution, duration of presentation, mode of injury, type of injury and final visual outcome were analyzed.

Of total 357 patients, 271 (76%) were below the age of 12 years; 41.1% of children with ocular trauma belonged to age group 2-6 years. The male to female ratio was 2.9:1. Out of total patients, 242 (67.8%) presented with closed globe injury. Among the closed globe injury, the history of fall was present in about 35% of children, followed by trauma while playing with bat/ball (15.7%) and finger nail trauma (13.2%). Among open globe injury, trauma with needle, knife, glass and pen were common causes. Home was the most common place of injury (47.8%), followed by streets (17.9%) and playground (14.9%).

Children are vulnerable to ocular trauma and need more supervision. Sharp objects like needles, knives, household chemicals like acids should be out of reach of children.

Tibia plateau fracture (TPF) treatment aims at achieving a stable, aligned, mobile, painless knee and preventing post-traumatic osteoarthritis. To achieve this goal, surgeons consider criteria such as patients' characteristics, severity, risk of complications, fracture displacement/depression, degree of soft tissue injury. However, body mass index (BMI) is not considered as a risk factor in literature. Our study was conducted to find out any possible correlation between BMI and functional scores or radiological score separately.

Retrospective analysis of case series between 2011 and 2014 was done on the database of a tertiary hospital in Istanbul. There were 67 TPF patients (54 males, 13 females) in the study. Relationship between BMI and functional knee scores or radiological score was compared statistically. Closed fractures with both high-energy and low-energy injury were included in the study. Patients with open fracture, multi-trauma presence, meniscus and/or ligamentous injury, increased co-morbidity, inadequate records (25 cases in all) were excluded. Surgery type, Schatzker classification, injury side, trauma energy, and gender were considered as possible risk factors. Binary regression analysis was done for possible factors affecting functional knee scores and radiologic score.

Model summary calculations were done as Nagelkerke R² test for Knee Society score, Lysholm knee score, and Ahlback and Rydberg radiologic scores, which were 0.648, 0.831, and 0.327 respectively. Homer- Lemeshow test values were 0.976, 0.998, and 0.362, respectively. There is negative correlation between BMI and both knee function scores. There is no correlation between BMI and radiologic score.

An increase in BMI has a negative effect on functional knee scores after surgical treatment of TPFs. Therefore, BMI should be considered as a risk factor for surgical treatment of TPFs.

Trauma and the need of medical care exist since the beginning of human history. This research is aimed to identify and analyze trauma in antiquity. After a review of bibliography, the first reports of trauma (in Europe) were found in the Greek Epics of Homer. The analysis of these texts showed that injury could be caused to any part of the human body. The main cause of trauma was primarily participation in wars (178 cases), and then participation in sports (6 cases) and other activities (6 cases). This study identified a total of 190 injuries in both Homer epics. The more serious injuries, many of which proved fatal, were observed from participation in military activities.

Suicide becomes a serious problem in today's society and hanging is a common method of suicide. We want to find the factors which can predict the final functional outcomes of these cases.

All patients who presented to Accident and Emergency Department (ED) of the National Cheng Kung University Hospital from 1st January 2005 to 31th December 2013 with a hanging injury were included in this study. All cases were divided into good outcome group and bad outcome group according to Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Data was analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and chi-square test.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) < 3, pupil dilation and no pupillary light reflex both at the scene and ED were the factors to indicate poor functional outcome. Out-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), acidosis (pH < 7.2) and the need for intubation once arriving at ED were also related to poor functional outcome. OHCA cases all had poor functional outcome.

GCS, pupil size, pupillary light reflex, OHCA and acidosis are useful as prognostic factors. GCS ＝3 lead to a very poor outcome. However, the functional outcome seems good in patients with GCS>3. There parameters can help to predict the outcome before treatment.

Macrophages are known to be important for healing numerous injured tissues depending on their functional phenotypes in response to different stimuli. The objective of this study was to reveal macrophage phenotypic changes involved in exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and regeneration.

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced one session of downhill running (16^° decline, 16 m/min) for 90 min. After exercise the blood and soleus muscles were collected at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 1 w and 2 w after exercise, separately.

It was showed that CD68^＋ M1 macrophages mainly infiltrated into muscle necrotic sites at 1- 3 d, while CD163^＋ M2 macrophages were present in muscles from 0 h to 2 weeks after exercise. Using transmission electron microscopy, we observed activated satellite cells 1 d after exercise. Th1-associated transcripts of iNOS and Ccl2 were inhibited post exercise, while COX-2 mRNA was dramatically increased 12 h after running (p < 0.01). M2 phenotype marker Arg-1 increased 12 h and 3 d (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) after exercise, and Clec10a and Mrc2 were up-regulated in muscles 12 h following exercise (p < 0.05, p < 0.05).

The data demonstrate the dynamic patterns of macrophage phenotype in skeletal muscle upon eccentric exercise stimuli, and M1 and M2 phenotypes perform different functions during exercise-induced skeletal muscle injury and recovery.

Distal radial fracture is one of the most common fractures. Up to now, locking plates (LP) and external fixation (EF) are two conventional surgical approaches to type C radius fracture. Which method is superior has not yet reached a consensus. We try to assess the clinical effectiveness of the two interventions by this meta-analysis.

We used network to search the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Medical Library of randomized controlled clinical trials about the type C distal radius fractures performed according to the search strategy mentioned in Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 from Jan. 2005 to Jan. 2016. Patients in the experimental group were used LP, in the control group were included EF and other surgical approaches. Publication language was restricted to English. Studies that patient population and surgical indication did not define had been excluded. Studies must report at least one of the outcomes as follow: radial inclination, palmar tilt, ulnar variance, range of wrist flexion and extension, and range of wrist supination and pronation. The trials in which participants included children were excluded. We used Jadad study scores to appraise the study.

Seven studies included 162 patients (LP group) and 190 patients (EF group). We compared the radial inclination, palmar tilt, ulnar variance, range of wrist flexion and extension, and range of wrist supination and pronation. The radial inclination were revealed a difference favoring LP over EF [WMD ＝1.84, 95% CI (0.17, 3.50), p ＝0.03] and the palmar tilt and ulnar variance was no significant difference between the two groups [(WMD ＝3.61, 95% CI (0.00, 7.23), p ＝0.05; WMD ＝0.05, 95% CI (－0.99, 1.09), p ＝0.93]. The functional activities of range of flexion and extension and range of supination and pronation between the two groups was no difference [WMD ＝10.04, 95% CI (－6.88, 26.96), p ＝0.24; WMD ＝12.53, 95% CI (－9.99, 35.06), p ＝0.28].

Locking plate and external fixation is feasible to heal radius type C fracture. We found the small difference between the two groups on imaging examination. The locking plate has the advantage on maintaining reduction, however no significant difference regarding outcomes has been found between the two groups.

Although penetrating neck trauma (PNT) is uncommon, it is associated with the significant morbidity and mortality. The management of PNT has changed significantly over the past 50 years. A radiological assessment now is a vital part of the management with a traditional surgical exploration. A 22 years old male was assaulted by a screwdriver and sustained multiple penetrating neck injuries. A contrast CT scan revealed a focal pseudoaneurysm in the left common carotid artery bulb. There was no active bleeding or any other vascular injuries and the patient remained haemodynamically stable. In view of these findings, he was initially managed conservatively without an open surgical exploration. However, the patient was noted to have an acute drop in his hemoglobin count overnight post injury and the catheter directed angiography showed active bleeding from the pseudoaneurysm. Surgical exploration 40 hours following the initial injury revealed a penetrating injury through both arterial walls of the left carotid bulb which was repaired with a great saphenous vein patch. A percutaneous drain was inserted in the carotid triangle and a course of intravenous antibiotics for five days was commenced. The patient recovered well with no complications and remained asymptomatic at five months followup.

In this report, we describe an extremely unusual Monteggia equivalent type 1 lesion in a 10-year-old boy following a fall from a height of 1 m. On the plain radiographs, our patient had a particular Monteggia equivalent type 1 injury associating a posterior elbow dislocation with diaphyseal radius and ulna fractures. The patient was treated by closed reduction technique. At six months of follow-up, the fractures were consolidated and the elbow was stable. To our knowledge, only 8 adult cases and one paediatric observation with similar lesions had been reported through medical literature. Therefore, the aim of our case report is to remind this rare entity and also to provide a comprehensive review of the literature related to this uncommon lesion.

由于近年来灾害事故频发，创伤已被报道为仅次于肿瘤和心脑血管疾病的第四大死因。大多数创伤后死亡（高达80%）发生在现场或创伤早期。一半的现场死亡是继发于严重脑损伤和/或心脏大血管损伤。首次aids不当或中枢神经系统损伤治疗无效导致大出血是创伤后8~12h死亡的主要原因，占30%。而创伤晚期死于脓毒症或多器官功能衰竭的死亡仅占20%。

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the "Golden Standard" of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.

Trauma is a life-threatening "modern disease" . The outcomes could only be optimized by cost-efficient and prompt trauma care, which embarks on the improvement of essential capacities and conceptual revolution in addition to the disruptive innovation of the trauma care system. According to experiences from the developed countries, systematic trauma care training is the cornerstone of the generalization and the improvement on the trauma care, such as the Advance Trauma Life Support (ATLS). Currently, the pre-hospital emergency medical services (EMS) has been one of the essential elements of infrastructure of health services in China, which is also fundamental to the trauma care system. Hereby, the China Trauma Care Training (CTCT) with independent intellectual property rights has been initiated and launched by the Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association to extend the up-to-date concepts and techniques in the field of trauma care as well to reinforce the generally well-accepted standardized protocols in the practices. This article reviews the current status of the trauma care system as well as the trauma care training.

The American trauma system is designed to provide an organized response to injury. It draws its foundations from lessons learned from America's involvement in the wars of the 20th century as well as principles developed in urban community hospitals. Although run at the local and state government level, it is guided by national societies and has become a world class example. It also currently faces challenges with declining reimbursement and providing equal access to care for all Americans. Professional societies and legislative bodies are continuing to work together for fair and equitable solutions to these issues.

With the development of modern society, high-energy trauma has become an increasing tendency, which brings a great challenge for trauma care. A well-running trauma care system that is composed by pre-hospital and in-hospital care has been proved to decrease the death and disability rate of trauma patients. However, establishment of trauma care system in China is still at the initial stage. Trauma care systems in China and developed countries represented by the United States and Germany are introduced respectively in this article. Construction of regional and hierarchical trauma center, training of specific trauma care team and performance of integrative trauma rescue model are recommended in China.

Exsanguination is the most common leading cause of death in trauma patients. The massive transfusion (MT) protocol may influence therapeutic strategies and help provide blood components in timely manner. The assessment of blood consumption (ABC) score is a popular MT protocol but has low predictability. The lactate level is a good parameter to reflect poor tissue perfusion or shock states that can guide the management. This study aimed to modify the ABC scoring system by adding the lactate level for better prediction of MT.

The data were retrospectively collected from 165 trauma patients following the trauma acti- vated criteria at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2014 to December 2014. The ABC scoring system was applied in all patients. The patients who had an ABC score ≥2 as the cut point for MT were defined as the ABC group. All patients who had a score ≥2 with a lactate level >4 mmol/dL were defined as the ABC plus lactate level (ABC ＋L) group. The prediction for the requirement of massive blood transfusion was compared between the ABC and ABC ＋L groups. The ability of ABC and ABC ＋L groups to predict MT was estimated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

Among 165 patients, 15 patients (9%) required massive blood transfusion. There were no significant differences in age, gender, mechanism of injury or initial vital signs between the MT group and the non-MT group. The group that required MT had a higher Injury Severity Score and mortality. The sensitivity and specificity of the ABC scoring system in our institution were low (81%, 34%, AUC 0.573). The sensitivity and specificity were significantly better in the ABC ＋L group (92%, 42%, AUC ＝0.745).

The ABC scoring system plus lactate increased the sensitivity and specificity compared with the ABC scoring system alone.