2009年 · 第122卷第24期

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been an important public health problem in China. According to the Chinese Health Statistical Digest published by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, the morbidity and mortality of viral hepatitis are the highest among the infectious diseases compulsorily reported to the authorities of public health。

Abstract：Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmia after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), which not only increases the suffering of the patients, but also prolongs hospital stay and enhances cost of care, especially for patients older than 70 years. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low-dose amiodarone in the prevention of AF after CABG, especially for the elderly.Methods Two hundred and ten senile patients undergoing off-pump CABG were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blind and placebo controlled study. Patients were given 10 mg/kg of amiodarone (low-dose amiodarone group, n=100) or placebo (control group, n=110) daily for 7 days before surgery and followed by 200 mg of amiodarone or placebo daily for 10 days postoperatively.Results Postoperative AF occurred in 16 patients (16%) receiving amiodarone and in 36 (37.7%) patients receiving placebo (P=0.006). AF occurred at (58.13±16.63) hours after CABG in the low-dose amiodarone group and at (45.03±17.40) hours in the control group (P=0.018). The maximum ventricular rate during AF was significantly slower in the low-dose amiodarone group ((121.42±28.91) beats/min) than in the control group ((134.11 ±30.57) beats/min, P=0.036). The duration of AF was (10.92±9.56) hours for the low-dose amiodarone group compared with (14.81 ±10.37) hours for the control group (P=0.002). The postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly improved in the low-dose amiodarone group (from (59.9 ±10.3)% to (63.4±11.4)%, P=0.001), and significantly higher compared with the control group ((58.5±10.7)%, P=0.002). Both groups had a similar incidence of complication other than rhythm disturbances (12.0% vs 16.4%, P=0.368). The low-dose amiodarone group patients had shorter hospital stays ((11.8±3.2) days vs (13.8±4.7) days, P=0.001) and lower cost of care (RMB (79 115±16 673) Yuan vs RMB (84 997±21 587) Yuan, P=0.031) than that of control group patients. The in-hospital mortality was not significantly different between the two groups (1.0% vs 0.9%, P=0.946).Conclusions Perioperative low-dose oral amiodarone appeared to be cost-effective in the prevention and delay of new-onset postoperative AF in aged patients. It significantly reduced ventricular rate and duration of AF after CABG, decreased hospital cost and stay, as well as promoted the amelioration of left ventricular systolic function. Furthermore, low-dose amiodarone was safe to use and well tolerated with low toxic and side effects, and did not increase the risk of complications and mortality. It is proved to be a first-line therapy and as routine prophylaxis for AF after CABG, especially for elderly patients complicated with left ventricular dysfunction。

Abstract：Background Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) (rhPTH (1 -34)) given by injection is a new seventh class drug of biological products, which is prepared by adopting gene recombination technique. rhPTH (1 -34) is mainly used to treat osteoporosis, especially for postmenopausal women.This study compared the clinical efficacy and safety of rhPTH (1-34) with elcatonin for treating postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in 11 urban areas of China. Methods Two hundred and five women with osteoporosis were enrolled in a 6-month, multicenter, randomized, controlled study. They were randomized to receive either rhPTH (1-34) 20 ug (200 U) daily or elcatonin 20 U weekly. Lumbar spine (L1-4) and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), as well as biochemical markers of bone turnover were measured. Adverse events were recorded.Results rhPTH (1-34) increased lumbar BMD significantly more than did elcatonin at 3 months and 6 months (2.38% vs 0.59%, P <0.05; 5.51% vs 1.55%, P <0.01), but there were no significant increases of BMD in these two groups at femoral neck. There were larger mean increases in bone markers in the rhPTH (1 -34) group than in the elcatonin group at 3 months and 6 months (serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) 36.79% vs 0.31%; 92.42% vs -0.17%; urinary N-telopeptide/creatinine (NTX/Cr) 48.91% vs -5.32%; 68.82% vs -10.86%). Both treatments were well tolerated and there were no significant differences detected between the two groups in the proportion of any adverse events and any serious adverse events (67.0% vs 59.0%; 0 vs 0).Conclusions rhPTH (1-34) has more positive effects on bone formation, as shown by the larger increments of lumbar BMD and bone formation markers, than elcatonin, with only mild adverse events and no significant change in the liver, kidney or hematological indices。

Abstract：Background The body mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity (BODE) index was shown at predicting the risk of death, exacerbation and disease severity among patients with COPD, but few studies verified relationship between BODE index and health related quality of life (HRQoL) among Chinese COPD patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between BODE index and HRQoL in cross-sectional and longitudinal association analyses.Methods A multi-center prospective cohort study was initially conducted in 491 stable COPD patients in Beijing, China.Health status (HRQoL) was assessed by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ); the BODE index was calculated for each patient; dyspnea was assessed using the 5-grade Medical Research Council dyspnea scale. Other measurements included socio-demographic, body mass index (BMI), lung function test and 6-minute-walk test (6MWT). Patients were then followed monthly for 12 months. Results Only 450 patients completed the 1 -year follow up and were enrolled in our present analyses. Mean age was (65.2 ±10.6) years, men 309 (68.7%). The BODE index was categorized into 4 subgroups: 0-2, 3-4, 5-6 and 7-10. At baseline BODE index was gradually increased with baseline total SGRQ and SGRQ subscales (P trend <0.001). For individual components of BODE index, with the decrease of airflow limitation, and 6MWD, and with the increase of Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea grade, total SGRQ and SGRQ subscales were increased correspondingly, P trend <0.05, respectively. Similar association patterns were found between baseline BODE index and its individual components and mean SGRQ scores at the end of 1-year follow up. By multiple linear regression analyses, baseline BODE index was not only significantly associated with SGRQ score at baseline but also with SGRQ score at the end of 1-year follow up after adjustment for age, male, current smoking, βs being 0.434 and 0.378, respectively.Conclusions BODE index is associated with SGRQ score cross-sectionally and longitudinally among stable COPD patients. BODE index might have potential to be used as a sensitive tool to assess the status of quality of life and to monitor disease progression among stable COPD patients.

Abstract：Background Breast conserving surgery (BCS) has been the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of early breast cancer. Endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (ESM) plus immediate reconstruction with implants is an emerging procedure. The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these two surgical procedures in our clinical setting.Methods From March 2004 to October 2007, 43 patients with breast cancer underwent ESM plus axillary lymph node dissection and immediate reconstruction with implants, while 54 patients underwent BCS. The clinical and pathological characteristics, surgical safety, and therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups. Results There were no significant differences in the age, clinical stage, histopathologic type of tumor, operative blood loss, postoperative drainage time, and postoperative complications between the two groups (P>0.05).The postoperative complications were partial necrosis of the nipple and superficial skin flap in the ESM patients, and hydrops in the axilla and residual cavity in the BCS patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of satisfactory postoperative cosmetic outcomes between the ESM (88.4%, 38/43) and BCS (92.6%, 50/54) patients (P>0.05). During follow-up of 6 months to 4 years, all patients treated with ESM were disease-free, but 3 patients who underwent BCS had metastasis or recurrence-one of these patients died of multiple organ metastasis.Conclusions After considering the wide Indications for use, high surgical safety, and favorable cosmetic outcomes, we conclude that ESM plus axillary lymph node dissection and immediate reconstruction with implants-the new surgery of choice for breast cancer-warrants serious consideration as the prospective next standard surgical procedure。

Abstract：Background Coexistent carotid and coronary artery diseases are common and patients with them remain at a high risk for perioperative stroke or myocardial infarction after coronary bypass surgery.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with coexistent carotid and coronary artery diseases.Methods Between January 2002 and December 2007, consecutive patients with coexistent carotid and coronary artery diseases underwent one-stage unilateral CEA and off-pump CABG in Heart institute of Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University. Perioperative complications were assessed and follow-up was carried out. Results A total of 51 cases of isolated off-pump CABG and unilateral CEA, including 34 right and 17 left, were performed. The mean blocked time of carotid artery in CEA was (25.5±7.0) minutes. The mean number of distal grafts per patient was 3.30±0.45. The mean ventilation time, intensive care unit stay, and postoperative hospital stay was (11.3±5.4) hours, (2.1 ±0.9) days, and (12.5±6.1) days respectively. None of the patients had stroke or myocardial infarct. There was one perioperative death due to acute cardiac failure, resulting in an operative mortality of 1.96%. Follow-up was completed for 47 patients (92.16%) with a mean follow-up of (39.5±12.5) months. None of the patients manifested stroke, new angina or newly developed cardiac infarct. No late death occurred.Conclusion Combined CEA and off-pump CABG is a safe and effective procedure in selected patients with coexistent carotid and coronary artery diseases。

Abstract：Background Depressive disorder is a well-known chronic, recurrent and disabling mental disease with high direct and indirect costs to society in both western and eastern cultures. Approximately 40% of depressed patients show only partial or no response to initial or even multiple antidepressant medications and are usually called treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. The present work was to measure the features of sensory gating (SG) P50 in TRD patients with the intent of understanding the characteristics of this disease.Methods In 50 TRD patients, 39 non-treatment-resistant depression (NTRD) patients and 51 healthy controls (HC), auditory evoked potential P50 was measured using the conditioning/testing paradigm presented with auditory double clicks stimuli, and 36 TRD patients had repeated measurements after an 8-week venlafaxine treatment course. Results All the depressive disorder patients, including the TRD and NTRD groups, showed an increased testing stimulus wave (S2-P50) amplitude compared to controls (P<0.01 and P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the TRD and NTRD groups (P>0.05).There were significant differences in the ratio of testing stimulus (S2) and conditioning stimulus (S1) (S2/S1) and in the value of 100 x (1-S2/S1) among the three groups. Compared to the baseline, TRD patients had no significant changes of features and different expression of P50 after acute treatment (P >0.05). Meanwhile, a statistically significant positive correlation of S2/S1 with the scores of the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17) (P<0.01), and a significantly negative correlation of S1-S2, 100 x (1-S2/S1) with the scores of HAMD-17 (P<0.01) were observed in the TRD patients' baseline measurement, but there was no correlation after venlafaxine treatment (P>0.05).Conclusions Both the TRD and NTRD patients had obvious SG deficits, with a more severe deficit in TRD patients. Although, with a correlated relationship to the severity of depressive symptoms, SG P50 deficit might be suggested as a trait marker for TRD, and a combination of S2/S1 ratio, S1-S2 and 100 ×(1-S2/S1), was recommended for electrophysiological measurement in TRD patients。

Abstract：Background Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), a rare, bilateral, diffuse granulomatous uveitis, usually occurs after open globe injury or intraocular surgery. We sought to identify the risk factors for the development of SO after open globe injury and describe their demographic and clinical features and outcomes of treatments.Methods A retrospective study of inpatients with globe injury in 15 tertiary referral hospitals of China from January 2001 to December 2005 was conducted. The information of demography, nature and mechanism of injury, time and ways of treatments and outcomes was reviewed. Diagnosis of SO was made based on a history of ocular trauma or surgery and subsequent development of bilateral or contralateral uveitis consistent with SO. Any association between related parameters and development of SO was analyzed.Results Among 9103 patients (9776 eyes) of globe injury, SO occurred after open globe injury in 18 cases with an occurrence rate of 0.37%, vitrectomy of closed globe injury in 2 (0.37%) and perforation of burned eyes in another 2. For open globe injury, the median age ((36.72±13.59) years, P=0.01) was higher in patients with SO; there were no significant effects of sexes, injury type, uvea proplaps, once or multi-intraocular surgery, once or multi-vitrectomy and endophthalmitis on incidence of SO; 0.70% endophthalmitis concurred with SO; 83.33% of SO occurred within 1 year after injury or last ocular surgery. SO developed in a fellow eye one week after evisceration of the perforating burned eye. Good final visual acuity was obtained in sympathizing eyes with prompt treatment.Conclusions For open globe injuries, SO sufferers were relatively older and any injury type could induce SO with equal possibility. The initial open globe injury was more likely to be the trigger of SO than subsequent intraocular surgeries including vitrectomy. Prophylactic enucleation after injury is not recommended。

Abstract：Background Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has been used increasingly for the treatment of choledocholithiasis, gallstone pancreatitis, and benign or malignant bile duct or pancreatic duct stenosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ERCP for the diagnosis and therapy of biliary-pancreatic diseases. Methods A total of 2075 patients who underwent diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP from June 2001 to March 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Achievement and complication rates were calculated, and the therapeutic effect was observed. Results In all the 64 cases who underwent diagnostic ERCP, the procedure was successful, in 2011 cases therapeutic ERCP was performed, and the success rate was 94.6%. In the therapeutic ERCP cases, 1434 (93.0%) were successful among the 1542 cases of choledocholithiasis, and 422 (90.0%) of the 469 cases with benign or malignant bile duct or pancreatic duct stenosis, or acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis with stent placement or endoscopic nasobiliary drainage were successful. Fifty-nine (90.8%) cases of the 65 who underwent a pre-cut for pancreatic sphincterotomy were successful. Complication rate was 5.1% and the most frequent complication was acute pancreatitis (4.4%). Conclusions ERCP is one of the major diagnostic and therapeutic methods for biliary-pancreatic disease. Therapeutic ERCP is a minimally invasive, safe and effective treatment method for various biliary-pancreatic diseases。

Abstract：Background If the emphysema lesions are not symmetrical, unilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) can be carried out on the more severe side. The aim of this research was to evaluate the feasibility and effects of LVRS performed simultaneously with resection of pulmonary and esophageal neoplasms.Methods Forty-five patients with pulmonary neoplasm and 37 patients with esophageal neoplasm were randomly assigned to group A or group B. In group A, LVRS was performed simultaneously on the same side as thoracotomy. In group B, only tumor resection was performed. The nonfunctional lung area was determined by preoperative chest computed tomography and lung ventilation/perfusion scan. The lung volume removed was about 20% to 30% of the lobes on one side. Preoperative and postoperative indexes including pulmonary function testing variables, arterial blood gas analysis variables, dyspnea scale, 6-minute walk distance, etc., were compared between the groups.Results There were no surgical deaths in this study. The postoperative forced vital capacity in 1 second, PaO_2, PaCO_2,dyspnea scale, and 6-minute walk distance were improved significantly in group A, whereas these indexes did not change or decreased slightly in group B.Conclusions For tumor patients who have associated emphysema, simultaneous LVRS not only increases the chance of receiving surgical therapy, but also improves the postoperative quality of life of the patient. LVRS has expanded thesurgical indication for tumor patients。

Abstract：Background Extra glucose load in peritoneal dialysis is an important cause of newly-occurred diabetic mellitus, which initiates insulin treatment in some of the dialytic patients.The purpose of this study was to discuss the influence of the peritoneal transfer status on fasting blood glucose in non-diabetic nephropathy patients who are on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD).Methods One hundred and forty-five patients with total KT/V per week over 2.0 were recruited, including 60 males and 85 females. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), blood albumin, blood lipid profile and blood C-reactive protein (CRP) were analyzed at the beginning of the peritoneal dialysis and after 12 months. A peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was carried out at the 3rd month of CAPD, and meantime residual renal function, peritoneal solute clearance rate, ultrafiltration volume and urine volume were also evaluated.Results Twenty-one cases were identified as a low transfer group (L), 32 cases as a low average transfer group (LA), 58 cases as a high average transfer group (HA) and 34 cases as a high transfer group (H). At the end of the 12th month, 83 cases had elevated FBG Through stepwise multiple regression analysis we found the FBG level in these patients was positively related to glucose load and CRP, and negatively related to glucose absorption in the peritoneum (D/D_0) and blood albumin (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis during a 48-month follow-up found the morbidity of hyperglycemia to be 17/34 cases (50.1%) in the high transfer group, 20/58 cases (34.5%) in the high average transfer group, 11/32 cases (34.3%) in the low average transfer group, and 1/21 cases (5.4%) in the low transfer group.Conclusions Patients with high peritoneal transfer capacity might have the highest morbidity from hyperglycemia among patients with these four different peritoneal transfer status. Glucose load, baseline CRP and FBG level before peritoneal dialysis, and D/D0 can efficiently predict hyperglycemia in CAPD patients。

Abstract：Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been used as a primary treatment for locally advanced or inflammatory breast cancer, and recently extended to operable breast cancer. However, only a few studies have published data concerning the outcomes of patients with stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Methods This study retrospectively investigated the clinical value of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stages Ⅱ and Ⅲ breast cancer. The patients in Group 1 (n=54) were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by definitive surgery and adjuvant therapy. The patients in Group 2 (n=43) initially received definitive surgery, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and other therapies. The operability rates for breast conservation and dermatoplasty were observed in Group 1 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. After follow-up, the recurrence and overall and disease-free survival rates of the two groups were analyzed.Results Neoadjuvant chemotherapy increased the operability rates for breast conservation from 17.1% to 40.0% in stage Ⅱ (P=0.034) and 0% to 12.6% in stage Ⅲ (P=0.016), and decreased the dermatoplasty rates from 17.1% to 2.8% in stage Ⅱ (P=0.046) and 28.1% to 8.1% in stage Ⅲ (P=0.026). After a median follow-up of 46.8 months, there were 11 deaths and 13 recurrences in Group 1, and 15 deaths and 19 recurrences in Group 2. The overall and disease-free survival rates of stage Ⅲ disease were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (68.4% vs 31.2%, P=0.028, and 63.2% vs 25.0%, P=0.024, respectively). There were no significant differences in the overall and disease-free survival rates of stage Ⅱ disease for Group 1 compared with Group 2 (85.7% vs 85.2%, P=0.953, and 80.6% vs 74.1%, P=0.400, respectively).Conclusions Neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in increased operability for breast conservation and decreased dermatoplasty. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy exhibited better recurrence control, and overall and disease-free survival rates in stage Ⅲ disease. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy did not confer greater survival on stage Ⅱ disease。

Abstract：Background Discography is a gold standard for the diagnosis of the low back pain (LBP), but it has potential dangers for the development of discitis, cerebral spinal fluid leakage, retroperitoneal bleeding, acute new back pain and the tremendous radiation exposure to the patient. Using "evidence-based radiology" methods, the comparative roles of high intensity zone (HIZ) in diagnosing discogenic LBP were evaluated. Methods A focused clinical question was designed and a Pubmed and manual search were performed to identify the role of HIZ on MRI T2WI compared with discography. The studies retrieved were assessed for validity and strength.Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios (LRs) and graphs of conditional probability were evaluated from the best current study by evidence-based radiology.Results Best evidence was retrieved in ten articles from 1992 to 2007. The best evidence level was 1 b and the strength of the evidence included: sensitivity 0.63 (0.51,0.76), specificity 0.97 (0.92,1.00), positive predictive value 0.95, negative predictive value 0.72, positive LRs 18.37 and negative LRs 0.38. The gold standard of discogenic LBP is the provocative discography.Conclusions For suspected discogenic LBP, HIZ is limited for the diagnosis if HIZ is positive, which suggests further discography. In contrast HIZ is a good test for diagnosis if HIZ is negative, which indicates the disease can be excluded。

In response to critical organ shortage, transplant surgeons have utilized living donors in an attempt to decrease the mortality rate associated with waiting on the liver transplant list. Although the surgical techniques were first utilized clinically 15 years ago, the application of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been somewhat limited by the steep learning curve associated with developing a program。

Abstract：Objective To review the recent studies about the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in tumor induced tolerance.Data sources Published articles (1978-2009) on IDO and tumor induced tolerance were selected from Medline. Study selection Articles selected were relevant to development of IDO in tumor induced tolerance. Of all originally identified articles, 50 specially addressed the stated purpose.Results Recent work has revealed IDO at high levels in tumors and in tumor-draining lymph nodes and a close relationship between IDO activity and the regulatory T cells.Conclusion Up-regulation of IDO is proven to be a mechanism of acquired tolerance in tumors, in which the closely coupled positive feedback system between IDO and regulatory T cells may be considered to play an important role。

Obesity has been reported to increase postmenopausal breast cancer risk by 30% to 50%, and obese breast cancer patients have been shown to present more aggressive breast cancer pathological features。

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Clinical manifestations of this complex disease include resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait difficulty and rigidity.

Although presented over one hundred years ago, the transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenoma is still the most suitable and safe route to pituitary adenoma, with a series of significant evolutional steps. The transsphenoidal approach to pituitary adenoma is still a non-universal approach used in different centers of different areas in our country。

Multiple primary malignancies in a single patient are relatively rare but have increase in frequency in recent decades. This may be a result of medical advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, a possible effect of new carcinogens in the industrial environment, and longer life span allowing another primary cancer to develop. Among those with multiple primary malignancies, double cancer is commonly seen, while triple cancers occur in 0.5% of patients, and quadruple or quintuple cancers occur in only less than 0.1% of the population.~1 This report describes a rare case of a patient with five metachronous primary malignancies. The time interval between each of the malignancies is more than 2 years. Literatures about at least four primary malignancies are also discussed。

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare disease that usually occurs in the lung. Recently, several reports have suggested that IMT is a true neoplasm rather than a reactive lesion. By definition, it is composed of spindle cells (myofibroblasts) with variable inflammatory component, hence the name is IMT. We report a patient of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor in lung with osteopulmonary arthropathy。

Since drug-eluting stents (DES) can significantly reduce the risk of instant restenosis compared with bare-metal stents, they have been widely used in interventional therapy for coronary heart disease. With bare-metal stents being rapidly replaced by DES there is a great concern about the safety of DES due to stent thrombosis.~(1,2)

Isolated dissection of the superior mesenteric artery without involvement of the aorta is rare.~1 In the past, treatment methods were mainly aimed at by-pass surgery and arterial neoplasty as well as medical therapy. Recently, we have done endovascular stenting in two cases who suffered from spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection, and achieved satisfactory results. Our approach may help to establish a new way to treat this kind of disease。

Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters. As we know, crush syndrome is the second most frequent cause of mortality after the direct impact of trauma.~(1-3) It is a serious clinical case that develops among casualties of earthquakes or other catastrophic events that may also result in a variety of ensuing uncommon complications. Cases of crush syndrome complicated with acute pancreatitis (AP) following the earthquakes are seldom reported。