2013年 · 第16卷第06期

Abstract：Objective:To evaluate the local effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on transected sciatic nerve regeneration.Methods:Sixty male white Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups randomly (n=15).In transected group the left sciatic nerve was transected and the stump was fixed to adjacent muscle.In treatment group the defect was bridged using a silicone graft filled with 10μL VEGF.In silicone group the graft was filled with phosphate-buffered saline.In sham-operated group the sciatic nerve was exposed and manipulated.Each group was subdivided into three subgroups with five animals in each and nerve fibers were studied 4,8 and 12 weeks after operation.Results:Behavioral test,functional study of sciatic nerve,gastrocnemius muscle mass and morphometric indices confirmed a faster recovery of regenerated axons in VEGF group than in silicone group (P＜0.05).In immunohistochemical assessment,reactions to S-100 in VEGF group were more positive than that in silicone group.Conclusion:Local administration of VEGF will improve functional recovery and morphometric indices of sciatic nerve。

We read with interest the recently published case report titled Pseudoaneurysm of profunda femoris artery following dynamic hip screw fixation for intertrochanteric femora/fracture? The authors have highlighted a rare complication following hip fracture.We agree with the authors that usually this problem is difficult to diagnose,unless the treating surgeon has awareness about it and keeps a high index of suspicion。

We appreciate the readers' interest in our recently published article and reporting yet another similar case in the medical literature.They have reiterated the fact that unstable intertrochanteric fractures or inadvertent iatrogenic injury may result in the pseudoaneurysm of the profunda femoris artery.Important considerations have been highlighted in these reports for prevention of such iatrogenic injury that include careful use of drills and taps,careful placement of retractors and clamps.Unstable intertrochanteric fractures may cause pseudoaneurysm of profunda femoris artery due to sharp displaced fracture fragments or widely displaced lesser trochanter fragment.In such cases high index of suspicion and familiarity of the possible encounter with the arterial aneurysms may help in making early diagnosisand,thus,instituting early treatment.1

Abstract：Radial nerve palsy is the most common neurological involvement in humeral shaft fractures.But combined radial and median nerve injury in a closed diaphyseal fracture of the humerus is rare.Combined injury to both radial and median nerve can cause significant disability.A detailed clinical examination is therefore necessary following humeral shaft fractures.We report a patient with closed diaphyseal humeral fracture (AO 12A-2.3) together with radial and median nerve palsy,its management and review of the literature.As the patient had two nerves involved,surgical exploration was planned.Fracture was reduced and fixed with a 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression pla te.There was no external injury to both radial and median nerves on surgical exploration.Neurological recovery started at 3 weeks' follow-up.Complete recovery was seen at 12 weeks.Careful clinical examination is of the utmost importance in early diagnosis of combined nerve injuries,which allows better management and rehabilitation of the patient。

Abstract：Objective:Ectopic tissue transplantation is not a new idea.Godina and his colleagues pioneered this method in the 1980s.This method is a last resort method of preserving an amputated body part,which consists of banking the amputated segment in an ectopic area and returning it to its native place at a later date.In this article we present our experience with this demanding procedure.Methods:Debridement was the mainstay of this procedure.The stump and amputated part are carefully debrided and the stump was either closed primarily or covered by a flap.The amputated part was transplanted to one of several banking sites in the body and at a later date it will be transferred to its native site in an elective setting.Results:Seven patients meeting the set criteria for ectopic transplantation were enrolled in this study.The overall success rate was about 70％,lower than expected but these are cases of severe crush injury.Although the functional recovery of these patients are very low,all of the successful cases except one could find a job as a janitor or light manual worker.No patient could return to his previous job.Conclusion:Ectopic transplantation of body parts is an accepted method of treatment of severely crushed extremity or finger injuries.In our country an amputee has very little chance of finding a job instead a disabled person can.In addition in Iran cultures amputation is seen as punishment of either the God or the society,so it is not well accepted and many patients persist on saving the limb even with no functional recovery.None of our successful cases could return to his previous occupation but almost all of them could find a job as janitors or light manual workers。

Abstract：Objective:To present our experience in treating traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF) by multimodal endovascular treatment.Methods:The management of 28 patients with TCCF between January 2004 and October 2012 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed.According to imaging charateristics,24 cases were categorized into Type Ⅰ,3 Type Ⅱ and 1 Type Ⅲ.Totally 30 endovascular treatments were performed:Type Ⅰ TCCFs were obliterated via transvenous approach (7/25),or transarterial approach (18/25) including 6 by detachable balloon occlusion,6 by microcoil embolization,3 by Hyperglide balloon-assisted coil embolization and 3 by a combination of detachable balloon and coil embolization.Two patients were treated with closure of internal carotid artery (ICA).Type Ⅱ TCCFs were treated with transvenous embolotherapy (2/3) or carotid artery compression therapy (1/3).The Type Ⅲ patient underwent detachable balloon embolization.Results:Immediate postoperative angiography showed recovery in 26 cases.One recurrent TCCF was found 2 weeks after detachable balloon embolization,and then reobliterated by transarterial coils.Reexamination found balloon deflation and fistula recanalization in 1 patient one month after combination of detachable balloons and coil embolization,which was cured by a second treatment via transvenous approach.The immediate angiography revealed residual blood flow in 4 patients.Among them,2 patients with delayed symptoms at follow-up needed a second treatment,1 patient recovered after carotid artery compression therapy,and the remaining patient's symptoms disappeared on digital subtraction angiography at five-month follow-up.CT angiography revealed anterior communicating artery aneurysm in the patient who was treated with closure ofICA 4 years later.Conclusion:According to results of images,characteristics of the fistula and type of drainage,proper treatment approach and embolic material can maximally heal pathological changes,retain the ipsilateral ICA patency and reduce long-term complications。

Abstract：Objective:Metaphyseal-diaphyseal fractures of the distal radius are a major treatment dilemma and orthopaedic surgeons have to pay due consideration to restoration of anatomy of distal radius together with rotation of the radial shaft and maintenance of radial bow and interosseous space.We performed this study to evaluate the clinic-radiological outcome of metaphyseal-diaphyseal fractures of the distal radius treated with long volar locking plates.Methods:This prospective study involved 27 patients (22 males and 5 females) with metaphyseal-diaphyseal fracture of the distal radius.Their mean age was (30.12±11.48) years (range 19-52 years) and the follow-up was 26.8 months (range 22-34 months).All patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation with a long volar locking plate.According to AO/OTA classification,there were 7 type A3,13 type C2 and 7 type C3 fractures.Subjective assessment was done based on the disabilities of the arm,shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire.Functional evaluation was done by measuring grip strength and range of motion around the wrist and the radiological determinants included radial angle,radial length,volar angle and ulnar variance.The final assessment was done according to Gartland and Werley scoring system.Results:Postoperative radiological parameters were well maintained throughout the trial,and there was significant improvement in the functional parameters from 6 weeks to final follow-up.The average DASH scores improved from 37.5 at 6 weeks to 4.2 at final follow-up.Final assessment using Gartland and Werley scoring system revealed 66.67％(n=l8) excellent and 33.33％ (n=9) good results.There was one case of superficial infection which responded to antibiotics and another carpel tunnel syndrome which was managed conservatively.Conclusion:Volar locking plate fixation for metaphyseal-diaphyseal fractures of distal radius is associated with excellent to good functional outcome,early rehabilitation and minimal complications。

Abstract：Objective:Fracture of either radius or ulna with a dislocation either at the proximal or distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is not a common injury and is inherently unstable.Here we report a case series,with both-bone forearm fractures associated with dislocation of DRUJ,as a Galeazzi-variant type fracture-dislocation,and try to analyze this injury pattern.Methods:The study was based on 6 patients having Galeazzi-variant type fracture-dislocation of different age (20 to 45 years).All fractures were closed type.Two fractures involved the same level and three fractures were at different levels of radius and ulna shaft.After thorough examination and investigations they were treated with limited contact dynamic compression plate without additional fixation for DRUJ.Results:All cases were followed up for 24 weeks.The maximum incidence occurred in age group between 31 and 40 years.All the fractures of both radius and ulna were united in average time of 12 weeks.Range of motion of wrist and elbow,supination and pronation at final follow-up were normal.There was no subsequent re-subluxation or dislocation of the DRUJ in any of the cases.Conclusion:Galeazzi variant in adult is a new undescribed pattern of forearm with wrist injury.Stable open reduction and internal fixation of both-bone forearm fractures is mandatory,followed by 3 to 4 weeks of immobilization in a cast for the healing of disrupted DRUJ。

Abstract：Objective:Ocular trauma is a common cause of visual impairment and accounts for 38％ to 52％ of all patients presenting as ophthalmic accident and emergency cases to the hospital.The purpose of this study is to describe the pattern of ocular injuries that leads to hospitalization in the elderly in Kashan,Iran.Methods:In the retrospective consecutive case series,a total of 94 geriatric patients (≥ 65 years) who admitted and underwent management for ocular trauma from April 2001 to March 2011 at Matini Hospital of Kashan,the only center of eye surgery in the region of Kashan,were reviewed.The items include age,sex,injury mechanism,site and extent of damage,presenting and final best corrected visual acuity at least 3 months after trauma,which were reviewed and analyzed with SPSS software.Results:During the 10 years,94 eyes of 94 patients with ocular trauma were included.Mean age of patients was (77.5±5.1) years (range 65 to 102 years).Male to female ratio was 2.76.The mechanism of ocular injury included sharp trauma in 56 patients (59.6％) and blunt in 38 patients (40.4％).Trauma occurred mostly in males (69 patients,73.4％) and at the work place (38 patients,40.4％).On admission the visual acuity in 50 patients (53.2％) with damaged eyes was light perception to hand motion.While the final best corrected visual acuity in 36 patients (38.3％) was better than hand motion.Conclusion:Ocular trauma is a serious cause of visual impairment in the elderly.Appropriate and timely management may improve their visual prognosis。

Abstract：Objective:Thoracic injuries are responsible for 25％ of deaths of blunt traumas.Chest X-ray (CXR) is the first diagnostic method in patients with blunt trauma.The aim of this study was to detect the accuracy of CXR versus chest computed tomograpgy (CT) in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt chest trauma.Methods:Study was conducted at the emergency department of S ina Hospital from March 2011 to March 2012.Hemodynamically stable patients with at least 16 years of age who had blunt chest trauma were included.All patients underwent the same diagnostic protocol which consisted of physical examination,CXR and CT scan respectively.Results:Two hundreds patients (84％ male and 16％ female) were included with a mean age of(37.9±13.7) years.Rib fracture was the most common finding of CXR (12.5％) and CT scan (25.5％).The sensitivity of CXR for hemothorax,thoracolumbar vertebra fractures and rib fractures were 20％,49％ and 49％,respectively.Pneumothorax,foreign body,emphysema,pulmonary contusion,liver hematoma and sternum fracture were not diagnosed with CXR alone.Conclusion:Applying CT scan as the first-line diagnostic modality in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt chest trauma can detect pathologies which may change management and outcome。

Abstract：Objective:Debate continues regarding the management of calcaneal fractures,between open reduction and internal fixation and closed treatment.Hence we aim at evaluating the radiological and functional outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation in displaced joint depression type of calcaneal fractures fixed with locking calcaneal plate.Methods:In this series,28 patients (26 unilateral and 2 bilateral) with joint depression type of calcaneal fractures as per Essex-Lopresti classification system were operated on with locking calcaneal plate within 3 weeks of injury.Patients were evaluated in terms of associated injuries and X-rays of anteroposterior,lateral and axial views of the calcaneum.CT scan was done to assess the amount ofcomminution and articular depression.Patients were followed up clinically and radiologically at least for 1 year.Radiological assessment was done by Bohler's angle and Gissane's angle along with measurement ofcalcaneal height and width.Functional outcome was assessed using the American Orthopaedics Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale.Results:At average follow-up of 14.5 months,average AOFAS score was 86.3 (range 66 to 97),with 86％ having excellent to good results and 2 (7.7％) and 1 (3.7％) having fair and poor results respectively.All patients had stable ankle joint with all having dorsiflexion and plantar flexion more than 30°.Average subtalar range of motion was 17°.The mean Bohler's angle,mean Gissane's angle,calcaneal height and width were 25.47°,121.3°,4.32 cm and 3.81cm respectively at final follow-up.Three patients had flap necrosis at incision site and one had superficial and deep infection.Subtalar arthritis was seen in 5 patients,whereas sural nerve hypoaesthesia in 1 patient.None of the patients had compartment syndrome,heel pad problems,peroneal tendinitis,reflex sympathetic dystropy or implant failure.Conclusion:Open reduction and internal fixation with locking calcaneal plate gives sound functional outcome,i.e.restoring anatomically reconstruction of height,width,Bohler's and Gissiane's angles of the calcaneum,and allowing early mobilization。

Abstract：Objective:Talar fractures present a great challenge to surgeons due to poor treatment outcome and high incidence of sequelae.The purpose of this study was to report the surgical treatment outcome of displaced talar fractures treated by internal fixation.Methods:Atotal of 30 patients with a mean age of 38 years presenting with talar body or neck fractures were studied retrospectively to assess postoperative outcome based on American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society AnkleHindfoot scale.Results:Postoperatively,malunion was found in 18 cases,infection in 5 cases and avascular necrosis in 12 cases.There were 12 cases with subtalar arthritis and 18 cases with both subtalar and malleolar arthritis.The average score of questionnaire was 64± 12.Functional score was 53± 15 and pain score was 65±13.Range of motion failure was detected as 15±4.Conclusion:Talar injuries can compromise motion of the foot and ankle and result in poor prognosis on longterm evaluation.Late complications subsequent to surgically treated talar body fractures are inevitable,and patients are supposed to be counseled about the adverse outcome。

Abstract：Late vascular complications involving aorta are rare but devastating adversities following anterior thoracic spine operations are present.The current article describes our experience with one such patient who had an iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm of the thoracic aorta,mimicking infection.The patient was treated successfully following concomitant efforts by multidisciplinary experts with shunting.We wish to highlight upon the significance of recognizing the possible sinister consequences of a dangerously prominent spinal implant and the role of a suspicious surgeon in identifying these menacing complications at the right time。

Abstract：There are several well defined indications for surgical management of humeral shaft fractures.Operative procedures on the humerus are associated with their own complications.Iatrogenic brachial artery injury as a complication of humeral shaft plating has not been reported previously.We report a case of a 48 years old femalewho received operation at a district hospital and was referred to us when the surgeon could not palpate the pulse.CT angiogram showed that there was segmental non-opacification of the brachial artery.There was distal reformation and the thrombosis was decided to be managed conservatively.We believe that the arterial injury was a result ofimproper surgical technique and the segmental block might be due to improper use of plate holding forceps.This case report makes us aware of a rare complication of operative management of humeral shaft fractures and that basic principles of surgery must be always followed to prevent such injuries。