2008年 · 第11卷第06期

Abstract：Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of atlas pedicle screws system fixation and fusion for the treatment of upper cervical diseases. Methods: Twenty-three consecutive patients with up-per cervical disorders requiring stabilization, including 19 cases of atlantoaxial dislocation (4 congenital odontoid disconnections, 6 old odontoid fractures, 4 fresh odontoid fractures of Aderson Ⅱ C, 3 ruptures of the C1 transverse ligament, and 2 fractures ofC1), 2 cases ofC2 tumor (instability after the resection of the tumors), and 2 giant neurilemomas of C2-C3(instability after resection of the tumors), were treated by posterior fixation and fusion with the atlas pedicle screw system, in which the screws were inserted through the posterior arch of Cr The operative time, bleeding volume and complications were reported. All patients were immobilized without external fixation or with rigid cervical collars for 1-3 months. All patients were followed up and evaluated with radiographs and CT. Results: In the 23 patients, 46 C1 pedicle screws, 42 C2 pedicle screws and 6 lower cervical lateral mass screws and 2 lower cervical pedicle screws were placed. The mean operative time and bleeding volume was 2.7 hours and 490 ml respectively. No intraoperative complications were directly related to surgical technique. No neurological, vascular or infective complications were encountered. All patients were followed up for 3-36 months (average 15 months). Firm bony fusion was documented in all patients after 3-6 months. One patient with atlas fracture showed anterior occipitocervical fusion. There was no implant failure. Conclusions: Posterior fixation and fusion of the atlas pedicle screw system is feasible and safe for the treatment of upper cervical diseases, and may be applicable to a larger number of patients。

Abstract：Objective: To describe mortality pattern and to deter-mine undiagnosed fatal injuries according to autopsy find-ings among road traffic accident victims in Yazd, Iran. Methods: In this retrospective study, 251 victims of road traffic accidents who were admitted to a tertiary trauma hospital over a two-year period (2006 and 2007) and received medical cares were included. Hospital records were reviewed to gather demographic characteristics, road user type, and medical data. Autopsy records were also reviewed to determine actual causes of death and possible undiagnosed injuries occurred in the initial assessment of the emergency unit or during hospitalization. Results: There were 202 males (80.5%) and 49 females (19.5%). The mean (±SD) age of fatalities was 34.1 (±21.5) years. Pedestrian-vehicle accidents were the most common cause of trauma (100 cases, 39.8%). The most common cause of death was central nervous system injury ( 146 cases, 58.1%). The other causes were skull base fractures (10%), internal bleeding (8%), lower limb hemorrhage (8%), skull vault fractures (4%), cervical spinal cord injury (3.6%), airway com-promise (3.2%), and multifactor cases (5.1%), respectively.Thirtysix fatal injuries in 30 victims (12%) mainly contributed to death according to autopsy, but were not diagnosed in initial assessments. The head (72.2%) and cervical spine (13.8%) regions were the two most common sites for undiagnosed injuries. Conclusion: Training courses for emergency unit medical staff with regard to interpreting radiological findings of head and neck and high clinical suspicion for cervical spine injuries are essential to improve the quality of early hospital care and reduce the mortality and morbidity of traffic accident patients。

Abstract：Objective: To introduce the experience of treating nonunions of humeral fractures with interlocking intramed-ullary nailing. Methods: Twelve patients with humeral nonunions were treated with interlocking intramedullary nailing. The time interval between trauma and surgery was 10.5 months on average. Open reduction with anterograde approach was performed. Axial compression was specially applied to the fracture site with humeral nail holder after insertion of distal locked screws. Iliac bone grafting was added. Results: The average follow-up period was 21 months (ranging 9-51 months). All patients achieved osseous union 5.8 months after treatment on average. Eleven patients had good functions of the shoulder joints and the upper extremities. No patient experienced any permanent neuro-logical deficit. Refracture of the original ununited region occurred in one patient after removal of the internal fixator one year later, but union was achieved after closed re-intramedullary nailing fixation. Conclusion: Humeral interlocking intramedullary nail-ing is an effective alternative treatment for humeral nonunion。

Abstract：Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcome of arthroscopically assisted combined anterior and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstructions using Achil-les tendon-bone allografts. Methods: Associated meniscus injuries were treated according to established methods prior to ligament recon-structions during arthroscopic surgery. Thirty Achilles ten-don-bone allografts were used to reconstruct torn ACL and PCL in 15 knees. At postoperative follow-up, all knees were graded using the modified IKDC and the Lysholm scoring systems just as done preoperatively. Results were analyzed compared with the contralateral healthy knees. Results: Eleven men and 4 women with a minimum of 3-year follow-up (mean 38 months) were included in the study. Preoperatively, the group ratings by the modified IKDC standards were all severely abnormal. Twelve bicruciate reconstructions were performed in subacute or chronic stage (>3-8 weeks), 3 for acute ligamentous deficien-cies (≤ 3 weeks). The noticeable early complication was transitory local fever combined with joint effusion in one case. At postoperative follow-up, 9 knees were normal, 5 nearly normal and 1 abnormal. On Lysholm score the differ-ence was statistically significant (t- test, P<0.001) before and after operation. Conclusions: Achilles tendon-bone allograft offers an alternative for simultaneous arthroscopic ACL/PCL reconstructions. However, further investigation is needed to eradicate its potential immunogenicity for better use。

Abstract：Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of two anastomoses (canaliculus-to-lacrimal sac anastomosis and end-to-end anastomosis) on nasolacrimal laceration for over 7 mm from the broken end to the dacryon. Methods: A total of 71 patients (44 males and 27 females, aged 16-55 years, mean=34.32 years) with fresh canalicular laceration were treated in our hospital from March 2003 to April 2008. Under a microscope, 37 patients were treated with lacrimal sac anastomosis (the treatment group) and 34 with end-to-end anastomosis (the control group), detaining silicone tubes till 3 months later. Results: The cure rate of the treatment group (89.19%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (55.56%). Class I cure rates were 70.27% in the treatment group and 47.06 % in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was significant (P<0.05). Postoperative in-flammatory reactions had significant influences on the two kinds of anastomosing methods, but no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions- When the distance from the broken end to the dacryon is over 7 mm, especially when it is necessary to find the paranasal broken end of the lacrimal canaliculus with dacryocystotomy, canaliculus-to-lacrimal sac anasto-mosis is a better treatment method than end-to-end anasto-mosis for laceration of lacrimal canaliculus。

Abstract：Objective: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of erythropoietin (EPO) pretreatment on cardiomyocytes ex-posed to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (H/R) and explore the possible mechanism. Methods: The cultured neonatal rats' ventricular cardiomyocytes were divided randomly into 4 groups, con-trol group (C group), EPO pretreatment group (E group), EPO and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) pretreatment group (EP group) and PDTC pretreatment group (P group). After 24 hours' pretreatment, the cardiomyocytes were exposed to H/R. After pretreatment and H/R, the expression of tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ) gene in all the groups was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The nuclear factor- KB (NF- kB) activity was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the inhibitor-kBα (I- kBα)protein level was detected by Western blot. Results: The decrement of I- K B α protein and the in-creasing NF- kB activity were found in cardiomyocytes pre-treated with EPO before H/R compared to other groups (t=-3.321,4.183, P<0.01). However, after H/R, NF- kB activity and ex-pression of TNF- α gene were significantly reduced, I- k B α protein expression was increased in cardiomyocytes of E group compared to other groups (t=-3.425, 3.687, 3.454, P<0.01). All theses changes caused by EPO pretreatment were eliminated by the intervention of PDTC (an antagonist to NF- kB) dur-ing pretreatment. Conclusions: EPO pretreatment can inhibit the activa-tion of NF- kB and upregulation of TNF- α gene in cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R through a negative feed-back of NF- k B signaling pathway, and thus produces the anti-inflammatory effect. This might be one of the ways EPO produces the anti-inflammatory effect。

Abstract：Objective: To assess the curative effect and investigate the indications of total hip arthroplasty for treatment of comminuted intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: Total hip arthroplasty was carried out in 9 cases of severe intertrochanteric fracture. The patients in-cluded two men and seven women. The average age of the patients was 68 years (48-75 years). The period from fracture to operation was 5 days (2-10 days). The mean follow-up period lasted for 11 months (3 months-2 years). There was one patient with comminnted intertrochanteric fracture accompanied by femoral head necrosis and 2 patients with intertrochanteric fracture and stroke. Other 6 patients had severe osteoporosis. The Harris score before operation was 63 points (45-71 points). Results: At the last follow-up, the patients gained 86 points (70-100 points) according to the Harris score. The effects of the 8 cases were good. The Harris score of all patients improved after treatment. Only two hemiplegia patients needed sticks to walk. The others could walk without hip pain. No radiographic evidence of acetabular wear and prosthesis dislocation or other major complications happened during the follow-up. Conclusions: Prosthetic replacements can well treat unstable intertrochanteric fracture if operative indication is correctly selected. It is suitable for elderly patients and the operation should be performed by experienced surgeons。

Abstract：Objective: To propose a new technique to treat lumbar spinal stenosis with median approach endoscopic decompression combined with interspinous process implant fusion and evaluate the initial clinical outcome. Methods: This study involved 30 patients who had neurogenic commitment claudication over 2 years and were resistant to conservative therapy. All cases were treated using the median approach endoscopic decompression combined with interspinous process implant fusion in 21306. Clinical signs and radicular pain were noted and evaluated preoperatively and at the 1st month and 3rd month postoperatively. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was used to evaluate leg and back pain. X-ray films at flexion and extension were applied to evaluate the range of motion at involved segments. Results: There was a significant increase in JOA score postoperatively, but no significant difference preoperatively or postoperatively between the two groups.The range of motion at involved segments was significantly higher in the control group. Conclusions: The median approach endoscopic decom-pression is an ideal method for bilateral radicuiopathy result-ing from lumbar spinal canal stenosis. The combination with interspinous process implant fusion can stabilize the spine. The initial clinical outcome is exUent. Preservation of adjacent level disease can be assessed only in long-term follow-up.

Abstract：Objective: To assess whether these characteristics of less misclassification and greater area under receiver opera-tor characteristic (ROC) curve of the new injury severity score (NISS) are better than the injury severity score (ISS) as applying it to our multiple trauma patients registered into the emergency intensive care unit (EICU). Methods: This was a retrospective review of registry data from 2 286 multiple trauma patients consecutively reg-istered into the EICU from January 1,1997 to December 31, 2006 in the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University in China. Comparisons between ISS and NISS were made using misclassification rates, ROC curve analysis, and the H-L statistics by univariate and mul-tivariate logistic progression model. Results: Among the 2 286 patients, 176 (7.7%) were excluded because of deaths on arrival or patients less than 16 years of age. The study population therefore comprised 2 110 patients. Mean EICU length of stay (LOS) was 7.8 days±2.4 days. Compared with the blunt injury group, the penetrating injury group had a higher percentage of male, lower mean EICU LOS and age. The most frequently injured body regions were extremities and head/neck, followed by thorax, face and abdomen in the blunt injury group; whereas, thorax and abdomen were more frequently seen in the pen-etrating injury group. The minimum misclassification rate for NISS was slightly less than ISS in all groups (4.01% versus 4.49%). However, NISS had more tendency to misclassify in the penetrating injury group. This, we noted, was attributed mainly to a higher false-positive rate (21.04% versus 15.55% for ISS, t=-3.310, P<0.001), resulting in an over-all misclassification rate of 23.57% for NISS versus 18.79% for ISS (t=3.290, P<0.001). In the whole sample, NISS pre-sented equivalent discrimination (area under ROC curve:NISS=0.938 versus ISS=0.943). The H-L statistics showed poorer calibration (48.64 versus 32.11, t=3.305, P<0.001) in the penetrating injury group. Conclusions: NISS should not replace ISS because they share similar accuracy and calibration in predicting multiple blunt trauma patients. NISS may be more sensitive but less specific than ISS in predicting mortality in certain penetrating injury patients。

Abstract：Objective: To assess the clinical therapeutic effects of elastic intramedullary nail on extremity fractures in children. Methods: From June 2005 to March 2008, 40 children with extremity fractures were treated by elastic intramedullary nail, in whom femoral shaft fractures occurred in 26 cases, tibiofibular fractures in 8 cases, radial capitular fractures in 4 cases, ulnoradial fractures in 2 cases. All patients were treated by closed reduction and elastic intramedullary nail fixation. Results: All the fractures gained satisfactory reduc-tion and healing. The average duration needed for fracture healing was 1-2 months. Postoperative follow-up confirmed a sound functional recovery. Conclusions: The elastic intramedullary nail is a minimally invasive and effective surgical approach for treatment of extremity fractures in children. It allows early functional exercises after operation and secures a satisfactory bone union and functional recovery。

Abstract：Objective: To explore a classification method which can provide the clinical guidance for internal fixation of tibial fracture. Methods: The different fractures were fixed according to their mechanical classification. Totally, 71 cases of tibial plateau fracture, tibial proximal fracture, tibial distal fracture and Pilon fracture were analyzed to test this selective principle. Results: All 71 patients were followed up for 6-32 months. The displacement was seldomly observed in cases treated acccording to the classification principle, while some cases against the principle had postoperative displacement. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). It was proved that there was remarkable correlation between tibial fracture classification, internal fixator and fixation methods. Conclusion: Types IIIa3, IIIbl and IIIb2 fractures without eccentric moment should be fixed with double plates or anglestable materials combined with locking structure, otherwise displacement may occur。

Management of extensive bone and soft tissue defects, which occur after severe trauma of lower extremities and always lead to an unacceptable amputation in some cases, continues to challenge reconstructive surgeons. When performing lower extremity amputation, preservation of the knee joint has been put into a higher priority. The benefit of belowknee amputation over aboveknee ones concentrates on a more normal gait with less energy expenditure during ambulation when a functioning knee joint is present. 1-3